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110 GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
HOC VI$N CHINII TRI QUOc GIA
IlO CHI MINH
3». Mt ■_&
Tran Dai Quang
|£/ F 2.4^0
TANG CVONG QUAN LY
NHA NU(>C VE AN NINH QUOC GIA
0 NUdC TA HIEN NAY
Chuyen nganh: Ly luan Nlia nude va Phap quyen
Ma so: 5-05-01
LUAN An PHO TifLN SY KHOA HOC LUAT HOC
Ngtrfri htrdng din khoa hoc
PGS, PTS Tran Ngoc DuOng
Ha Noi, 1996
L(H CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh
nghien cu'u cua rieng toi. Cac so
lieu, ket qua neu hong luan an la
trung thus va ch da tu'ng duoc ai
cong bo trong bat ky cong trinh
nao./.
Tac gia luAn an
(Ky vd ghi rd ho ten)
Do Xuan Dong
DAI HOC IUAT TP.HCM
THU VIEW
MUC LUC
Mo ddu......................................................................
Trang
7 *
Ch iron g 1
HANH CHINH DO TUI VlfiT NAM - QUA TRINH IIINH
THANH VA PIIAT TRlfiN
1.1
Khai niem ve hank chinh do thi
13
1.1.1
Quail niOni vd "DO thi"
13
1.1.2
Quan niem vd "Hanh chinh"
15
1.2
Hanh chinli do thi Viet Nani qua cac thoi ky Iich sir
16
1.2.1
Dac didm ci’ia dO thi ViOt Nam tritO'c Caeli mang Thang
Tam nam 1945.
17
1.2.2
Quan ly hanh chinli dO thi Viet Nam thoi ky phong kidn
1.2.3
Quan ly hanh chinli do thi ViOt Nam thdi ky eftn dai
Ch iron g 2.
THUC TRANG PHAP LY VA VlfiC TO CllOC BO MAY
HANH CHINH DO THI HlfiN NAY
2.1
Phap luat va qua ti inh hinh (hanh phat trien to chiic
bo may hanh chinh do thi Viet Nam
2.1.1
TO chiic 66 may hanh chinh dO thi theo Sac lOnh s6 77
ngay 21 thang 12 nam 1945 va LuAt td chirc chinh
quyen dia phirong ngay 31 thang 5 nam 1958
42
Td chirc bO may hanh chinh dO thi theo Lu At td chirc
HDND va UBHC cac eftp nam 1962
49
To chiic bO may hanh? chinli dO thi theo LuAl td chiic
HDND va UBND nam 1983
52
TO chirc bO may hanh chinh do thi theo Luftt t6 chirc
HDND va UBND nam 1989
54
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
3
21
32
42
TO chirc bO may hanh chinh dO thi thco LuAt t6 elide
HDND va U13ND nam 1994
56
Thye ti ling to chirc va boat dong cua bp may hanh
chinh do thi Viet Nam
61
Thye trang to chirc va boat dong cua cac co' quail trong
bo may hanh chinh dO thi
61
Ndn kinh t6‘ hang boa nhidu thhnh pliAii va quail 1^ dO
thi liiOn nay
70
Nguyen nhan va nhfrng hai hoc kinh nghiem trong
qnan ly hanh chinh do thi
77
2.3.1
Nguydn nliAn v6 thi ch#
77
2.3.2
NguyOn nliAn vO bO may
78
2.3.3
NguyOn nhftn v6 can bO, cOng chirc
80
Ch iron g 3.
d6i mOi to outre bo may iianii chinh do thi
2.1.5
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
PHUONG HUONG VA (HAI PHAP
Yen efiu khach quan ve doi moi to elide ho may hanh
chinh do thi
88
Vi tri va vai tro cua hanh chinh do thi Viet Nam hiOn
dai trong nOn hanh chinh quO'c gia
88
3.1.2,
Dae thu cua quan ly do thi hiOn nay
106
3.2
Ph iron g hirdng doi nidi to elure bo may hanh chinh
do thi
1 14
Cac giai phap ve doi moi to chirc bp may hanh chinh
do thi hien nay
133
3.3.1
Mot s6 giai phap vO.ddi nidi the chO hanh chinh d6 thi
133
3.3.2’
MOt s6 giai phap v6 dOi nidi t6 chirc bd may hanh chinh
d6 thi
137
3.1
3.1.1
3.3
3.3.3
MOt sO' giai phap ve dao tao va dao tao lai dOi ngu can
bO, cong chirc quan ly dO thi
4
142
146
Ket Ilian
Danli nine tai lieu tham khiio
Phu Iuc
151
158
5
NIIUNG CIlO VIE T TA !
VIET TAT
11CDT
UB1-IC
HDND
Viet (lay du
Hhnli chfnh dti thi
Uy ban bank chfnh
Hoi dting nhAn dAn
UBND
Uy ban nhAn dAn
CBCC
Can bti cting clitic
CQDT
Chfnh qtiyOn d6 thi
NXB
Nh A xuA't ban
IIDBT
Htii dting BO tinting
UBTVQH
Uy ban thtfting vu Qutic hOi
TTg
Thn tilting
ND
Nghi dinli.
QD
Quy6t dinli
SL
SAc 16nh
f’T
Chi thi
L()I M() DAU
1. Tinli cap thiet ciia de tai nghien ciru
Cai each hanh chinh qud'c gia dang dirge dat ra nhir mbt nhu cAu tA't yd'u
khach quan trong qua hinh d6i moi dA't nird’c. Ly luAn khoa hoc va kinh
nghidm thirc tidn cho thA'y mdi mb hinh t6 chirc bb may hanh chinh va phirong
thfre boat dbng ciia nd chi plni hop vo’i mbi giai doan nhA't dinh, (Inch ling vdi
cdc co so’ kinh td' xa hbi xAc dinh.
Qua hinh chuydn d6i tir ndn kinh Id' tAp tiling quan lidu bao cA'p sang
phirong thirc boat dbng ciia bb may nha nirbe ma trong tAm la cai each ndn
hanh chinh qubc gia trong dd co doi moi t6 chiic bb may hanh chinh dd thi
nhAm : "XAy dung mbt ndn hanh chinh hong sach, co du nAng lire, sir dung
dung quydn lire va tirng birdc hidn dai hoA d£ quan ly co hihu lire vA hiCu qua
ebng vide ciia Nha nude, thiic dfly xa hbi phat tridn lAnh manh dung hu’dng,
phuc vu dAc lire doi sb'ng nhAn dAn, xAy dung ndp sb'ng va lam vide theo phAp
luAt trong xa hbi" [63 - Tr. 29].
Thirc hidn dudng lb'i d6i moi cua Dang, trong irhung nam gAn dAy, t6
chirc va boat dbng ciia bb may hinh chinh dd thi da d6i mdi tirng budc va dat
diroc nhirng kd't qua co y nghTa quan trong. Tuy nhidn, dd mdi chi 1A kd't qua
birdc dAu va chira co ban, chira thirc sir vung chAc. Con nhidu vAn dd 1^ luAn
vchirc bb may hanh chinh dd thi Viet Nam trong edng cube cai cAch ndn liAnh
chinh qud'c gia 6 nude ta hidn nay.
Xu At phAt tir tinli hinh trdn dd tai nghidn ciru: "Ddi mdi t.6 chiic bb mAy
hanh chinh dd thi trong cai cAch ndn hanh chinh qub'c gia d nude ta hidn nay"
7
|q vide lam eftp bach, quail (long vh eftn tliidt nliam clap ting efte nliti cftti quail
|y JO thi hong tid'n trinh ddi mdi dft't ntrdc hidn nay vh hong t trong lai.
2. Tinh hinli nghien ct'ru
Trong I litre td da cd nhidu hoi nghi khoa hoc ban vd vft'n dd cai each hanh
chfnh qtiOc gia va ddi moi hoan thidn td cht'rc b6 nifty chfnh quydn dia phtro’ng
noi chung vh td cht'rc bO nifty chfnh quydn dO thi noi ridng. Dang vh Nhh nude
la da ban hanh nhidu van kidn quan trong vd vft'n dd nay.
NhCrng nam gftn dfty da cd mOt s6 dd thi khoa hoc vh sftch bfto vd cai
eftch ndn hanh chfnh quO'c gia vh ddi mdi td cht'rc bO nifty nhh nude cua chfnh
quydn efte eft'p da duqc cOng bd... Tuy nhidn, efte dd thi titn dudi efte giftc dO
khftc nliati da dd eftp tdi cai eftch ndn hanh chfnh qtiO'c gia vh ddi mdi td chuc
bO may chfnh qtiydn dia phtrong. Song, chua cd dd thi nho nghiOn ct'ru sftu she
va hd tliO'ng dudi dang mOt luftn ftn khoa hoc vd: "Ddi mdi td cht'rc bO may
hanh chfnh dO thi trong cai eftch ndn hanh chfnh quO'c gia d nude ta hidn nay"
Dd thi nay ke thtra cd chon loc efte kdt qua nghfen ctru ly luftn trong vh ngoh
nude, can ct'r vho nlm eftti thuc td nlitrng nam ddi mdi, lTinh tlihnh lid tliO'ng
quail didm vd td cht'rc bO nifty hanh chfnh dO thi Vidt Nam.
3. Muc (lfch nghien ctru va nhiem vu cua kian an
Trude nlitfng ydu eftu ddi mdi vh tang cudng hidu luc quan ly nhh nude
mo rOng dftn cliti hoft, pliftt tridn kinli id thi tnrdng vh md rOng bang giao quO'
td, luftn an lam sftng to vai tro va dia vi phftp 1# dO thi Vidt Nam. Trong bO
canh ddi mdi lid tliO'ng chfnh tri vh cai eftch ndn hanh chfnh quO'c gia, luftn ft
nghidn ct'ru vh dtra ra efte can ct'r phftp
vd vi trf cua td cht'rc bO nifty hanh
chfnh dO thi trong ndn kinli td hang hoft nhidu tlihnh pliftn cd str quail ly cu
nha nude. Dd thuc hidn mtic tidu trdn dfty nhidm vu cua luftn ftn lh:
8
- Kliai qua! iihiing y6u cAu chung vd hanh chfnh do thi, vi tri va vai tro
phap I)' cua
clitic IX uiay hanh chinh dO thi trong 11611 hanh chmh quO'c gia.
- PhAn Itch qua tiinh boat dOng va plidl Irion cua 116 thO'ng hanh chfnh
quOc gia va cua 16 clitic bo may hanh chinh do thi nude ta qua cac (hoi ky lich
sir. dac biot la (hire trang 16 clitic bO indy hanh chinh dO thi Vi6( Nam hien
nay, tir do ban ve phirong liu’dng va cac yen cAu hoan thicn phdp luAt v6 ddi
nidi tO clitic bO may hanh chfnh d6 thi ViOt Nam.
- Phan Ifch (hue trang phdp luAt bao dam cho sir (dn tai, phdt tridn va
boat dOng cua t6 clitic bo may hanh chinh dO thi Vi6t Nam.
- PhAn tfcli vai tro va vi tri cua t.6 clitic bO may hanh chfnh dO thi trong
nOn kinh te hhng hod nhidu thhnh phAn co str quan ly cua Nha nude.
- PhAn tfcli can cti phap ly d6 hoan thi6n 116 thO'ng can bO cOng clitic nhh
nude, d6i moi vide bO' tri sAp x6'p, dao tao, dao tao lai bdi duong edn bO c6ng
clitic hanh chfnh d dia phtrong va cOng tdc edn bO cd li6n quan tdi viOc. ddi
mdi td clitic bO may hanh chfnh dO thi ViOt Nam trong cai edeh n6n hanh
chinh quO'c gia d nude ta hien nay.
4. Pham vi nghien ci'ru cua luan an
Ddi mdi 116 thO'ng chfnh tri va cai each ndn hanh chfnh quO'c gia la vAn
d6 rOng Idn va phtic tap. Trong khuOr khd mOt luAn dn khoa hoc, tdc gia tAp
trung ngliiOn ctrti ddi mdi td clitic. bO may hanh chfnh dO thi Vi6t Nam nhdm
tim ra cac luAn cti va giai phap phap ly vd cai edeh lidnli chfnh d cac dia
phirong. Lu An dn dO cAp tdi mOt s6' quan didm vh ndi dung co ban co Ii6n
quan d6n co sd ly luAn cho vi6c nghi6n ciiu ddi mdi td clitic bO may hanh
chfnh d6 thi ViOt Nam. Dtrdi goc dO ly luAii nha nude phap quyOn, tdc gia tAp
hung nghiOn ciiu d mire dO tim ra cdc giai phdp v6 phirong phap luAn va edn
cu phdp ly
ddi mdi (6 ch lie bO may hanh chfnh d6 thi Vi6t Nam trong cai
each nen hanh chfnh quO'c gia d nude ta hiOn nay.
9
5. Cai moi cua luan an va y nghia ciia luan an
- LuAn an la cdng tiinh khoa hoc dfiu tidn nghidn ciru m<3t each co lie
ihdiui v£ ddi m()'
bd
hi'lnli chinh dd thi Vidt Nani (long cai cirh
ndn hanh chinh qutfc gia d nird’c (a hidn nay.
- LuAn an gdp phAn lam sang (d (hem vd ly luan va (litre tidn cai each ndn
hanh chinh qudc gia, quan lid giira cac co’ quan (long (6 chirc bd may hanh
chinh ciia chinh quydn din phirong, dac bidt lchinh dd (hi Vidt Nam, phirong hirdng lioan (hidn phap luAl vd (6 chirc bd may
hanh chinh dd (hi Vici Nam trong ndn kinh tc hang hoa nhidu thhnh phAn cd
str quan ly ciia nha nude.
- Lu An an phAn tich kliia canh phap 1J ciia qua trlnh cai each hanh chinh
trong thd'i gian qua, lu An giai cac phirong an cu thd trong td chirc bd may ciia
chinh quydn dd thi hidn nay, dd bao dam dAn cliii hoa moi mat do’i sd'ng xa
hdi, vira phat huy vai (rd quan ly ciia nha nird’c d dd thi va vai tro didu chinh
ciia phap luAt dd'i vo’i toan bd cac quan lid xa hoi trong cdng elide d6i mdi dA't
niro’c.
- LuAn an iuAn chirng mdt so quan didm va giai phap co’ ban de bo sung,
lioan (hidn va nAng cao chA't lirqng ciia luAt (6 chirc Hdi ddng nhAn dAn va Uy
ban nhAn dAn.
Vdi kdit qua dat dirqc, hy vong In An an gdp phAn lam rd co’ sd ly luAn va
(litre tidn vd phirong (hue (6 chiic chinli quydn dia phirong noi cluing va chinh
quydn dd (hi noi ridng, gdp phAn xAy dung md hinh td'i iru cho t.6 chirc bd may
hanh chinh dd (hi trong (lull hinh moi. Lam cho dd thi phat huy cao dd vai tro
(rung tAm kinh (e, chinli tri, van hod ciia dia phirong, ciia mdt vung lanh thd,
(hue dAy sir phat trien ciia ca nude.
- Cac kidn nghi ciia IuAn an gdp phAn xAy dung (lid chdhhnh chinh dd thi
va lioan (hidn md hinh td chirc bd may hanh chinh dd thi Viet Nam ddng thoi
10
ddi nidi vide d<>10 l;)°-
<-lbi n&l~* Ct^n ^d c^n.g chiic nha mrdc quan ly
Jo thi trong didu kien non kinli Id hang hoa nhicu (hanh ph An cd sir quan ly
ci'ia nha mrdc. Hy vong lAng, luAn an la chug trinh khoa hoc cd the sir dung
lain luAn err dd lioan thicn phap luAl ve td chiic bo may hanh chfnh d dia
phirong dac diet la td chirc bd may hanh clnnh dd thi Viet Nam. LuAn an cung
cd thd la tai lieu nghien ciru cho qua trinh dao tao can bd edng elide hanh
chfnh noi chung, can bd cong chirc hanh chfnh dia phirong va cua dd thi ndi
ri^ng trong tinh liinh liien nay va nhicu nam lo'i.
6. Phirong phap nghien ciru
Dudi goc dd ly luAn nha nude phap In At, luAn An sir dung cAc nguydn tAc,
phirong phap luAn cua triet hoc Mac - Lenin va tir tudng H6 Chf Minh, cAc
quan diem co ban cua Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam, vd doi mdi he thdng
chfnh tri va cai each ndn hanh chfnh qudc gia... Nghien ciru ddi mdi t6 chirc
bo may hanh chfnh do thi Viet Nam trong cai each ndn hanh chfnh qudc gia d
nude ta liien nay. luAn an vAn dung cac thanli tiru cua khoa hoc chfnh tri, khoa
hoc quan ly, khoa hoc phap ly va khoa hoc lich sir. LuAn An dac bidt chu y sir
dung cac phirong phap nghien ciin cu thd: Phirong phap lid thdng, phirong
phap so sailh, ket hop chat che giira Idgic va lich sir, giira ph An tfch va tdng
*A
hop.
Do tinh chA't. dac thu cua luAn An, tac gia kd’t hop chat che giira cac
nguydn ly kinli dien, kinli nghidm lich sir, kd' thira cd chon loc cac (hanh tiru
nghien ciru da cd, vdi sir vAn dung cac tri (hire khoa hoc hidn dai, dir bao tinh
liinh cd lien quan va dat vAn dd nghidn ciru trong sir phat tridn cua tirong lai.
7. Ket can cua luan an
LuAn an duoc ket cAu thanli 3 chirong, § tid't, ket luAn, danh inuc tai lidu
tham kliao va cac phu luc kem theo.
I I
CIIUONG 1
HANH CHINH DO Till VIETNAM - QUA TR1N1I
IHNII THANH VA THAT TRIEN
'
Licli sir cua dAn toe da ghi lai nhung dAii Ail dam net ve qua tiinh li'inh
llianli va phdt tridn dO thi Viet Nani va ciing vdi nd la qua tiinh li'inh thanh va
phat tridii cua 11611 hanh chinh dO thi Vi6t Nam.
Trong suO't liOii li'inh licli sir li'inh thhnh va phat tri6n cua dO thi ViOt Nam
la sir k6i hop giua cac ydu td co ban: "DO", "Thanh" va "Thi".
N6u k6 tir CO Loa, Hoa Lir con nang v£ quAn quan, lAy vi tri "DO" va
"Thanh" lam trong, thi lir Thang Long, DOng DO ddii Ha NOi... cling vdi sir
phat tridn cua van minh dO thi, da co mOt. ndn hanh chinh dO thi ngay mot
hoan chinh, bao ham ca ba yen to: 7Jd" "Thanh" va "Thi".
Tuy nhidn, cho ddii nay 11611 hanh chinh dO thi ViOt Nam do nhidu
nguyOn nhAn licli sir khac nhan vAn con la mOt n6n hanh chinh kem phat triOn,
khOng dap ling duqc nhung ddi hoi nidi cua sir nghiep xAy dung va phat tri£n
dA't nude. Do vAy, ngay nay trong sir nghidp cOng nghidp hod, hidn dai hod dA't
nude, de phdt triOn va tang cudng quan ly dO thi, trdch nhi6m nang nd cua
cluing ta la sdm tao ra mOi trirong phdp ly ngay cang hoan thi6n cho vide
quan ly do thi, tao lAp mot n6n hanh chinh dO thi Viet Nam ngay cang hi6n
dai va co liieu qua trong tien tiinh cai each mOt budc nen hanh chinh quO'c
gia. DAy cung la ddi hoi khach quan ciia chinh cOng cuOc xAy dung va bao v6
TO quO'c trong bdi canh chung, Vi6t Nam mong muO'n hOi nhAp vho ddi sO'ng
c]tidc to, muon lam ban vdi tA't ca cac mrdc va cac dAn toe yOu chuOng hoa
htnh va cong ly Ir6n thd gidi; phdt IriOn mOt 11611 kinh t6' thi tru’dng, tlieo dinh
lurdng xa hOi chii nghla cd sir quan ly ciia Nha nude.
1.1. Kliai niem vc hanh chinh do thi
1.1.1. Quan niem re "Dd thi"
Nhu'chilng ta da Diet trong lich sir nhAn loai, dd thi ra dd'i la ket qua cua
qua trlnh phat tridn cua lire hro'ng san xuA't va phftn cdng lao ddng. Tir xa hdi
cOiic san nguydn (huy sang xa hdi co giai cAp, loai ngirbi sinh sd'ng bAl dAu tir
nbim nghidp, rdi moi phat (rien thii cdng nghidp dd'n sir phAn cdng giira ndng
ngliidp va thu cdng nghiep. Do san xuA't phAt (ridn, nhu cAu trao d6i hang hoa
va giao Ill'll kinh td' xa hdi ngay cang tang, thirong nghidp xuA't hidn va to do
dd thi dAn dAn dirqc hinh thanh voi yen td tidn dd la "Thi". 0 nhirng hhu vu’e
cdng thirong sdm phat tridn, nhir vung Dia Tiling Mai, da sdm phat sinh nhirng
dd thi Ion cd tAm co qudc td'. Con b nhung khu virc ma phirong (hire san xuA't
CliAu A (dn tai nhir Viet Nam till dd thi xuA't hidn sdm nhirng kem phat trien
va thirong gAn chat voi cdng xa nong thdn.
Khi ban vd nhung hinh (hire cd triroc san xuA't tir ban chu nghia, Cac Mdc
cho I’Ang: "Lich sii' cd dai cd dien - dd Id lich sii' ciia cac thanh pho; nhu'ng Id
nhu'ng thanh pho di fa Iren sb hil'u rudng dal vd ndng nghiep. Lich sit Chau Add Id mot the thong nhat khdng phdn diet giil'a thanh thi vd ndng thdn. (0 day,
nhu'ng thanh pho that sic cd the difp'c xeni mdt each don gidn Id dinh luy cua
vua chua, Id mdt "Cue hifbu" moc tren che dd kinh te theo dung nghia ciia
nd)" [I -Tr. 26-27],
Cac Mac coi dd thi b chAu A cd, trung dai chi nhir la "Cue birdu moc
tren chd' dd kinh te", bbi vl cac bAc vua chua, quan quAn ngir tri b dd sd'ng
bang cdng ph Am ndng nghidp cua cac cdng xa ndng thdn la chinh va dd cai tri
dA't nirdc cd ha lAng co sb la cdng xa ndng thdn.
13
Chi ddn thbi cAn dai, hidn dai cdng th iron g nghidp phat Irien, chu nglna
Kt ban ra ddi rdi phat trie’ll, giao lull kinh to trong mrdc va qudc td' tang len
nldi dAn xuAI hicn nhung dd thi hicn dai.
VAy tidu chuAn thd' nao dd dirqc quy dinli la mdt dd thi hidn dai ? Tir
clAu th,6 ky nay mdt sd mrdc phirong TAy da quan nidm la nhirng tu didm dAn
cir cd mAt dd tAp tiling cao, cd phd phuong boat dong cdng thirong nghidp ma
tlihnh phA'n dAn cir phai tir 60% (rd ndn la san xuA't phi ndng nghidp (tire la dAn
ndng nghidp chi chid'm dtrdi 40%). "MCI hdi nghi qudc td' tai Prague thu dd
mrdc cdng hoh Sdc da cd gAng tun mdt tidu chuA'n chung cho mdt dd thi gdm
2 yd'u td chfnh la:
- Sd' dAn cir phai tu’ 2.000 den 10.000 ngirbi.
- Sd dAn ndng nghidp khdng qua 25%" [47 - Tr. 40].
Theo do (hi dAn phai cao lion tnrdc vd tien chuAn phi ndng nghidp la
75%.
Dd la quan nidm cua the gioi, con b Vidt Nam, do didu kidn lich str ndn
tieu chuAn dd cd phAn khdng phu hop trong tlnrc td. Cd lang tdi 70 - 80% cir
dAn la phi ndng nhgidp nlnr lang chuydn thu cdng sanh sir BAt Trang, lang
chuydn thu cdng vang bac Ddng SAm (Thai Binh), ChAir Khd (Hai Duong)
chuydn budn ban, lAng gdm Huong Canh, Cir Da (Thanh Oai - HA Ddng)
xira... Nhirng chira bao gib cac lang do trd thanli dd thi. Nguqc lai, cac dd thi
ra doi va sd’m phat trien nhu Thang Long - Ha Ndi thbi tiling dai hay nhu
Thanh Hoa, Tam Ky mdi trd thanh thanh pho, thi trA'n gAn dAy tin cir dAn
ndng nghidp lai chid'm toi trdn 40% ...
Toni lai: Dirbi cac goc dd nlhn nhAn kliac nhau, cac nha khoa hoc cd
rihCrng quan nidm khac nhau vd dd (hi. Chung thi cho rAng: Dd thi la didm dAn
cir tAp trung tach rbi khdi ndng thdn cua nhirng ngirbi boat ddng trong cAc
14
ngaiih nghO phi nOng nghicp. Do thi phat triOn d tlidi ky ma thd lire cua giai
c
nghicp.
1.1.2. Quan nieni ve "Ilanli chinh"
Nd cd bOn nghla cu th6 : "1/ Boat c16ng quan ly cua co' quan Nha nude; boat
dOng 16 elute trong ITnh vuc quan ly; 'll Cac co quan chA'p hanh cua quydn lire
Nhh nude; BO may Chinh phu: 3/ Nhung ngirdi co chirc vu, ban gidm dOc, ban
lanh dao cac co' quan, xf nghiep; 4/ Ngirdi didu hanh, ngirdi chin track nhiem
chinh 16 elute boat dong mOt co quan, xf nghicp nao do " [54 - Tr. 1 7].
ThuAt ngir "Hanh chfnh" co thO duqc dung nhir la danh tir cung co IhO
dirqc dung nhir la dOng tir. Nen khi dung la danh tir, chung ta thudng dung
thOm mOt mao tir (article) goi la "Nen hanh chinh". Kliai niOm n6n hanh
chfnh co noi ham la: "N6n hanh chfnh dirqc hiOu nhir mOt boat dOng, m6t
each t6 chirc va quan ly xa h6i cluiyOn nghiOp. Sir quan ly dd nAm trong
pham vi ciia quyOn hanh phap. Nen hanh chfnh bao ham: BO may hanh chfnh;
he thO'ng cac chirc sAc co moi quan he cOng tac vdi nhan; hO thO'ng chfnh tri,
trong do co vai tro trOi lion thuOc vO nhung quan chiic nha nude nAm quyOn
lire trong lay, nhung vien chirc diOu hanh bO may nha nude; nhung phirong
phap quan ly co liieu qua; nhung luAt 10 hanh chfnh...". [52 - Tr. 61].
Xet trOn quy m6 quO'c gia, nen hanh chfnh quO'c gia xuA't hiOn ngay sail
Khi Nha nude ra ddi. No nham thirc thi quyOp hanh phap cua Nha nude ay, dii
luc dAu con rA't thO so. Nhung neu khong co quyOn lire hanh chfnh thi Nha
15
nird’c cung khdng tdn tai voi tir cacti la cdng oil thong tri cua mdt giai cA'p dd'i
vdi gini cA'p kliac.
Xdt trong pham vi mdt dd thi - mdt phAn lanh thd qudc gia cung vAy.
I
ndn hhnli chinh cdng xa ndng thdn da khai sinh ra nd. till chira co mdt ndn
hanh chinh ridng bidt cua dd thi. Nhirng khi mdt dd thi thirc sir ra dbi till ddng
tlidi mdt ndn hanh chinh dd thi cung xuA't hidn.
Nhir vAy theo chung tdi: Hanh chinh dd thi la co" cA'u 16 chirc va boat
ddng cua bd may quan ly hanh chinh dd thi, nd bao ham luAt phap cua qud'c
gia ndi chung va luAt phap quan ly dd thi noi ridng; td chirc bd mdy quan ly
hanh chinli va ddi ngu can bd cdng chirc quan ly dd thi.
Ndn hanh chinli do phat tridn theo sir phat tridn cua van hoa va van miiih
dd thi dd - tirong irng vdi quy md phat tri6n kinh td', xa hdi, khoa hoc, cdng
nghd... cua nd. Sir phat tri6n cua dd thi gAn lidn vdi sir phat tri6n cua ndn
hanh chinh. Do vAy, mud'n lAm rd vai tro cua ndn hanh chinh dd thi trong ndn
hanh chinh qud'c gia hidn nay cAn pliai nghidn ciru lich sir phat sinh, phat tridn
cua dd thi Vidt Nam cung vdi qua trlnh phat tridn ndn hanh chinh dd thi qua
cac thdi ky lich sir.
1. 2. Hanh chinli do thi Vidt Nam qua cac thdi ky lich su
•SV noi tiep cua nhu'ng the he rieng re, trong do mdi the he deu khai thac
nhung vqt lieu, nhu'ng fif ban, nhu'ng life lu'ong san xuat do tat cd cac the he
trwbc de lai" [2 - Tr. 299].
16
C6 Loa nhirng “Thi” lai tAp nAp lion. Da co nhung thirong nhAn An DO, Tiling
QuOc ddn buOn ban. DO'n Hoa Lir “DO” d trong tlihnh ma thi lai hoAn toAn
tach ra O ngoAi thanh, ven sOng HoAng Long. Thang Long tir khi dinh dO (thd
ky 1 1, nam Canh tuA't 1010) trd di, "do, thanh vh thi" la ba ydu tO' luOn kO't
hop d6 trd thanh dO thi trung tAm van hoa - kinli tO' - chfnh tri cua ca mrdc.
Tuy nhiOn, cling cd tnrdng hop do didu kiOn cu thd nOn khOng cd dAy du
cac ydu td tuy cd “Thanh” kiOn cd nlnr thanh nha Hd nhung do khOng dinh dd
diroc lAu dai va khOng phat tridn dirge khu vuc "Thi" nOn khOng bao gid noi
d6 la dO thi ca. Cdn nha Mac cung cA'u true nhidu thAnh d vung DOng BAc dA't
nirdc nhirng cung khOng noi nao trd thanh dO thi.
Do dd, khi tim hidu cAc ydu td' liinh thanh cac dO thi cd ViOt Nam, da cd
nhung each hidu khac nhau. MOt sO' nha khoa hoc d DOng Nam A cho rAng d
Vidt Nam vi luOn luOn chO'ng ngoai xAm nOn ydu tO “Thanh” la chu ydu ?
Theo chung tOi hidu nlnr vAy 1A khOng sAt thuc td. Bdi vi ViOt Nam chdng
ngoai xAm thAng loi la dua vAo chiO'n tranh nhAn dAn chur khOng dua vAo
“ThAnh”, thAm chf khi cAn thi tarn rdi dO dd cudi cung giAnh thAng loi.
Con riOng yOii td “Thi” cung co khi xuA't hidn dOc lAp, ton tai va phat
tridn trong mOt thdi gian nhu: VAn Ddn, HOi An, Phd Hidn... Cd thdi ky Phd
Hidn, HOi An rA't phdn thinh nhung rdi Phd Hidn cung giai thd va hOi nhAp
vao dd thanh ThAng Long. Con HOi An cung khOng phat tridn thanli dO thi
lctn, khi ma trung tAm chfnh tri lai chuydn vd DA NAng.
Rd rAng trong sir hlnh thanh cAc do thi cd Vidt Nam, “Thi” khOng cd vai
trd Idn mA "DO" thuemg chidm vi trf trong ydu nhA't. DAc didm nAy quy dinh
nOn phuong phAp quan ly dO thi cd ndt dac thu Vidt Nam cua Ong cha ta.
- Dac didm tliir hai la thAnh thi khdng tach rdi vdi ndng thdn, hay cung
co the noi, do thi cd Viet Nam ntang tinh chat nita ndng thdn ni(a thanh thi.
Dac didm nay vdi tlidi dai edng nghidp co th6
lai nhung di san tidu
circ nhidu lion la tfch cue. Nhung ngay nay, nliAn loai dang chuy6n dAn sang
giai doan mdi mA co nha khoa hoc goi 1A “Thdi dai hAu edng nghicp” vdi
phirong chAm phat tri£n la: Dd thi hoa ndng thdn, chuydn mdt phAn san xuA't
va dicli vu vd gia dinh, vd ndng thdn, ddng thdi giu lai nhung danh lam, tliAng
canh, di tfcli lich sir do ndng thdn xtra d$ lai trong dd thi... Dac didm nay cua
dd thi cd Vidt Nam lai dd lai nhung di san tfch cue mA nghd thuAt quan
dd
thi edn khai thac. Don cu nhu nhung khoang trd'ng lid, ao co cAy xanli 6 Ha
Ndi, nhung bidt thu cd vudn bao boc d Hud, Sai Gon, kern theo nhung khu
edng vidn c6 thu... la nhung di san mA cdc nhA quan ly dd thi dang phai kd'
thita, bao vd vA phat tridn.
Tinh chA't nua ndng thdn con dd lai nhung di san kha dAm ndt d Thang
Long - HA Ndi. Thang Long sau khi dinh dd vAn con nhung khoang trd'ng
dupe lAp kin bAng cac khu ndng nghidp nhu khu “ThAp tarn trai” d TAy kinh
thAnh bao gdm dA't dai cua chin lAng ndng nghidp IA: Lidu Giai, Giang Vo,
Vinh Phuc, Dai Ydn, Thu Ld, Cd'ng Vi, Van Bao, Ngoc HA, Huu Tidp. Khu
nay hinh thAnh tir ddi Ly con tdn tai tdi thdi Nguydn vA nay vAn con dA'u vd't
xua. Ngay d giua thu dd, ngdi dinh hidn con d 160 HAng Ma cung 1A di tfch
cua cac thdn TAn Khai, TAn LAp chuydn vd ndng nghidp. Ca ddn don vi
phudng vd'n dung dd chi cac phudng edng, thuong nghidp thi vAn con co ca
phudng ndng nghidp ngay d giua Thang Long nhu “ToAi vidn phudng”, turc
phudng trdng toi. Th Am chi co thdi, tridu dinh con cAp dA't lAm trang vidn cho
cac quan dai thAn ngay d trong long Thang Long. Nhu thdi Ld, didu
226
trong Qud'c tridu hinh luAt quy dinh: "Quan nhA't phSm dupe cA'p 3 mAu; quan
19
nhi phAm 2 mAu; quan tam phA’m 1 mAu; quan tir phA’m 5 sAo; quan ngu phA’m
3 sao; quan luc thA't phAm 2 sao" [50 - Tr. 96-97].
Tilth chA't nira ndng thdn con bidu hidn d chd, cac nganh nghd thii cdng
cung tir cac lang qud ra tilth lam An theo thdi vu r6i lai lid vd ndng thdn, nhir
nghd nhiidnt 6 Dan Loan (Hai Dirung), nglid tidn gd d Nhi Khd (Ha Ddng),
nghd da giAy 6 True Lam, Phong Lam, Van Lam (Hai Dirong), nghd due ddng
O Dai Bai (BAc Ninh), nghd lam hang vang bac Ddng SAm (Thai Binh)...
Ngoai mdt sd' it nghd nhAn dirqc cir tru tai cac phd' phirdng Thang Long thi sd'
ddng tir ndng thdn ra thanh thi, hd't phidn chq lai trot vd ndng thdn. Co thdi
thinh tri nhir (hdi Ld sd, vua chua cung vAn du6i thirong nhAn vh thd thu cdng
trd vd ndng thdn. VI vAy, tdi cac phidn chd d dd thi Thang Long, hang hoa
vAn la san phA’m ndng nghidp va thu cdng nghidp do thang dir lao ddng ma co,
tire san phAm ciia tai san xuA't gian don trong ndn kinh td' tir cA'p, tir tiic, chir
chira co kinh td' hang hod tir ban chu nglna.
Cho dd'n thd' ky XIX, sau khi nha Nguydn ddi dd tir Thang Long vao
Hud', da dat noi dAy la tinh Ha Ndi ma quy hoach lAy huydn Tir Lidm thudc
tinh Son TAy nhAp vao phii Hoai Dire, va lA'y ba phii: Ung Hoh, Ly NhAn,
Thirdng Tin thudc trA'n Son Nam cu hop vdi phii Hoai Dire thanh tinh Ha Ndi,
dat chirc Tdng dd'c Ha-Ninh coi ca Ha Ndi va Ninh Binh. Ngay kinh dd Hud'
cung chi dirqc coi trong'vi dd la kinh dd chir khdng phai do phat tri£n thi
trudng. Thay vao "Thi", nha Nguydn lA'y vung phu cAn d£ phuc vu Kinh dd
bAng each dat ra cac dinh, trA'n titre Id, nhir Quang Tri, Quang Binh d phia BAc
va Quang Nam, Quang Ngai d phia Nam.
Nhir vAy, cho dd'n thd' ky thu XIX, khi thd' gidi da birdc vAo giai doan
phat tridn cao ciia chii nghia tn ban - tdi chii. nghia dd' qud'c, dd thi da cd sir
20
niang giao luu. liOn kdt kinh te quO'c td, nhung d ViOt Nam, dO thi vAn con
niang tinh chA't chfnh tri vdi “DO” vh “Tlihnh” la chu yO'u.
1.2.2. Quan ly hanh chinh 6 do thi trong thdi ky Phong kien
- Ve quy hooch dd thi.
VI coi trong yOii to “DO”, nOn ngay tir Cd loa, “DO” phai dong d trong
“Thanh”. Vua, quan vh quAn nhAn dOu dong 0 trong thanh, dAn cOng phuc vu
luc do chua nhidu. Giao km vdi bOn ngohi qua hai dudng thuy vh bO, nhirng
chua hlnli thanh diroc thirong trudng dd kO't hop giira “DO” vh “Thi”. Cho nOn
goi C6 loa la dd thanh thi dung hon.
DO'n LiOn lAu, quy hoach tuy khOng rOng ldn, nhirng Si NhiO'p la quan
van cai quan, da cho phat tridn thirong mai, truydn ba Khong giao cho phdp
giao luu vdi nude ngohi... NOn quy hqach cd phAn rOng, thoang hon.
CO' dO Hoa Lir thi yOii tO' “DO” vh yO'u tO' “Tlihnh” ghn chat vdi nhau con
yO'u tO' “Tlii” hAu nhu bi tach ra nhm d ngohi dO thanh, ven sOng Hoang Long.
Tdi TliAng Long, tuy dd, thanh vd thi da kO't hop chat che nhung “DO”
vAn la yO'u tO' quan trong nhA't, da co tdi ba vong thanh bao boc. Do la kO' thira
di san cua thdi ky “Tidn Thang Long” ma Trung tAm lh toh Tu Thhnh hay con
goi la Tu CAm’Tlihnh cua viOn Tdng quan nhh Duong la KhAu Hoh, xAy dung
trOn bd sOng TO Lich (nam TAn Ty 621) co chu vi 900 bO (tire 1.674 m).
Khi Thang Long trd thhnh kinh dO (thdi Ly) mdi lA'y khu trung tAm chfnh
tri dat lam Dai nOi (noi Vua d) vdi vong thhnh bao boc goi la CA'm Tlihnh hay
con goi la Long Thhnh.
Ngohi do mdi dO'n vong thhnh thu hai lh Hoang Tlihnh bao boc che co
quan cua trieu dinh (ngay nay lh tuong duong vdi khu nOi thhnh, cd cac cua
^Ong, I Ay, Nam, BAc vAn con nhirng dA'u'vO't). Rdi ddn vong thhnh thu ba d
21
ngoai cung IA Dai La thanh trd-n dAu vdt cua thanh Dai La ma Cao BiAn da
qUy hoach xtra (Cao biAn la Sir nha Dirdng khoang nhung nam 865 - 866).
Khu vuc gitra Hoang Thanh va Dai La thanh ngay cang trd thanh noi hoi
tu cua tho thu edng, thirong nhftn cling cAc gia dinh quan lai, quAn nhan. Khu
virc thu edng va thirong nghidp da tro (hanh 36 phd' phudng vira gAn cho’, vira
gAn sdng.
Nhir vAy tir tudng quan ly da biAu hidn rd trong quy hoach t6ng thA: LA'y
“Dd" lam (rung tAm, I Ay “Thanh" dA bao vd do va ngan each vdi dAn chung.
Nhung khu virc gitra hai vong thanh dAn cir lai ngay cang ddng due trd thanh
khu quan trong ngoai y mud'n cua vua quan, giao hru, budn ban gitra quAn
link vA quan lai vdi dAn ctr ngay cang phat triAn, cung tir dAy mA yd'u td' “Thi"
hinh thAnh. Giao ltru, budn ban, trao doi dA phat triAn kinh td, cube sd'ng ngAy
cang trd ndn dd hdi, tAp nAp vA phdn thinh.
- Phan cap quan ly hanh chinh trong dd thi.
Do cac dac didm kd tren ndn vd mat phAn cA'p quan ly, cac triAu dai xira
chi coi cA'p do thi Idn ngang vdi cA'p hAnh chinh cua mdi tinh. Dirdi cA'p
“Tinh" thi dd thi nAy cung IA cA'p huydn. Dirdi huydn 1A cAp phudng vA thdn
(phudng d khu vuc edng thuong va thdn d khu vuc ndng nghidp). Nhu vAy vAn
la chinh quyAn ba cAp.
Phuong th de quan ly cung tUOng tu nhu quan ly cac tinh d ndng thdn.
Khu vuc lAng, thdn chung da rd, con khu virc phudng cd phAn phde tap vA co
nhirng bien thien nhAt dinh qua cAc thdi ky.
Khai ri'idm phudng, theo chu Han gdm hai phAn:
- Chu thd "
" vdi y nghTa IA dA't dai, ranh gidi.
- Chu phuong "
" vdi y nghla IA mdt khu dA't vudng hoac cung cd
1^ la chu nhAt da duqc hoach dinh.
22
Trong lich sir, don vi “Phirong” cd thd’ xuA't hidn tir thcri ky chd'ng BAc
thudc. Dd'n nam Canh dAn 1230 nhA TiAn “Noi theo ddi trade” da chia Thang
Long thanh 61 phirdng, khdng chi dd noi vd cac don vi kinh doanh cdng
thirong nghidp mA con dd chi cac don vi ndng nghidp.
✓
Dd'n thdi Ld, phirdng da co quan lid vdi phd' ndn mdt Hi budn ngirdi Y la
Marini da vidt: “Ke chq co 72 phirdng, tire la hai dAy phd' hai bdn hinh thAnh
mdt phirdng... Mdi phirdng rdng bang mdt thanh phd' trung binh cua nude
Y”[I7 - Tr. 139].
Nhir vAy, dudng nhir phirdng bao gdm nhidu phd', mdi co A'n tirqnglA
/
bAng mdt thanh phd' (rung binh cua node Y.
Nhung khai nidm phd' mA thirong gia ngirdi Y Marini dung thi trong su
sach cua chung ta trade kia chira han la d6 chi cac phd' xa. Trong “An Nam
chi nguydn”, Cao Hung Trung, khi ndi vd Thang Long thdi Minh da dung tir
dd chi cac tram dich. Khai nidm phd' hie dAu chira cd
td, nd chi cd y nghia kinh td' khi gAn vdi cac phudng chuydn nghidp. VA tir dd
khai niem phd' mdi dung de chi nhung doan dudng cd hai dAy nhA hai bdn
quay mat vAo nhau ngAn each bbi doan dudng dung lAm ld'i di chung, thudng
dirqc lat gach, da... tdi thd' ky XVII, X.Dampier da vid't: “Cac dudng phd'
44
chinh cua kinh thAnh ddu kha rdng, tuy vAn cd vAi phd' hep” vA “PhAn ldn cAc
phd' ddu duqc lat da hay dung hon 1A dirqc gAn bAng nhu'ng vidn da nhd nhirng
rA't qua loa”. [17 - Tr. 40] Hay Baron b thd' ky XVU cung ndi: “TA't ca cac thir
hAng bAy ban d dd thi ddu ban ridng o tirng phd', vA mdi phd' lai dAnh cho mdt,
hay hay nhidu lAng, mA chi cd nhu'ng ngirdi lAng A'y mdi duqc phep md cua
hang d dAy” [17 - Tr. 41 ].
Tdi thdi Nguydn, khai nidm phd' da dirqc dinh rd. Dd 1A mdt con dudng d
8llfa, hai ben cd hai dAy nhA cd cua hAng, ctra hidu quay ra mat dudng, thudng
chuydn ban mdt loai hAng hoa nhA't dinh. Nhu Bourdes, thd' ky XIX da md ta:
23
“Nhirng ngirdi bail to lua di vao trong phd' Hang Dao, thq lam kim khi di vao
nidi nghd vao mdt phd' danh rieng clio chuydn mdn nghd do ”[iy - Tr. 41].
Nlnr vAy la phubng thu cdng co phd' lam bd mat kinh doanh, giao dich. Tuy
phd va phudng co quan hd vdi nhau chat che nlnr vAy nhung vd mat quan ly
thi thdi Phong kid'n, chi lA'y phubng lam don vi co sd chir khdng lA'y phd. ’
Didu cAn nhAn manh la mdi phubng thu cdng chuydn nghidp nlnr vAy
cl6u co quan lid vdi lang gd'c 0 ndng (hdn. Thdi phong kid'n cung nlnr thdi
Phap thudc chfnh quydn ddu lA'y vide lidn kd't vdi ndng thdn gdc rd lam mdt
bidn phdp quail ly. Do cung la mdt trong nhung nguydn nhAn lam han chd' sir
phat tridn cua dd thi, duy tri lAu dai tinh tri tie va bao thu cua no.
- Bq may quan ly hanh chinh.
Tir Cd Loa, Lidn LAu den Hoa Lu, vl coi trong dd va thanh ndn “QuAn
quan” vAn la chu ydu. Chirc quan cai tri cao nhA't vAn thudc vd quAn sir,
Quan vo".
Nhu Lidn LAu, sir cu ghi io, la xuA't hidn tir cud'i the ky thu II. Dd la mdt
trung tAm quAn sir, duqc dirng dAp mdt toa thanh vung chAc, cd tubng cao,
hao sAu, cd quAn ddi thirong true ldn ma ngirbi chi huy duqc phong tdi cA'p Ta
tirdng quAn, Vd tubng quAn.
chfnh va quan ly vAn la cac vd quan nhu Ta Giam quan va Huu Giam quan.
Ddn thdi Ly, Thang Long vAp con lA'y quAn quan lam chfnh, vdi 10 vd
Didu tidn cA'm quAn” canh phong. Dudi dd vd dAn su cd chirc Phu doan va vd
T’An su co chirc Dd huh, nhu vAy tu dAy birdc dAu da phAn chia hai ngach
9riAn sir va dAn sir.
24
Vd chirc Phu doan tir thdi TrAn ten goi cd thay doi, nhir trong Licli tridu
ne'n chuong loai chi cua Phan Huy Chu, muc Quan chirc chi co ghi: “DAu
j-ia TrAn, khoang ddi Kid'll Tiling (1225-1232) bAt dAu dat Kinh thanh li'inh
jac ty. Den ddi Thanh Tdng, Thidu Long (1258-1273) doi lam Kinh sir dai an
iliii sir. Den Hidn Tdng ddi Khai Him (1388-1398) lai ddi lam chirc Tiling dd
Joan. Dd'n nha Ld, bu6i dAu vAn lheo nil A TrAn dat chirc Tiling dO phu doan va
Tliidu doan. Ddi Hdng Dire dinh lai quan chd' ddi lam Phung thidn phu doan,
Thidii doan, phAm trAt d vAo hang chanh ngu phAm ” [36 - Tr. 26].
Vd chirc Dd Hull, tir "Ld Tuong Dire trd di dat cAc chirc goi la Tir thanh
v4 ■ • *■ r
Dd huh, gom Clnrdng Dd Lmh, pho Dd Lnili va Ddng Dd Llnh dd tuAn pliong
kinh sir, tim bAt gian phi. Do la cac chirc quan vd phAm trAt d hang tong nhAt,
tong nhi phAm. Ddn thdi Ld Trung Hung mdi dung quail van lam Ddng Dd
ITnh cai quail bon mat thanh" [36 - Tr. 29].
Nhir vAy cac ngacli quan cai quan dd thi Idn nhu* Thang Long cung
ngang vdi cac tinh, phAm trAt cung chi den ngu phAm mA tlidi.
CAp trung gian la huydn vAn cd Tri huydn nhu d ndng thdn. CA'p co sd la
phudng thi khdng co lurong tnrdng, xa tnrdng ma co phudng chinh, phudng su
va phudng giam. DAy la ba chuc cai quan mdt phudng, tuong duong vdi xa
chfnh, xa sir, xa giam d ndng thdn. Nd'u d ndng thdn cac xa chfnh, xa sir, xa
giam chia nhan ganh vac cac nhidm vu hAnh chfnh, tu phap, quail 1^ ca vd hd,
hdn, didn, sail va trAt tir tri an, till cac chirc quan cua phudng cung lam nhung
vide nhu vAy. Chfnh quyen ba cA'p d dd thi, tuy co khac ndng thdn ft nhidu,
nhAt la d co sd phudng va phd', nhung ve co ban vAn cd hai nhidm vu chfnh la
quan ly kinh td' va quan ly trAt tu, tri an xa hdi, k6 ca clid'ng ngoai xAm.
Chu ydu la bd' trf quail ly cac dia didm san xuA't va budn ban dd thu thud'
c*Ac loai.
25
- Trude hd't la (hue daub vao cac nganh thu cdng la chinh.
Ngoai chd' dd cdng tirqng (ire la bAt cac thq thu cdng gidi lay ngh£ vao
Jain d cac co so' san xuA't cua Nha nude (cac Cue bach tAc) mdt edeh dinh ky,
con hinh (hue quan ly gian tid'p (hdng qua thud' ma. Thdi Ld, thud' nay goi la
thud' thd san (hay thud' san vAt). Nhir thdi Ld Du Tdng (nam Giap Thin 1724)
Nha nude quy dinh (ha thu cdng, k£ ca 6 dd thi va ndng thdn, phai ndp thud'
th6 san, nhir phirdng An Thai (Birdi) phai ndp cAc loai giA'y (giA'y Idnh, giA'y
thi, giA'y ban, giA'y sac vang...) Dd'n (hdi Nguydn (hl thd'ng nhA't thu thud' thd
san goi la thud' bid! nap. Thud' dirqc thu tlidng qua cac td churc thq thu cdng
ntfa tir do, do Nha mrdc gian tid'p quan ly, goi la “Tirqng cue”. Cu th6: CAc thq
thu cdng phai cung nhau lAp mdt danh sach trong dd co ghi tdn tudi cac thanh
vidn va ghi tdn cue trirdng dirqc dd nglii, dira ldn quan trdn duydt. Trong ban
dd trlnh dd phai ghi io ca mi'rc thud' dir kid'n cua ca Cue va cua tirng ca nhAn,
di ddi vdi tdng san lirqng ma cac Cue san xuA't ra. Cac Cue tnrdng dirqc Nha
mrdc ban chirc Tong ciru phAm va sau mdt vAi nam till dirqc bd nhidrn la
Tirqng muc, dirng dAu Tirqng cue.
Cd nhidu loai Tirqng cue nhir cue thq ddt, cue thq vAng bac, cue thq ren,
cue thq moc, Cue trirdng thq vang bac cd quydn Ap dA'u kim cua minh trdn
dinh bac da due to y chiu trach nhidrn vd chA't lirqng vAng bac. (3 phd' Hang
Bac HA Ndi cd Trirdng Dinh, sd' nha 50 va Kim Ngdn Dinh sd' nha 42 la noi
thq bac giao ndp thanh phAm cho cac Ty quan.
Ngoai cac tirqng cue con cd thq thu cdng va thirong nhAn tir do san xuA't
va budn ban hang thu cdng. Ho ddu phai ndp thud'‘‘Bidt nap”. Thud' ndp bAng
san vAt, va cung cd the ndp bang tidn. Mure thud' dAnh vao nhAn dinh, sau dd
lai tinh gdp ca vao mi'rc time chung cua phirdng. Ngudi da chiu thud' bidt nap
thi duqc midn trir thue than, binh dich va dao dich.
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