INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS:
LAW, POLICY AND ETHICS

Cavendish
Publishing
(Australia)
Pty Limited
Sydney • London



INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS:
LAW, POLICY AND ETHICS

Professor Peter Gillies, MA, LLB, PhD
Landerer Professor of Business Law
School of Economics and Financial Studies
Macquarie University

Professor Gabriël Moens, JD, LLM, PhD
Professor of Law and Director
Australian Institute of Foreign and Comparative Law
TC Beirne School of Law
The University of Queensland

Cavendish
Publishing
(Australia)
Pty Limited
Sydney • London

First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Limited,
43 Albert Road, Avalon, Sydney, New South Wales 2107
Telephone: (02) 9918 2199 Facsimile: (02) 9973 1223
Email:
URL:

© Gillies, P and Moens, G 1998
Reprinted

2000

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this
publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
publisher and copyright owner.

Any person who infringes the above in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal
prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data
Gilles, Peter
International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics
1. Foreign trade regulation 2. International business enterprises—Law and legislation
I. Moens, Gabriel, 1948 II. Gilles, Peter, 1938
341.75

ISBN 1 876213 25 6


Printed and bound in Great Britain


CONTRIBUTORS

Chapter 1: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of
Goods (Professor Peter Gillies)
Chapter 2: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (Mr
Julian David Wagner with the assistance of Professor Gabriël A Moens)
Chapter 3: International Commercial Trade Terms—Incoterms 1990 (Professor Peter
Gillies)
Chapter 4: Carriage of Goods by Sea (Mr Howard Broderick)
Chapter 5: Carriage of Goods by Land and Air (Mr John Livermore)
Chapter 6: Financing Exports: Letters of Credit
(Professor Gabriël A Moens and Mr Ted Tzovaras)
Chapter 7: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) (Mr Alexander Low)
Chapter 8: Anti-dumping and Countervailing Laws in the United States, Australia and
New Zealand (Mr ANG Smith)
Chapter 9: Trading Blocs: NAFTA (Mr Simon Fisher)
Chapter 10: Trading Blocs: the European Union (Professor Gabriël A Moens)
Chapter 11: International Commercial Arbitration
(Dr Suri Ratnapala and Ms Linda Haller)
Chapter 12: Extraterritorial Control of Business (Mr Alexander Bates)

v



PREFACE


This book deals with the core topics of international trade, which include international
sales contracts, international commercial terms, carriage of goods by sea, land and air,
financing of exports, regulation of imports, international commercial arbitration,
extraterritorial control of business, and trading blocs.
Every chapter offers a description and analysis of the relevant law, policies and, in
some cases, relevant ethical issues, tutorial questions, and a short list of references. In
addition, the most important international documents are reproduced in full or in part
to facilitate the study of international commercial law.
International trade and business law courses are increasingly offered by most law
and business schools. This increase is a response to repeated requests, by the legal and
business communities, to provide courses for lawyers and business people to enable
them to provide expert advice on international business practices and export trade law.
In particular, International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics is aimed at
students and practitioners, who are interested in international business transactions
and want to gain familiarity with the law and practice of international trade law,
policies and ethics. It is also hoped that this book will be used by academics as their
teaching and research tool in international trade and business law courses. However,
the book is not limited to law since it also aims to cover trade and business policies. In
addition, the book also deals with relevant ethical issues.
We would like to thank the contributors to this volume. Without their dedication
and commitment this book would not have been completed. The editorial process
was greatly facilitated by the excellent work of Cavendish Publishing, London who
ensured that the book met the highest editorial standards. The editors and contributors
are also indebted to Jo Reddy, Managing Editor at Cavendish Publishing, London
who decided to publish this book and provided us with moral support throughout
this project.

Professor Peter Gillies
Professor Gabriël A Moens

March 1998

vii



CONTENTS

v
vii
xxi
xxxv

Contributors
Preface
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation

1

THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS
INTRODUCTION
SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION

Overview
The international element
Goods—exclusions
Aspects of the contract covered by the Convention—exclusions
Convention does not apply to liability for death or personal injury

Exclusion of the Convention by the parties
GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION

Interpretation
Determining intent and related matters
Usages
Requirement of writing; other requirements of form
FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT

Offer and acceptance
Consideration
Intention to create legal relations
SALE OF GOODS

General provisions
Obligations of the seller
Conformity of the goods and third party claims
Remedies for breach of contract by the seller
Obligations of the buyer
Remedies for breach of contract by buyer
Passing of risk
Provisions common to the obligations of buyer and seller
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE
OF GOODS (VIENNA SALES CONVENTION)
VIENNA—11 APRIL 1980
ix


1
1
3
3
3
7
8
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
17
18
18
18
20
22
24
28
29
31
33
41
44


46


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980)
Declarations and reservations
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (Vienna Sales Convention)
CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE
TO CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
SALE OF GOODS, THE HAGUE—
22 DECEMBER 1986

Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods
2

THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES
OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES

Overview
THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES AND CONTRACT LAW
PRE-CONTRACTUAL NEGOTIATIONS
FORMATION
VALIDITY
INTERPRETATION

CONTENT
PERFORMANCE
HARDSHIP AND FORCE MAJEURE

Hardship
Force majeure
NON-PERFORMANCE
REMEDIES

Right to performance
Termination and restitution
Damages
CONCLUSION
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS, ROME, 1994

Introduction of the Governing Council of UNIDROIT,
Rome, 1994

x

47
48
49

70
71
79

79
80
80
82
84
85
87
88
89
89
91
91
92
93
94
94
95
95
97
98
99
100
100


Contents

UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS


Preamble—purpose of the principles
3

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRADE TERMS
—INCOTERMS 1990
OVERVIEW
SOME PRELIMINARY MATTERS

Incoterms—their functions
Legal status of the Incoterms
Incorporation of Incoterms
Transport developments impacting upon Incoterms
Use of intermediaries and related matters
Electronic data transmission
THE INCOTERM CATEGORIES, STRUCTURE
OF EACH INCOTERM
THE E CATEGORY—‘EX-WORKS’
THE F CATEGORY—FCA, FAS, FOB

Free carrier (FCA)
Free alongside ship (FAS)
Free on board (FOB)
THE C CATEGORY—CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP

Cost and freight (CFR)/cost, insurance and freight (CIF)
Cost and freight (CFR)
Carriage paid to (CPT)/carriage and insurance paid to (CIP)
Carriage and insurance paid to (CIP)
THE D CATEGORY—DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP


Delivered at frontier (DAF)
Delivered ex-ship (DES)
Delivered ex-quay (duty paid) (DEQ)
Delivery duty unpaid (DDU)
Delivered duty paid (DDP)
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
INCOTERMS 1990

Ex-works (ExW)
Free alongside ship (FAS)
Free on board (FOB)
Cost, insurance and freight (CIF)
Carriage and insurance paid to (CIP)

xi

100
100
121
121
122
122
123
123
123
124
124
126
128

130
130
132
134
137
137
142
142
144
145
145
146
148
150
151
152
154
155
155
157
160
162
164


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

4

Delivered at frontier (DAF)

Delivered duty unpaid (DDU)

167
170

CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA

175
175

INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF HAGUE RULES, AMENDED
HAGUE RULES AND HAMBURG RULES

The Vita Food gap
Application of rules
Application of rules to third parties
Non-contractual liability of the carrier
Deck cargo
Live animals
Nautical fault and negligent management
Fire
When does carriage begin and end?
Delay
Time bars
The package or unit definition
Jurisdiction/arbitration
Liability under the Hague and the Hamburg rules
Limitation of liability
Compatibility

ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE INTRODUCTION
OF THE HAMBURG RULES

The status quo argument
The compatibility argument
The uncertainty argument
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
APPENDIX 1

Details of cargo-carrying regimes of various nations
(as at 25 March 1994)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE
UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW
RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING
(THE HAGUE RULES) BRUSSELS—25 AUGUST 1924

International Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading
Protocol of signature

xii

179
181
182
184
185
186
187

188
189
190
191
193
193
195
196
198
200
201
201
202
204
206
207
210
210

216
218
224


Contents

5

ANNEX
THE AMENDED HAGUE RULES

THE HAMBURG RULES

225
229
235

CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY LAND AND AIR

249
249
250
250
250
251
255

INTRODUCTION
CARRIAGE BY ROAD

Background
Common carriers
Private carriers
Carriage of passengers
FEDERAL ROAD TRANSPORT LEGISLATION
AND REGULATION

Freedom of interstate trade
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) and road transport
Federal regulation of transport
The Interstate Road Transport Act 1985

The National Road Transport Commission
Ministerial Council
The Interstate Commission
Road transport: State and Territory legislation
State and Territory road transport legislation
CARRIAGE BY RAIL

Commission’s risk rate
Owner’s risk rate
INTERNATIONAL RAIL AND ROAD CARRIAGE
CONVENTIONS

International Carriage of Goods by Rail
International Carriage of Goods by Road
CARRIAGE BY AIR

Introduction
International carriage, baggage and cargo
Airlines and passenger liability
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF
CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL
CARRIAGE BY AIR (WARSAW
CONVENTION) WARSAW, 1929

xiii

257
257

257
257
267
267
268
268
269
269
284
287
288
292
292
295
298
298
302
322
327
330

332


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

UNIFORM RULES CONCERNING THE
CONTRACT FOR INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE
OF GOODS BY RAIL (CIM), 1980
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD ACT 1965—

SCHEDULE—CONVENTION ON THE CONTRACT
FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF
GOODS BY ROAD
IATA INTERCARRIER AGREEMENT ON
PASSENGER LIABILITY
INTERCARRIER AGREEMENT ON PASSENGER
LIABILITY
AGREEMENT ON MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT
THE IATA INTERCARRIER AGREEMENT

6

FINANCING EXPORTS: LETTERS OF CREDIT
INTRODUCTION
BASIC FORMS AND TYPES
OF DOCUMENTARY CREDIT

Basic forms of documentary credit
Types of letters of credit
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

The doctrine of strict compliance
THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY OF THE
LETTER OF CREDIT

The principle
The fraud exception
The Mareva injunction
CONCLUSION
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING
ICC UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR
DOCUMENTARY CREDITS

ICC arbitration
7

THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) AND
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO)
INTRODUCTION
THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
THE GATT 1994

339

371
384
384
385
387
387
390
390
391
397
397
409
409

412
416
417
418
420
421
442

443
443
444
445
446

The framework of GATT

xiv


Contents

THE LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE GATT

The most-favoured-nation principle
National treatment principle
The reciprocity principle
The legal framework of dispute settlement
Articles XXII and XXIII
The dispute settlement roles and procedures 1989
The panel system

The workings of a panel
Panel reports
The time lines involved with panels
PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT

Quantitative restriction: a protection for developing countries
The conditions to be observed by an applicant country
Protection for an infant industry
Part IV of the GATT
DUMPING
SUBSIDIES
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Introduction
Significance of the WTO
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
UNDERSTANDING ON RULES AND
PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SETTLEMENT
OF DISPUTES
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES

8


ANTI-DUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING LAWS
IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA AND
NEW ZEALAND
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS

Anti-dumping
Countervailing
Prerequisites for imposition of anti-dumping
or countervailing duties

xv

447
448
449
451
452
452
453
454
455
455
455
456
459
461
463
465
471

471
473
473
474
475
480
480
481
484
490

544
565

583
583
583
583
584
584


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

A BACKGROUND TO THE
CURRENT INTERNATIONAL ANTI-DUMPING
AND COUNTERVAILING AGREEMENTS
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL ANTI-DUMPING
AND COUNTERVAILING LAWS


United States of America
Australia
New Zealand
LOCALISED TRADE AGREEMENTS

The North American Free Trade Association
Australia-New Zealand CER Trade Agreement
AUTHORITIES INVOLVED IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-DUMPING
AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES

United States of America
Australia
New Zealand
Investigation procedures
THE GATT 1994 ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT
THE GATT 1994 AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES
AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
NATIONAL LEGISLATION IMPLEMENTING
THE GATT ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT

United States of America
Australia
New Zealand
SAFEGUARDS—AS OPPOSED TO DUMPING
AND COUNTERVAILING ACTION

United States of America
Australia
New Zealand

THE COURTS AND DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING

United States of America
Australia
New Zealand
SUMMARY AND COMMENT
APPENDIX— A SUMMARY OF THE GATT 1994
AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

xvi

585
585
585
586
586
587
587
587

588
588
589
590
590
592
594
597
597

598
603
604
605
605
605
605
605
607
608
608
609
610


Contents

FURTHER READING

Statutes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF
ARTICLE VI OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 1994
AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND
COUNTERVAILING MEASURES

9

TRADING BLOCS: NAFTA

INTRODUCTION
NATIONAL TREATMENT
AND MARKET ACCESS FOR GOODS
RULES OF ORIGIN
ENERGY AND BASIC PETROCHEMICALS
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
INVESTMENT
CROSS-BORDER TRADE IN SERVICES
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
FINANCIAL SERVICES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
PUBLICATION, NOTIFICATION
AND ADMINISTRATION OF LAWS
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES
EXCEPTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING

10

TRADING BLOC: THE EUROPEAN UNION
INTRODUCTION
THE THREE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF THE EC TREATY
CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNION
THE COMMUNITY ORGANS
DECLARATION ON APPROXIMATION

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL UNION

xvii

612
613
613

614
634
669
669
671
673
675
676
681
688
690
692
695
698
699
701
702
702
703
705
705
705

706
707
707
708
709


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

CAPITAL AND PAYMENTS
MONETARY POLICY
EXCHANGE RATE POLICY
COMMUNITY LEGISLATION

Article 189 of the EC Treaty
Regulations
Directives
Decisions
Recommendations and opinions
Difference of nomenclature: EC and ECSC treaties
Freedom of movement of goods
Treaty provisions for the elimination of internal customs duties
Common customs tariff
Free circulation of goods in the Community
Elimination of customs duties and establishment
of the common customs tariff
Article 30 of the EC Treaty
Article 115 of the EC Treaty
The rule of reason
Rule of reason not an extension of Article 36

The necessity and proportionality principles
Application of the necessity principle
The proposition of the rule of reason
Harmonisation
Mutual acceptance of goods
Technical harmonisation and standards
Directive on product safety
APPENDIX—THE EC’S TREATY STRUCTURE
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING

11

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
ARBITRATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
TYPES OF ARBITRATION

Arbitration
Commercial arbitration
International commercial arbitration
THE STATUTORY FRAMEWORK OF
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL

xviii

710
710
711
711
711

711
712
713
714
714
714
715
716
716
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
723
724
724
725
726
726
728
729
729
730
731
731
732



Contents

ARBITRATION IN AUSTRALIA

International arbitration agreements without opt-out clauses
International arbitration agreements with opt-out clauses
The requirement of written agreement
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS

Enforcement of agreement under the New York Convention
Enforcement of arbitration agreement under the Model Law
Null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed
The question of severability
The applicable law
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ARBITRAL AWARDS: THE
BALANCE BETWEEN FINALITY AND LEGALITY

Judicial review under the Model Law—preliminary orders
Judicial review under the Model Law—final awards
Judicial review under the Commercial Arbitration
Act 1984 (NSW)
ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION AWARDS
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
ARBITRAL AWARDS

12

EXTRATERRITORIAL CONTROL OF BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION
COMPETITION LAW OF THE EC
US COMPETITION LAW
OBJECTIVES OF EC COMPETITION RULES
AGREEMENT FOR THE COMPETITION RULES

Concerted practices
The object of the agreement
Effect on trade between Member States
The Wood Pulp case
Abuse of a dominant position
Derogation from free movement of goods

xix

732
733
734
735
735
736
738
739

740
741
742
742
743
746
750
752
753
754

764
769
769
769
773
773
774
775
775
776
776
777
780


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics

COMMERCIAL LAW OF THE EC


Anti-dumping and subsidies
Constructed value includes sales costs
Constructed value includes profit
Export price
Calculation of the constructed export price
Differences in exchange rate considered
Dumping margin
Subsidies
Types of subsidy
Injury
Factors of injury
Where dumping and injury have been established
Threat of injury
Community industry
Division of market within the EC
Community interest
The investigation
Termination of the investigation and the proceedings
Undertakings accepted by the Commission
Breach of undertaking
Anti-dumping and countervailing duties
Duty applied prospectively
Definitive duty under Article 12
Provisional duty
Definitive duty
Review of definitive duties
The court in the review process
THE US APPLICATION OF ITS LAW
CONCLUSION
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

FURTHER READING

781
782
785
785
786
786
786
787
787
787
788
788
789
790
790
791
791
791
792
793
794
794
794
795
795
796
796
797

798
800
801
803
805
807

Select Bibliography
Index

xx


TABLE OF CASES
Abraham and Sons v Commissioner for Railways [1958] SR (NSW) 134

289

Abraham v Bullock (1902) 86 LT 796

251

Adamson v Western Australian Football league (1979) 143 CLR 190

774

AEG v Commission [1983] ECR 3151; [1984] 3 CMLR 325

774


AEG-Telefunken AG v Commission (Case 107/82) [1983] ECR 3151;
[1984] 3 CMLR 325

775

AG v Mobil Oil New Zealand [1989] 2 NZLR 649

738

Ahlstrom Osakeyhito and Others v Commission (Wood Pulp case) (Cases 89/85,
104/85, 116/85–117/85, 125/85–129/85) [1993] ECR 1307;
[1993] 4 CMLR 407

775, 776, 800

Airlines of New South Wales Pty Ltd v New South Wales (1964) 113 CLR 1

298

Airlines of New South Wales Pty Ltd v New South Wales (No 2) (1964) 113 CLR 54

299

Alan v El Nasr Import and Export [1972] 2 QB 189

419

Albacora SRL v Westcott and Lawrence Line [1966] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 37
Alder Dickson [1955] 1 QB 158


196, 197
184

Allied Corporation and Others v Commission [1984] ECR 1005

797

Amazonia, The [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 403

742

American Airlines v Ulen [1949] US Av R 338

310

American Banana Co v United Fruit Co 213 US 347 (1909)

798

American Spring Wire Corp v United States 590 F Supp 1273 (1984)

606

Amstelslot, The [1963] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 223

196

Amsterdam Bulb BV v Hoofdproduktschap voor Siergewassen
(Case 50/76) [1977] ECR 137


712

Anders Maersk, The [1986] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 483

190

Angus v London, Tilbury and Southend Railway Co (1906) 22 TLR 222 (CA)

256

Anne Marty SA v Estée Lauder SA (Case 37/79) [1980] ECR 2481; [1981] 2 CMLR 143

781

Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth and Others
(1978) 139 CLR 54

300

Antill Ranger and Co Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Motor Vehicle Transport
(1956) 93 CLR 83

269

Arcweld Constructions Pty Ltd v Smith (1986) unreported
(Victoria Supreme Court)

251

Aries Tanker Corp v Total Transport Ltd, The Aries [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 334


193

Artic Electronics Co (UK) Ltd v Mcgregor Sea and Air Services Ltd
[1985] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 510

297

Atlantic Sun, The [1972] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 509

749

Auckland Harbour Board v Comptroller of Customs (1992) 3 NZLR 392

608

Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 39

300

Bamfield v Goole and Sheffield Transport Co [1910] 2 KB 94

265

xxi


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics
Banque de l’Indochine et de Suez SA v JH Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd [1983] QB 711
Barkway v South Wales Transport Co Ltd [1950] AC 185


404, 406
256

Bart v British West Indian Airways Ltd [1967] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 239

307, 312

Barwick v English Joint Stock Bank (1867) LR 2 Ex 259

251

Basse and Selve v Bank of Australasia (1904) 90 LT 618

413

Belgische Radio en Televisie and Société Belge des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs v
SV SABAM and NV Fonier (Case 127/73) [1974] ECR 51; [1974] 2 CMLR 238 770, 778, 781
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58

750

BHP v Hapag-Lloyd A/G (1980) 2 NSWLR 572

253

Birtly v Windy Nook (No 2) [1960] 2 QB 1

750


Blackwell v Derby Corp (1911) 75 JP 129

736

Bock v Commission [1971] ECR 897

719

Bolivinter Oil SA v Chase Manhattan Bank NA and Others [1984] 1 WLR 392

411, 413

Bonsignore v Oberstadtdirektor der Stadt Köln [1975] ECR 297

713

Boyd v Carah Coaches (1979) 27 ALR 161

257

Bradken Consolidation Ltd v BHP Pth Ltd (1979) 145 CLR 107

288

Bremer Vulkan Schiffbau und Maschinenfabrik v South India Shipping Corp
[1981] 2 WLR 141

740

Briddon v GN Railway (1853) 28 LJ Ec 51


254

Brilawsky v Robertson and Cannell (1916) 10 QJPR 113

255

British Telecommunications, Re [1983] 1 CMLR 457

776

British Traders Ltd v Ubique Transport Ltd [1952] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 236

254

Brookes v London Passenger Transport Board [1947] 1 All ER 506

256

Brooks Wharf and Bull Wharf Ltd v Goodman Bros [1937] 1 KB 934

253

Brother Industries Ltd and Others v Commission [1988] ECR 5655;
[1990] 1 CMLR 792

784, 789, 796

Brown-Boveri (Aust) Pty Ltd v Baltic Shipping Co Ltd (The Nadezhda Krupskaya)
(1989) 1 NSWLR 448; [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 518


176, 198

Buchanan (James) & Co Ltd v Babco Forwarding & Shipping (UK) Ltd [1978]
AC 141 (HL)

294, 295, 297

Bunga Teratsai, The; Nisso Iwai Ltd v Malaysian International Shipping Corp
(1989) 167 CLR 219

190

Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd [1979] 1 WLR 401

87

Cadillon SA v Hoss Maschinenbau KG (Case 1/71) [1971] ECR 351; [1971] CMLR 420

776

Callimore v Moore (1867) 6 SCR (NSW) 388

255

Canada SS v The King [1952] AC 192

252

Canon Inc v Council [1988] ECR 5731; [1989] 1 CMLR 915

Cape Asbestos Co v Lloyd’s Bank [1921] WN 274
Captain Gregos [1990] Lloyd’s Rep 310

785, 786, 789
390
185, 186

Captain v Far East Steamship Co [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 595

xxii

190


Table of Cases
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256

15

Carlton United Breweries Ltd v Minister for Customs (C.P25/86)

590

Carrington Steamship v Commonwealth (1921) 29 CLR 596

736

Cashmore v Chief Commissioner for Railways and Tramways (NSW) (1915) 20 CLR 1

256


Cayrol v Giovanni Rivoira e Figli (Case 52/77) [1977] ECR 2261;
[1978] 2 CMLR 253

719

Centrocoop Export-Import SA v Brit-European Transport Ltd
[1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 618

296

Channel Tunnel Group Ltd v Balfour Beatty Construction Ltd [1993] 2 WLR 262

736

Chapman v GW Railway and LNW Railway (1880) 5 QBD 278

253

Chellaram and Co (PS) v China Ocean Shipping Co [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 413

193, 194

Chemidus Wavin Ltd v Société pour la Transformation et l’Exploitation des
Résiners Industrielles SA [1987] 2 CMLR 387

770

China Ocean Shipping Co v PS Chellaram and Co (CA 762/88) unreported
(New South Wales CA)


193

Christian Poucet v Générates de France (Cases 159/91 and 160/91) [1993] ECR I 637

774

Clark v Lelhberg [1969] Tas SR 190 (NC 11)

270

Cockle v Isaksen (1957) 99 CLR 155

741

Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority (NSW) (1982) 150
CLR 29; (1992) 41 ALR 367

93, 740

Coffins v British Airways [1982] 1 All ER 302

313

Colombera v MacRobertson Miller Airlines Ltd [1972] WAR 68
Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd v Jalsard Pty Ltd [1973] AC 279

324
400, 405


Commission v Italian Republic (Case 39/72) [1973] ECR 101

712

Commission v Italy [1968] ECR 423

715

Commissioners for Railways (NSW) v Quinn (1946) 72 CLR 345

289

Commonwealth v Rian Financial Services and Developments Pty Ltd
(1992) 36 FCR 101

750

Compagnie d’Armement Maritime SA
v Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation SA [1971] AC 572

744

Confédération Nationale des Producteurs de Fruits et Légumes v Council
[1963] CMLR 160

712, 713

Consten and Grundig v Commission (Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64) [1966] ECR 299

776


Continentale Produkten-Gesellschaft Erhard-Renken GmbH und Co v
Hauptzollamt München-West [1989] ECR 1151; [1991] 1 CMLR 761

792, 794

Cöoperative Vereniging ‘Suiker Unie’ (CSM) v EC Commission (Joined Cases
40/73–48/73, 50/73, 54/73–56/73, 111/73, 113/73–114/73) [1975]
ECR 1663; [1976] 1 CMLR 295

777

Courtaulds North American Inc v North Carolina National Bank 528 F 2d 802
(1975) (4th Circ)

404

Cowper v JG Goldner Pty Ltd (1986) 40 SASR 457

xxiii

250


International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics
Coxan v Great Western Railway Co (1860) LJ Ex 165

287

Criel v Procureur de la République at the Tribunal de Grand Instance

(Case 41/76) [1976] ECR 1921

719

Crows Transport Ltd v Phoenix Assurance Co Ltd [1965] 1 WLR 383

253

Daly v Commissioner of Railways (1906) 8 WALR 125

255

Data Card Corporation v Air Express International Corporation [1983] 2 All ER 639

313

De Peijper [1976] ECR 613

722

Delco Australia Pty Ltd v Darlington Futures Ltd (1987) 43 SASR 519

252

Dillington Constructions v Downs (1969) 90 WN (Part 1) NSW 258

736

Directive on Animal Semen, Re EC Commission v Ireland (Case C236/91)
[1993] 1 CMLR 320


713

Discount Records Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd and another [1975] 1 WLR 315

413, 416

Distillation of Table Wine, Re EC Commission v Germany (Case C217/88)
[1993] ECR 137

712

Drei Glocken GmbH and Another v Unita Sanitaria [1988] ECR 4233; [1990] 1 CEC 540

722

DST v Raknoc [1987] 2 All ER 769

742

Dunbee Ltd v Gilmen & Co (Australia) Pty Ltd [1968] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 394

195

East Indian Railway Co v Kalidas Mukerjee [1901] AC 396
Edward Owen Engineering Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1978] QB 159
Edwards v Newlands and Co [1952] 2 KB 532

256
415, 416

253

EEC Seed Crushers’ and Oil Processors’ Federation (FEDIOL) v Commission
[1983] ECR 2913

797

Electric Supply Stores v Gaywood (1909) 100 LT 855

255

Eleftheria, The [1969] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 237

195, 196

Elizabeth, The [1962] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 172

736

EMI Records Ltd v CBS (UK) Ltd (Case 51/75) [1976] ECR 811;
[1976] 2 CMLR 235

717, 771, 776

Enichem Anic Srl v Anti-Dumping Authority (1992) 39 FCR 458

608

Epicheiriseon Metalleftikon Viomichanikon Kai Naftiliakon AE and Others v
Council [1989] ECR 3919


788, 792, 795

Equitable Trust Co of New York v Dawson Partners Ltd [1926] 27 Lloyd’s Rep 49
Esso Australia Resources v Plowman (1995) 183 CLR 10

397, 405
729

Establissement Esefka International Anstaff v Central Bank of Nigeria
[1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 455

416

Etrie Fans Ltd v NMB (UK) Ltd [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 565

735

Ets Perony v Ste Ethiopian Airlines (1975) 29 RFDA 395 (CA Paris, 30 May 1975)

312

European Asian Bank AG v Punjab and Sind Bank (No 2) [1983] 1 WLR 642

413

Europemballage Can Co Inc v Commission (Case 6/72) [1973] ECR 215

778


xxiv