C
o
e.

on

nZ

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

09, 2015

hV

ie

HCMC University of Technology, Viet Nam

in

m

Introduction

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

1 / 26

C
o

Introduction

2

Reasons to study Concepts of Programming
Languages

3

Language Evaluation Criteria

4

Language Design

on

nZ

ie

hV

5

e.


1

Implementation Methods

in

m

Outline

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

2 / 26


C
o
e.

hV

ie

nZ

on

My name: Nguyen Hua Phung

Email:
Website: />Office hour: 15:00-16:30 Thursday (subject to
change)
Sakai:

in

m

Lecturer In Charge

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

4 / 26


C
o
e.

hV

ie

nZ

on


Programming Languages: Principles And Paradigms,
Maurizio Gabbrielli and Simone Martini, Springer,
2006.
Programming Languages: Principles and Practices,
Kenneth C. Louden, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2003.
Ngon Ngu Lap Trinh: Cac nguyen ly va mo hinh, Cao
Hoang Tru, 2004.

in

m

References

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

5 / 26


C
o
e.
on

hV

ie


nZ

Tutorial/Lab/Online: 15%
Assignment: 25%
Final: 60%

in

m

Assessment

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

6 / 26


C
o
e.

hV

ie

nZ

on


After complete this subject, students are able to:
describe formally lexicon and grammar of a
programming language
describe and explain some mechanism of a
programming language
implement a interpreter/compiler for a simple
programming language

in

m

Objectives

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

8 / 26


C
o
e.

hV

ie


nZ

on

Increased capacity to express idea
Improved background for choosing appropriate
languages
Increased ability to learn new languages
Better understanding of the significance of
implementation
Better use of languages that are already known
Overall advancement of computing

in

m

Benefits of Studying

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

9 / 26


C
o
e.


hV

ie

nZ

on

Scientific Applications
Fortran, ALGOL 60
Business Applications
COBOL
Artificial Intelligence
LISP, Prolog
Systems Programming
PL/S, BLISS, Extended ALGOL, and C
Web Software
XHTML, JavaScript, PHP

in

m

Programming Domains

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

11 / 26



C
o
e.

on

hV

ie

nZ

Simplicity
Orthogonality
Support of abstraction (Control, Data)
Safety
...

in

m

Language Characteristics

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction


12 / 26


C
o
e.
on
nZ

hV

ie

Readability
Writability
Reliability
Cost

in

m

Evaluation

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

13 / 26



Von Neumann

C
o
e.

Computer Architecture

Imperative

on

Programming Methodologies

nZ

Machine-based
Procedural

Declarative

hV

ie

Logic
Functional
Constraint
Query-based


Object-Oriented
...

in

m

Influences on Language Design

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

15 / 26


C
o

e.

on

Well-known computer architecture: Von Neumann
Imperative languages, most dominant, because of
von Neumann computers

hV


ie

nZ

Data and programs stored in memory
Memory is separate from CPU
Instructions and data are piped from memory to CPU
Basis for imperative languages
Variables model memory cells
Assignment statements model writing to memory cell
Iteration is efficient

in

m

Computer Architecture Influence

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

16 / 26


C
o

e.


on

1950s and early 1960s: Simple applications; worry
about machine efficiency
Late 1960s: Efficiency became important; readability,
better control structures

nZ

Structured programming
Top-down design and step-wise refinement

Late 1970s: Process-oriented to data-oriented

ie

data abstraction

hV

Middle 1980s: Object-oriented programming
Data abstraction + inheritance + polymorphism

in

m

Programming Methodologies Influences

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung


Introduction

17 / 26


C
o

Imperative (C, Pascal)

e.

Central features are variables, assignment
statements, and iteration

on

Functional (LISP, Scheme, Haskel, Ocaml, Scala)

nZ

Main means of making computations is by applying
functions to given parameters

Logic (Prolog)

Rule-based (rules are specified in no particular order)

ie


Object-oriented (Java, C++, Scala)

hV

Data abstraction, inheritance, late binding

Markup (XHTML, XML)
New; not a programming per se, but used to specify
the layout of information in Web documents

in

m

Language Paradigms

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

18 / 26


C
o

Reliability vs. cost of execution

on


e.

Conflicting criteria
Example: Java demands all references to array
elements be checked for proper indexing but that
leads to increased execution costs

Readability vs. writability

ie

nZ

Another conflicting criteria
Example: APL provides many powerful operators
(and a large number of new symbols), allowing
complex computations to be written in a compact
program but at the cost of poor readability

hV

Writability (flexibility) vs. reliability

in

m

Language Design Trade-Offs


Another conflicting criteria
Example: C++ pointers are powerful and very flexible
but not reliably used
/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

19 / 26


C
o

hV

ie

nZ

on

e.

Compilation
Programs are entirely translated into machine
language and then executed
Pure Interpretation
Programs are translated and executed line-by-line
Hybrid Implementation Systems
A compromise between compilers and pure

interpreters
Just-in-time Compiler
A compiler inside an interpreter compiles just hot
methods

in

m

Implementation Methods

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

21 / 26


C
o
e.

Compiler

Source

Execution

Result


on

Data

nZ

Source

Interpreter

hV

Source

Result

ie

Data

in

m

Implementation Methods

Compiler
Interpreter

Result


Data
/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

22 / 26


C
o

on

lexical analyzer

e.

source program

syntax analyzer

front end

nZ

semantic analyzer

ie


intermediate code generator
code optimizer

hV

back end

code generator
target program

in

m

Compilation Phases

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

24 / 26


C
o
e.
on

hV


ie

nZ

Preprocessor
Assembler
Linker
Loader
Debugger
Editor

in

m

Related Programs

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

25 / 26


C
o
e.
on

hV


ie

nZ

What are still in your mind?

in

m

Summary

/>Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

Introduction

26 / 26