Chapter 14, Accessibility
Outline
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
Introduction
Web Accessibility
Web Accessibility Initiative
Providing Alternatives for Multimedia Content
14.4.1 Readability
14.4.2 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with Voice XML
Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000
14.5.1 Tools for VisuallyImpaired People
14.5.2 Tools for HearingImpaired People
14.5.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard
14.5.4 Microsoft Narrator
14.5.5 Microsoft OnScreen Keyboard
14.5.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0
Other Accessibility Tools
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14.1 Introduction
• Persons with disabilities make up a significant
portion of the population, and legal ramifications
exist for Web sites that discriminate by not
providing adequate and universal access to the
site’s resources
• In this chapter, we explore:
– The Web Accessibility Initiative and its requirements
– Various laws regarding businesses and their availability to
people with disabilities
– How some companies have developed their systems,
products and services to meet the needs of this demographic
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14.2 Web Accessibility
• In 1999, a lawsuit was filed by the National
Federation for the Blind (NFB) against AOL for
not supplying access to its services to people with
visual disabilities, a mandate of the Americans
with Disabilities Act of 1990
• WeMedia.com is dedicated to providing disabled
individuals with the same opportunities as the
general population
– Provides online educational opportunities for people with
disabilities
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14.2 Web Accessibility
Ac t
Purp o se
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, state and
local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and
telecommunications.
Telecommunications Act of 1996
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 contains two amendments to Section 255 and
Section 251(a)(2) of the Communications Act of 1934. These amendments require
that communication devices, such as cell phones, telephones and pagers, be
accessible to individuals with disabilities.
Individuals with Disabilities
Educational materials in the school setting must be made accessible to children with
Education Act of 1997
disabilities.
Acts designed to protect access to the Internet for people with disabilities.
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14.2 Web Accessibility
We Media home page. (Courtesy of We Media Inc.)
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14.2 Web Accessibility
• The Internet has also enabled disabled individuals
to work in a vast array of new fields
– Prior to its advent, 25 percent of the 15 million Americans
with disabilities found employment as a result of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
– Technologies such as voice activation, visual enhancers and
auditory aids afford disabled individuals with more work
opportunities
– Information provided through technology will have to be
equally accessible to individuals with disabilities
– Sites heavily laden with graphic images might have to
simplify their appearance
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14.3 Web Accessibility Initiative
• On April 7, 1997, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) launched the Web
Accessibility Initiative (WAI )
– An attempt to make the Web more accessible
• Accessibility
– Refers to the level of usability of an application or Web site
for people with disabilities
– The vast majority of Web sites are considered inaccessible to
people with visual, learning or mobility impairments
– A high level of accessibility is difficult to achieve
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14.3 Web Accessibility Initiative
• The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 are
divided into a threetier structure of checkpoints
according to their priority
– Priorityone checkpoints are those that must be met to ensure
accessibility
– Prioritytwo checkpoints, though not essential, are highly
recommended
– Prioritythree checkpoints improve accessibility slightly
– The WAI also presents a supplemental list of quick tips—
this list contains checkpoints aimed at solving priority one
problems
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14.4 Providing Alternatives for
Multimedia Content
• WAI requirement
– Ensure that every image, movie and sound used on a Web
page is accompanied by a description called an ALT tag that
clearly defines its purpose
• Intended to provide a short description of an HTML object
which may not load properly on all user agents
• Specialized user agents
– An application that interprets Webpage source code and
translates it into formatted text and images
– Screen readers are programs that allow users to hear what is
being displayed on their screen
– Braille displays are devices that receive data from screen
reading software and output the data as braille
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14.4 Providing Alternatives for
Multimedia Content
– Web pages with large amounts of multimedia content are
difficult for user agents to interpret, unless designed properly
• Images, movies and other nonHTML objects cannot be read
by screen readers
– Provide multimediabased information in a variety of ways
– Useragent technology is unable to make image maps
accessible to blind people or others who cannot use a mouse
• Include a link at the top of each Web page that
provides easy access to the page’s content so users
can use the link to bypass inaccessible elements
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14.4.1 Readability
• Readability
– When creating a Web page intended for the general public, it
is important to consider the reading level at which it is
written
• Use of shorter words
• Users from other countries may have difficulty understanding
slang and other nontraditional language
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0
– Suggests that a paragraph’s first sentence convey its subject
• Gunning Fog Index
– A formula that produces a readability grade when applied to
a text sample
2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.4.2 Using Voice Synthesis and
Recognition with Voice XML
• VoiceXML
– An XML application that uses speech synthesis to enable the
computer to speak to the user
– Has tremendous implications for visually impaired people
and for people who cannot read
• Reads Web pages to the user, also includes speech recognition
technology—which enables computers to understand words
spoken into the microphone
• ViaVoice
• VoiceXML processed by a VoiceXML interpreter or browser
• Platform independent
• When a VoiceXML document is loaded, a voice server sends a
message to the VoiceXML browser and begins a conversation
between the user and the computer
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14.5 Accessibility in Microsoft
Windows 2000
• Since Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft has
included accessibility features in its operating
systems and many of its applications
• Accessibility Wizard
– Guides a user through the Windows 2000 accessibility
features and configures the computer according to the
chosen specifications
• Microsoft Magnifier
– A program that displays an enlarged section of the
screen in a separate window
• Disable personalized menus
– A feature that hides rarely used programs from the
Start menu
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
• Users can resize scroll bars and window borders to
increase their visibility
• Users can resize icons
– Users with poor vision—as well as users who have trouble
reading—benefit from large icons
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired People
Text Size dialog
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Display Settings dialog
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Accessibility Wizard initialization options
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Scroll Bar and Window Border Size dialog
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Setting window element sizes
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
• Settings allow the user to change Windows’ color
scheme and to resize various screen elements
• Wizard offers the user the choice of using larger
cursors, black cursors and cursors that invert the
colors of objects underneath them
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Display Color Settings options
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14.5.1 Tools for Visually Impaired
People
Accessibility Wizard mouse cursor adjustment tool
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14.5.2 Tools for HearingImpaired People
• SoundSentry
– A tool that creates visual signals when system events occur
• ShowSounds dialog
– Enables you to add captions to spoken text and other sounds
produced by today’s multimediarich software
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14.5.2 Tools for HearingImpaired
People
SoundSentry dialog
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14.5.2 Tools for HearingImpaired
People
Show Sounds dialog
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