A1
Trade Names for Some
Industrial Polymers
Trade Name Company Type of Polymer
Abson B. F. Goodrich Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
terpolymer
Aclar, Aclon Allied Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Acraldon Bayer Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers
Acrylan Monsanto Acrylic fiber
Acrylite Cyanamid/Rohm Acrylic resin
Acrypanel Mitsubishi Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Adiprene Du Pont Polyurethanes
Afcoryl Pechiney–Saint-Gobain Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
terpolymer
Aflas Asahi Glass Tetrafluorethylene–propyleneCcure
site monomer terpolymer
Aflon Ashai Glass Tetrafluoroethylene–ethylene
copolymer
Akulon Akzo Nylon-6
Alathon Du Pont Low-density polyethylene
Algoflon Montedison Polytetrafluoroethylene
Alkathene ICI Low-density polyethylene
Alkox Meisei Chemical Works Poly(ethylene oxide)
Alloprene ICI Chlorinated natural rubber
Alpolit Hoechst Unsaturated polyester resins
Amberlite Rohm & Haas Ion-exchange resin
Ameripol-CB B. F. Goodrich Polybutadiene
Amidel Union Carbide Transparent amorphous Polyamide
Amilan, Amilon Toray Nylon-6
Antron Du Pont Polyamide fiber
Araldite Ciba–Geigy Epoxy resin

Ardel Union Carbide Polyarylate
Arnite Akzo Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Arnite E Akzo Thermoplastic polyester elastomers
Arnite PBTP Akzo Poly(butylenes terephthalate)
Arnitel Akzo Thermoplastic polyester elastomer
Arotone Du Pont Polyaryletherketones (PEEK)
Arylef Solvay Polyarylate
Arylon Du Pont Polyarylates
Astrel 3M Polyarylsulfone
Avimid Du Pont Polyimide
(continued)
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A2
Commonly Used
Abbreviations for
Industrial Polymers
AAS Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate, and styrene
ABR Acrylate–butadiene rubber
ABS Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer
ACS Thermoplastic blend of a copolymer from acrylonitrile and styrene with chlorinated
polyethylene
AES Thermoplastic quaterpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and styrene
ASA Copolymer of acrylonitrile, styrene, and acrylates
BR Butadiene rubber
CA Cellulose acetate
CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate
CAP Cellulose acetate propionate
CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
CN Cellulose nitrate

CPE Chlorinated polyethylene
CPVC Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)
CR Polychloroprene
CTA Cellulose triacetate
CTFE Chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer
EC Ethyl cellulose
ECTFE Ethylene–chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
EEA Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene and ethyl acrylate
EMA Ethylene–methyl acrylate copolymer
EP Epoxy resin
E/P Ethylene–propylene copolymer
EPDM Terpolymer from ethylene, proplene, and a (nonconjugated) diene
EPM Ethylene–propylene copolymer
EPR Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and propylene
EPT, EPTR Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene
ETFE Ethylene–tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
EVA Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate
EVOH Ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer
FEP Fluorinated ethylene–propylene copolymer
HDPE High-density polyethylene
HIPS High-impact polystyrene
IIR Butyl rubber (isobutylene–isoprene copolymer)
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A3
Index of Trade Names,
Manufacturers, and
Suppliers of
Antioxidants

The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative
antioxidants for thermoplastics. No claim is made for completeness. Detailed lists can be found in the
source cited.
The letters A to M symbolize chemical classes of compounds with the following meanings: AZ
alkylphenols; BZalkylidene-bisphenols (molecular weight 300–600); CZalkylidene-bisphenols (mol-
ecular weight O600); DZthiobisphenols (molecular weight 300–600); EZhydroxybenzyl compounds
(molecular weight 300–600); FZhydroxy-benzyl compounds (molecular weight O600); GZAcylami-
nophenols (4-hydroxyanilides); HZoctadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate; IZ
poly-hydroxyphenylpropionates (molecular weight O600); JZamines; KZthioethers; LZphosphites
and phosphonites; MZzinc dibutyldithiocarbamate.
Chemical Class
Trade Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M Manufacturer/Supplier
Age Rite X X R.T Vanderbilt Norwalk, CT,
U.S.A.
Vanox X X XXXX
Anox X X X X Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi,
Rome, Italy
CAO X X X Ashland Chemical Ltd.,
Columbus, OH, U.S.A.
Carstab X X Morten Thiokol Inc., Danvers,
MA, U.S.A.
Cyanox X X X American Cyanamid Co., Wayne,
NJ, U.S.A.
Ethanox X X X X Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge,
LA, U.S.A.
Good-rite X X X B.F. Goodrich Chemical Group,
Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.
Hostanox X X X Hoechst AG, Frankfurt,
Germany; American Hoechst
Corp., Somerville, NJ, U.S.A.

(continued)
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A4
Index of Trade Names,
Manufacturers, and
Suppliers of Metal
Deactivators
The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative
metal deactivators for thermoplastics. No claim is made for completeness. Detailed lists can be found in
the source cited.
Trade Name Chemical Class Manufacturer/Supplier
Cyanox Not disclosed Cyanamid GmbH, Wolfratschausen, Germany
American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ, U.S.A.
Eastman Inhibitor OABH Dibenzalhydrazone Eastman Chemical Products, Kingsport, TN, U.S.A.
Hostanox Phosphorous acid ester Hoechst AG, Augsburg, Germany
Irganox MD Diacylhydrazine Ciba–Geigy AG, Division KA, Basel, Switzerland
Ciba–Geigy Crop., Plastics and Additives Div.,
Hawthorne, NY, U.S.A.
Mark Not disclosed Argus Chemical SA, Drogenbos, Belgium
Argus Chemical Corp., Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.
Naugard Oxalamide derivative Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, CT, U.S.A.
Source: Henman, T. J. 1982. World Index of Polyolefin Subilizers, Kogan Page Ltd., London.
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A5
Index of Trade Names,
Manufacturers, and

Suppliers of Light
Stabilizers
The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative
light stabilizers for thermoplastics. No claim is made for completeness. Detailed lists can be found in the
source cited.
The letters A to J symbolize chemical classes of compounds with the following meanings: AZ
benzophenones; BZbenzotriazoles; CZnickel compounds; DZsalicylates; EZcyanocinnamates; FZ
benzylidene malonates; GZbenzoates; HZoxanilides; IZsterically hindered amiens and JZpolymeric
sterically hindered amines.
Trade Name Compound Type Manufacturer
Aduvex A Ward Blenkinsop and Co. Ltd., Wembley (Middx.),
Anti-UV A, D Societe Francaise D’Organo Synthese. Neuilly-sur-Seine,
France
Carstab A Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals Inc., New Brunswick, NY,
U.S.A.
Chimassorb A, C, J Chimosa S.p.A., Pontecchio Marconi, Italy
Cyasorb UV A, B, C, E, F, I, J American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ, U.S.A.
Eastman Inhibitor A Eastman Chemical Product Inc. Kingsport, TN, U.S.A.
UV-Chek AM A, C, G Ferro Corp., Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.
Goodrite UV I B. F. Goodrich, Chemical Group, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.
Hostavin A, I, K Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/M. Germany
Interstab G Interstab Ltd., Liverpool, U.K.
Irgastab C Ciba–Geigy AG, Basel Switzerland
Mark A, I Argus Chemical Corp., Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.
Mixxim I, J Fairmount Chemical Co., Newark, NJ, U.S.A.
Rylex A, C E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE,
U.S.A.
Salol A, D Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, U.S.A.
Sanol LS I Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Seesorb A, B, C, D, E, G Sun Chemical Corp., Tokyo, Japan

Sumisorb A, D Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
Tinuvin B, H, I, J Ciba–Geigy AG. Basel, Switzerland
UV-Absorber Bayer A, E Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
Uvinul A, E BASF AG, Ludwighafen, Germany
Viosorb A, B, D Kyodo Chemical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Source: Henman, T. J. 1982. World Index of Polyolefin Stabilizers, Kogan Page Ltd., London.
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A6
Index of Trade Names
and Suppliers of Flame
Retardants
The following index of trade names and suppliers is based on a choice of representative flame retardants
for thermoplastics. No claim is made for completeness. Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.
Trademark Chemical Class Producer
Amgard Phosphoric acid ester Albright and Wilson, London, U.K.
Chlorowax Chlorinated paraffins Diamond Shamrock Plastics Div., Cleveland OH, U.S.A.
Cereclor Chlorinated paraffins ICI, London, U.K.
Dechlorane Chlorine containing
cycloaliphatics
Occidental Chemical Corp., Niagara Falls, NY, U.S.A.
Disflamoll Organic phosphates and
halogenated organic
phosphates
Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
Exolit Chlorinated paraffins, organic
phosphates
Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/M, Germany
Firebrake Inorganic flame retardants US Borax & Chem. Corp., Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.

Fire Fighters Organic bromine compounds Great Lakes Chem. Corp., West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.
Fireguard Organic bromine compounds Teijin Chem. Co., Nishishinbasi, Tokyo, Japan
Firemaster Organic bromine compounds Great Lakes Chem. Corp., West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.
Fire-Shield Organic bromine compounds,
antimony trioxide
PPG Industries Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
Firex Organic halogenated compound
with antimony trioxide
Dr. Th. Bohme KG. Geretstried, Germany
Flammastik Flame retardant on the basis of
antimony
Chem. Fabrik Grunau GmbH, Illertissen, Germany
Hydral Hydrated alumina Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Ixol Organic bromine and chlorine
compounds
Kali-Chemie AG, Hannover, Germany
Martinal Hydrated alumina Martinswerk GmbH, Bergheim, Germany
Nonnen Organic bromine compounds Marubeni Corp., Osaka, Japan
Nyacol Flame retardant on the basis of
antimony
Nyacol Products Inc., Ashland, MA, U.S.A.
Phosflex Organic phosphates Stauffer Chem. Co., Specialty Chem. Div., Westport, CT,
U.S.A.
Proban Phosphoric acid esters,
quaternary phosphonium
compounds
Albright and Wilson, London, U.K.
Pyro-Check Organic bromine compounds Ferro Corp., Chem. Div., Bedford, OH, U.S.A.
Pyrovatex Organic phosphates Ciba–Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland
(continued)

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A7
Index of Trade Names
and Suppliers of
Foaming Agents
The following index of trade names and suppliers is based on a choice of representative foaming agents
for thermoplastics. No claim is made for completeness. Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.
Chemical Foaming Agent Trade Name and Supplier
a
Processing
Temperature
Range, (8C)
Gas Yield (cm
3
/g) Recommended for
Azodicarbonamide
(1,1
0
-azobisformamide)
Azofoam (Biddle Sawyer);
Porofor (Miles);
Kempore (Uniroyal);
Ficel AC (Schering);
Plastifoam (Plastics &
Chem.); Cellcom
(Plastics & Chem.);
Unicell D (Dong Jin)
150–230 220 ABS, Acetal,
Acrylic, EVA,

HDPE, LDPE,
PPO, PP, PS,
HIPS, flexible
PVC, TPE
Modified azodicarbonarnide
(rigid PVC grade)
Kempore (Uniroyal);
Plastifoam (Plastics &
Chem.); Celogen
AZRV (Uniroyal);
Unicel DXRV (Dong
Jin); Azofoam DS-1,
DS-2 (Biddle Sawyer);
Ficel AC2 (Schering)
150–200 155–230 PP, rigid PVC
Modified azodicarbonamide
(flexible PVC open cell
grade)
Azofoam F (Biddle
Sawyer)
200–230 80–90 Flexible PVC
Dinitroso
pentamethylene-tetramine
Opex 80 (Uniroyal);
DNPT (Dong Jin);
Mikrofine SSS (High
Polymer Labs); Unicell
GP9, GP3, GP42
(Dong Jin)
125–190 240 ABS,

polyurethane,
silicone, natural
rubber, SBR
(continued)
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A8
Harmonic Motion
of a Maxwell Model
Trigonometric Notation
Starting with a sinusoidal input of strain in a Maxwell element (see Chapter 3), we derive the resulting
sinusoidal stress. First we let the strain e be a function of a maximum or peak strain e
0
and time t with a
frequency u:
e Z 3
0
sin ut ðA8:1Þ
For the Maxwell element:
de
dt
Z
1
E
ds
dt
C
s
lE
ðA8:2Þ

Differentiating Equation A8.1:
de
dt
Z u3
0
cos ut ðA8:3Þ
Rearranging Equation A8.2:
ds
dt
C
s
l
Z ue
0
E cos ut ðA8:4Þ
This is a simple linear differential equation of the form
dy
dx
CPy Z Q
The general solution for such an equation, when P and Q are functions of x only, is
y expðjÞZ
ð
expðjÞQdx C C; j Z
ð
Pdx ðA8:5Þ
For Equation A8.4, the analogy is
j Z
t
l
ðA8:6Þ

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A9
Formulations of
Flame-Retarded
Selected
Thermoplastics
In the following formulations the fire performance properties of flame-retarded thermoplastics are
compared with those of the base resin, the properties of the latter being given in brackets. The test
methods used are: ASTM-D 633-77, the value for average time of burning (ATB) given in seconds
and that for average extent of burning (AEB) in millimeters; ASTM 2863-77, limiting oxygen index (LOI)
in % O2.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
90.5% LDPE
6.0% Chlorinated paraffin (70% chlorine)
3.5% Antimony trioxide
Properties
ASTM ATB !5 (160)
AEB 18 (100)
LOI 23.75 (17.5)
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
89.9% HDPE
5.0% Octabromodiphenyl
1.6% Chlorinated paraffin (70% chlorine)
3.5% Antimony trioxide
Properties
ASTM ATB !5 (210)
AEB 20 (100)
LOI 25.75 (16.75)

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A10
Formulations of
Selected Rubber
Compounds
Representative formulations (in parts by weight) of several rubber compounds and their normal curing
conditions are given below.
Tread Compound for Passenger Tires
Smoked sheet 50
SBR 1712 70
Zinc oxide 5
Stearic acid 2
ISAF black 60
Softener 2
Antioxidant (diphenylamine-acetone condensate) 1.5
Accelerator (CBS) 1
Sulfur 2.2
Cure: 40 min. at 1508C.
Sidewall Compouond for Passenger Tires
Smoked sheet 50
SBR 1712 70
Zinc oxide 5
Stearic acid 2
HAF black 45
Softener 2
Antioxidant
(diphenylamine-acetone condensate) 1.5
Accelerator (CBS) 1
Sulfur 2.2

Cure: 30 min. at 1508C.
Tube Compound for Car Tires
Butyl (Polysar 301) 100
p-Dinitroso benzene (Polyac) 0.15
FEF black 60
Mineral oil (butyl grade) 20
Zinc oxide 5
Stearic acid 2
(continued)
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