TS. NGUYliN XUAN LAC
60
BAI VAN CHON LOG
(Danh
cho hoc
sinh
Icfp
11 & 12
luyen
thi THPT, Dai hoc & Cao
dang)
•
Biin
soan theo chumg
trinh
va SGKmdi
• Gon,
TO,
thiS't
thirc,
di
sir
dung
•
Diing
cho hoc
viBn
BTVH
va
nhOng

ngadi tahgc
NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SlT PHAM
Ma
so: 02.02.139/141PT2009
60 BAI VAN
CHON
LOG -
Nguyin
XuM Lac
chu
bien
©Trung
tarn
Van hoa Ngon ngu Dong Tay to chuc
bien
soan va
giu ban
quyen.
2 •
NGUYEN
XUAN
LAC (Chu
bien)
Ldl
NOI DAU
Cac em hoc sinh pho thong va hoc vien BTVH than men!
De giup ich thiet thiic cho
viec
on luyen thi tot
nghiep

THPT, thi vao Dai hoc &
Cao
dang,
chung
toi bien
soan
cuoh
sach
60 bdi van chon loc dung cho doi tiidng
hoc sinh phd thong 16p 11, 12; hoc vien BTVH va nhiing ngifdi tii hoc -
bit
Ain i\i
nam hoc
2008
-
2009.
Sach
dUdc
bien
soan
theo
diing chifdng
trinh
va SGK m6i cua Bo
Giao
due &
Dao tao, chu y nhiing tac pham m6i
dUdc
diia vao ma nhiing
cuoh

sach
tnicic day
chiia
CO,
nhii
Ban ghi-ta cua Lor-ca dm Thanh
Thao,
Ai da dot ten cho
dong
song?
cua
Hoang
Phu
Ngoc
Tiidng, Chie'c thuyen
ngodi
xa cua Nguygn Minh Chau, Hon
TrUOng
Ba, da hang thit cua Luu
Quang
Vii,
Ben
canh
cac bai nghi lu^n van hoc,
sach
cung
cap them mot so' bai ve nghi luan xa hoi de cap den nhiing van de ma con
ngUdi quan
tarn
trong

cuoc
song
hien dai.
Cau true cua
sach
gom hai phan:
Phdn
I: Nhiing kien thiic cd ban ve van nghi lu^n va
each
lam mot bai van
nghi luan.
Phdn
II: Bai van
chon
loc, gom 60 bai, diidc chia
nhii
sau:
- Nghi luan xd hoi: 15 de vcli cac chu de ve moi tnidng,
giao
due, van hoa,
each
song,
truyen thong dan
tQC,
dSit
nii6e, con ngUdi trong the ki
XXI,
Day la phdn
mdi
ma cac

cuoh
sach
tnicic khong eo.
- Nghi luan van hoc: 45 de ve van nghi luan, thd, truyen, ki, kich, ve tac gia
van hoc, y kien ban ve van
hoc,
Moi de bai gom ba phan: de, hii6ng d^n lam bai va bai van tham khao. Cac de
bai deu
difdc
chon
loc de viia tieu bieu lai m6i me, khong lap lai cac de da mon cu
tnfcle day, trong do eo nhieu de mci de hoc sinh
quen
din v6i
each
ra de mdi.
Hi
vong
cuoh
sach
eo the giiip ich thiet thUe cho cac ban trong
viec
on luyen
thi
tot
nghiep
THPT, Dai hoe va Cao
dang.
Chung toi
mong

nhan
dUdc
nhiing y
kien
cua cac thay, c6
giao
va cac ban ve
cuoh
sach
de bo
sung
va
hoan
chinh khi c6
dip
tai
ban.
TS. NGUYEN XUAN LAC
60 BAI VAN GHON LOC <- 3
PHANI
NHIJNG
KIEN
THirc
CO
BAN
VE
VAN
NGHI
LUAN
VA

CACH
LAM
MQT
BAI
VAN
NGHI
LUAN
A.
NHGfNG
KI§'N
THLTC
CO BAN VE
VAN
NGHj
LUAN
I.
THE
NAO
LA
VAN
NGHI
LUAN?
Van
nghi
luftn
la vkn dUdc viet ra
nhkm
xac cho
ngildi
doc,

ngiidi
nghe
mot
tu
tii&ig,
quan
di^m
nho
do. Muoh the, vkn nghi
lufin
phai c6
luftn
diem ro r^ng, c6
li
Ig,
din chiing thuyet
phuc
- va
quan
trong nh4't, van nghi luSn phai hudng t6i
giai
quygt
nhiing
vSin
d§'
dat ra trong
dcJi
song
thi
mdi

c6
y nghia.
Cuoc
song
hien dai
ngiiy
nay
rift
cin den vkn
nghi
hika.
n. NHtJ^G
YEU
TO
TAO
THANH
BAI
VAN
NGHI
LUAN
Bai
van nghi hika
gom
c6
hikn
diem,
luftn
cA
wk
lap hikn.

•
Luan diem la y kien the hi$n tu
tUcing,
quan
di^m
cua bai van: do la Hnh hon
cua bai
viet,
n6 thong nhSit cac
doan
van thanh mot
khoi.
Luan
dilm
phai
diing
dan,
chan
that,
dap ting nhu c^u thiic
tM
thi m6i c6 siic thuyet
phuc.
No dvfdc the hien
difdi
hinh thiic mot cau khang dinh (hay phu dinh) va dUdc
diin
dat
sang
to, de

hieu,
nha't
quan.
Khong
c6
lu^n
diem
thi
khong thanh bai van nghi luan.
-
Lu&n
cvf la
U
le, din chiing dufa ra lam cd
sd
cho luan diem.
Luftn
cii
phai xac
thUc,
dung dan, tieu bieu
thi
m6i
khien cho luan
dilm
c6
siic thuyet
phuc.
-
Lap luan la

each
neu luan
cii
de
d&n
den luan diem. Lap luan phai
chat
che,
help
H
thi
bai
van mod c6
svLc
thuyet
phuc.
C6 the xem lap luan nhU la
ngh§
thuat
cua bai nghi luan.
m.
BO
cue
CCJA
MOT
BAI
VAN
NGHI
LUAN
Grom

ba
phin:
-
Mcl
bai:
Neu va'n dl cin nghi
lu^in
(luan de cua
bM
viet).
-
Than
bM:
TiiCng
luan diem dUdc trinh bay,
phan
tich,
ban lu^n
theo
phiidng
phap
lap luan thich hdp:
+
Luan diem
1
Guan
cii
1,2,3 )
+
Luan diem 2 Guan

cfl
1,
2, 3 )
60
BAI
VAN
CHQN
LQC
<- 5
+ Luan
diem
3, v.v
- Ket bai: Neu ket luan
nhSm
khSng dinh i\i tu6ng,
thai
do, quan
diem
cua bai
nghi luan.
IV.
CAC THAO TAG LAP LUAN
Day Ja nhiing
thao
tac lap luan kho, chiia hoc 5
THCS,
bat dau diidc
tira
hieu
va van dung vao cac kieu bai van nghi luan ci THPT v6i yeu cau

nang
cao.
1. Thao tac lap luan phan tich
1.1. Thendo Id lap luan phan tich?
- Trong qua
trinh
nhan thiic sU vat, hien tifdng, ngUdi ta
chia
nho doi tifdng
thanh nhieu yeu to' bo phan de di sau xem xet mot
each
Id
cang
noi dung va moi
quan he ben trong
cung
nh\i ben
ngoai
cua chiing goi la phan tich.
- Lap luan phan tich la lap luan
theo
each
chia
nho doi tUdng thanh cac yeu to'
bo phan de xem xet nhim tiep can day du va ki hidng ve doi tifdng do.
1.2. Muc dich cua lap luan phan tich
Lam ro dac
diem
ve noi dung, hinh thiic, cau true va cac moi quan he ben
-trong, ben

ngoai
cua doi tiidng (sU vat, hien tifdng).
1.3. Cdch phan tich
a) Khi phan tich, can
chia
tach doi tildng thanh cac yeu to bo phan
theo
nhutog
tieu
chi, quan he nhat dinh:
-
Quan
he giiJa cac bo phan tao nen doi tifdng;
-
Quan
he nhan qua;
-
Quan
he giiia doi tiidng v6i cac doi tUdng lien quan;
-
Quan
he giufa ngUdi phan tich v6i doi tiidng phan tich;
b)
Phan
tich can di sau vao
tiing
mat,
tiing
bo phan,
song

can dac biet
lifu
y den
quan he gifla
chung
vdi nhau trong mot chinh the toan ven, thong nhat.
2. Thao tac lap luan so sanh
2.1. Thendo Id lap luan so sanh?
- ISfkieu sii vat, hien tUdng c6 nhijfng
diem
chung
va lien quan m^t thiet vdi
nhau, nhiing vkn c6 nhiing net rieng. Bcii vay, trong qua
trinh
nh^n tMc, ngiidi ta
thiidng
so
sanh
de tim ra nhiing
diem
giohg
va
khac
nhau giiia cac doi tiidng de c6
difdc
nhiing nhan xet, danh gia chinh xac ve
chung.
So
sanh
c6 tac dung lam noi b^t

sii
vat, hien tiidng ma ngiidi ta can noi den.
- Khi viet van nghi luan, ngiidi ta ciing dung so
sanh
de lam
sang
ro, lam
viing
chae them luan
diem
ciia minh. Do la so
sanh
trong lap luan, goi la lap
luan so
sanh.
6 NGUYEN XUAN LAC (Chu
bien)
2.2. Muc dich cua lap luan so sanh
Muc dich cua lap luan so sanh la lam sang ro doi tUcing dang nghien ciiu trong
tifdng quan v6i doi tvfdng
khac.
So sanh diing lam cho van nghi luan sang
ro,
cu the,
sinh dong va
c6 siic
thuyet phuc.
2.3.
Cdch so sanh
Khi

so
sanh can phai dam bao tinh khoa
hoc
va tinh chinh
xac
cua sii
so
sanh:
-
Dat
cac
doi tiidng
vao
ciing mot binh dien;
-
Danh gia tren cung mot tieu
bhi;
-
Neu ro y kien, quan diem cua ngiicJi viet (ngifdi
noi).
3.
Thao tac lap luan bac bo
3.1.
Thendo la lap luan bac bo?
- Trong ddi song, tren satch bao c6 the bat gap nhiing y kien sai trai, nhiJng
bai viet lech lac, thieu chinh
xac,
c^n c6 sii trao ddi, tranh luan de bac bo y kien
sai trai do.
- Ve ban chat, nghi luan la tranh luan nen can c6 thao tac bac bo. Dung thao

tac bac
bo
trong mot bai nghi luan
goi
la lap luan bac
bo.
3.2. Muc dich cua lap luan bac bo
Bac bo la dung
H
le va chiing c\i de gat bo nhijtng quan diem, y kien sai lech
hoac thieu chinh
xac,
txi
do,
neu y kien dung cua minh de thuyet phuc ngiidi nghe,
ngifdi doc. Muc dich cua lap luan bac bo la khang dinh y kien dung, dung each bac
bo
de y kien diing difdc ndi bat, ngifdi
doc,
ngifdi nghe d§ chap nhan.
3.3.
Cdch bac bo
-
Muon bac
bo
y kien ngifdi khac, tnf6c het can n^m chSc nhiing sai lam cua ho.
N^m chic sai lam thi bacbo mdi tning van de, m6i thuyet phuc difdc ngifdi
c6
y kien
sai lam ciing nhif ngifdi

doc,
ngifdi nghe.
-
Co
the bac bo mot luan diem, luan cd hpac each lap luan sai bang each neu tac
hai,
chi ra nguyen nhan hoac phan tich nhutng khia canh sai lech, thieu chinh xac,
cua luEln diem, luan
cvi,
lap luan ay.
-
Thong thifdng
c6
the
bac bo
theo hai each:
+ Neu het y kien sai trai, sau do tien hanh .phan tich, bac bo va khing dinh
y kien dung cua minh.
+ Neu tifng phan y kien sai roi bac
bo
theo each "cuon chieii tifng phan", sau
do khang dinh y kien diing cua minh: sai - diing, sai - diing, ; cuoi cung m6i tong
hdp lai van de
de
khang dinh cai diing chung, toan
bo.
-
Khi
bac
bo,

can to thai
do
khach quan, diing
miic
cua ngifdi viet.
60
BAI VAN CHON LOG > 7
4.
Thao
tac lap luan binh luan
4.1. The nao Id lap
luan
binh
luan?
-
Tni6c
mot vKn de cua
cuoc
song
hoac
van hoc, mSi
ngilcJi
thvfclng
c6 y
kien
rieng de ban bac,
nhkn
x6t, danh gia,
nhSm
trao doi

1^
cho
v&a.
de do diidc
sang
to va sau sac hdn. Do la binh luan.
- Trong nghi luan, rat
cin
binh lu^n de neu chu kien cua moi
ngvfcJi
nhira
mb
rong va dao sau them
vgii
de b^ng
each
ban
hikn
Do la l$p
luftn
binh luSn trong bai
nghi luan rat pho bien tren bao chi (viet) vk tren cac phiidng tien phat thanh, truyen
hinh
(noi) trong
cuoc
song
hien dai.
4.2. Muc
dich
cua lap

luan
binh
luan
y
Muc dich cua binh luan la nham de xu^'t va thuyet
phuc
ngUdi doc (ngUdi
nghe)
tan dong
vcli
nh^n x6t, danh gia, ban lu^n cua minh v§' mot hi$n
tiidng
(vlin
de)
trong
ddi
song
hoac
trong van hoc.
4.Z.
Cdch
binh
luan
Co nhieu
each
binh luan. Nhvtag
du
theo
each
nko thi

rigiidi
binh
lufin
ding phai:
- Trinh bay ro rang, trung thUe hien
tiidng
(v^ de)
dU(?c
binh lu^n.
- De xuat va chiing to diidc y kien nh^n
dinh,
danh gia cua minh la xac dang.
- Co nhuing
Idi
ban sau rong ve chu de binh
lu£in.
Dieu quan trong
nhat
cua mot bai binh luan la ngUdi viet (noi) phai eo chu kien
(ttte y kien rieng) cua minh
vk
dimg
lap lu^n binh
lukn
de bao ve, mcl rong, chiing to
y kien do
la
diing,
la
chan

li.
Khong c6
y
kien rieng cua ngU& viet (noi) thi khong
phai la bai binh
hikn.
Ngoai boh
thao
tac
Iftp
luan cd ban tren day, con eo the ket hdp sut dung cac
thao
tac
l£lp
luan
khac
nhvT
diin
dich, quy nap, tong
hdp,
v.v
B.
CACH LAM MQT BAI VAN NGHI. LUAN
I.
CAC
BVdC
LAM
MOT BAI
VAN
NGHI

LUAN
Thong thiidng gom 4 bildc sau day:
Bvfdc
1: Tim hieu de va tim y
a) Tim
hieu
de.
Phai
dat difde hai yeu eau:
-
Tii
va'n de nghi
lu£in
(luan de) cua de bai,
xac
dinh dUdc
luftn
diem cho
bai lam.
- Ttf de bai xac dinh diidc
thao
tac
lap
\ukn
cho bai lam.
8 NGUYEN XUAN LAC (Chu
bien)
d loai de truyen thong, luto de cung thifclng la luan diem cua bai lam, con
thao
tac 14P luan cung dvfdc neu

ro
trong de bai (phan tich, chiing minh, giai thich, binh
luEln, );
ngvidi lam bai chi can doc ki de bai
la c6
the nhan
ra
ngay.
Nhiftig
doi v6i
loai de md, ngUdi lam bai phai dong nao suy nghi de xac dinh hai yeu c^u do: tvf
luftn
de (von
la
mot van de chung va rong) phai chon, tim va
xac
dinh luan diem cho bai
viet (tijtc phai
c6
chu kien rieng ve van
de
nghi luan);
sau
do chon
cac
thao
tac
lap
luan thich hdp
vcii

noi dung bai viet cua minh.
b)
Timy
•
Tii
luan diem cd ban cua bai lam, tim them cac luan diem phu.
- Tim cac lu^n
ciJt
(gom
U
le, din chting) lam cd sci cho ttoig
lu&n
diem.
B\idc
2:
Lap dan
y
ThUc
chat
cua biidc nay la to
chxic,
sSp xep cac
y
trong mot bo cue
khoa
hoc,
hdp
H
bang
eac

thao
tac lap
lu&n
da chon cho bai
l^m.
- Dan y gom ba phin: mcl bai, than bai, ket bai
nhii
bo cue da neu tren day.
-
6
phin
Than bai, cac y
phai
sap
xep
theo
mot trat tu
16-gic
va
difdc lien ket
chat
che v6i nhau trong
y
tifcing toan bai, trong
maeh
nghi luan chung cua bai viet.
TiiCng
lukn
diem difdc
trinh

b^y
theo
thao
tac lap luan thich hdp:
+ Luan diem 1: luan cijf 1,
2, 3,
+ Luan diem 2: luan cH 1,
2, 3,
+ Luan diem 3: luan ctt 1,
2, 3,
Biidc3:Vietbai
Nguyen
tic
chung
la
dUa
theo
dan
y de
viet thanh bai van chii khong viet
mot
each
tuy tien. Nhif v^y, bai viet mdi thong nhat,
can
do'i,
chat
che
v^
c6
sflc

thuyet phuc. Tuy nhien, khi viet cung khong hen qua go bo vao dan
y
khien eau
van
trd
nIn kho khan, ciing
nhSc,
ma
phai danh cho ngoi but mot khoang
sang
tao
de
thdi
hon vao bai viet,
tao
khi s&e cho bai van nghi luan. NgvfcJi viet phai
tao cho minh mot giong dieu rieng phu hdp v6i
tiifng
bai viet cu the: bai nghi luan
xa hoi phai
nhii
the
nao, bai nghi lu^n van chiidng phai
ra
sao,
(c6 the
tham
khao
giong dieu nghi luan
xa

hoi
cua
Chu tich
Ho
Chi
Minh
trong
bai Tuyen
ngon
Doc
lap va
bai
Ldi keu ggi toan quoc khdng chien;
giong dieu nghi
luin
van
chUdng cua Hoai Thanh trong bai
Mot thdi dai trong thi ca va cua
Nguyin Dinh
Thi
trong bai
Ban ve thd, ).
Bxidc
4:
Doc lai
va
sifa bai
Bvidc
nay hoc sinh thifdng coi nhe, it chu
y

va chvfa thanh mot dong hinh, mot
thoi
quen trong khi lam bai. Hau qua
la
da de lai nhiing loi khong dang c6, han
che
mot ph^n dang
ke
ket qua cua bai lam. Day
la
bu6e
bat
buoc
phai
c6
de hoan chinh
bai viet cua minh, khong the bo qua.
Cin
doc lai de chiia nhutng 16i sau:
60 BAI VAN
CHON
LQC
<- 9
- L6i
ve noi
dung:
c6 y nao
viet
con
thieu, chUa

hoan
chinh
hoac
chifa
16-gic,
thong nhat.
- L6i
ve
kien thilc: kien thOtc
sai, ten tac gia, tac
pham sai,
dan
chOtng khong
chinh
xac.
- Loi dien dat:
diin
dat khong trong
sang,
cau viet sai ngQ phap.
- L6i
ve
dung tii: dimg
tii
ngfl sai, khong dung cho, khong hdp v6i van canh.
- L6i
ve
chinh ta: thifdng
mSc
nhieu trong

bai
lam, nhat
la
danh txi rieng,
tii
phien am.
- Loi
ve
bo" cue:
cac
phan ciia
bai
lam
da can
xiing, hai
hoa,
chat
che,
lien
ket
thong nhat v6i nhau chila.
Khi
lam mot bai
thi
tot
nghiep
THPT
hoac
thi
vao

Dai
hoc va Cao
dang,
can
danh
10 - 15
phiit
de doc
lai
va
svfa
bai, tranh
tinh
trang lam
bai sat
niit
gid, khong
con
thdi
gian
de sia
lai bai.
II.
CACH LAM CAC LOAI BAI, DANG BAI CU THE
1.
Nghi luan xa hoi va nghi luan van hoc
Van nghi luan
c6
hai loai bai: nghi luan
xa

hoi
va
nghi luan van
hoc.
Nghi luan
xd
hoi la
loai bai ban
ve cac
van
de xa
hoi. Doi tifdng nghi luan
cua no
la
cuoc
song
con
ngiidi
trong
xa
hoi,
gom
hai dang bai chinh: nghi luan
ve mot
tu
ticdng,
dao li va
nghi
luan
ve mot

hien
tUcfng
ddi
song.
Ngoai nghi luan
xa hoi con c6
nghi ludn
van hoc ma
do'i tiidng
cua no la cac tac
pham van chiidng
-
cung
chinh
la cuoc
song
cua con
ngifdi
da
diJdc
phan anh
vao
van
hoc.
Nghi luan van
hoc se xem
xet,
ban
luan, danh
gia ve

cuoc
song
da
diidc dien hinh
hoa
nghe
thuat
ay. d bac
THPT, nghi luan van
hoc gom
ba dang bai: nghi luan
ve mot bai
thd, doan
thcf;
nghi luan
ve mot
tac pham, mot doan
trich
van xuoi; nghi ludn
ve
mot
y
kien
ban ve
van hoc.
Ca
hai loai bai nghi luan
xa
hoi
va nghi luan

van hoc deu
phai
c6
luan diem, luan
cd va lap
luan
ro
rang, chat
che.
Cho
khac
nhau
5 day la ci
hai diem:
ve noi
dung, mot
ben ban
luan
ve cuoc
song
thUc
dang dien
ra ci
ngoai ddi, mot
ben ban
luan
ve cuoc
song
con
ngvfdi difdc hif

cau
trong
tac pham;
ve
nghe
thuat,
mot ben
diing
van
phong
chinh luan nghiem
tuc,
trang
trong,
chuan miJc, mot ben dving loi nghi lu^n van
hoc
mang
sac
thai
van chiidng.
2. Nghi luan ve'mot
tv^
tifofng, dao
li
1. Tim hieu
de
De bai:
Anh
(chi) hay tra
Idi

cau hoi sau
cua
nha thd
To
Hiiu:
Oi, song dep
la
thendo
hdi
ban?
(Mot khuc ca)
De tim hieu
de,
c^n tra
Idi
4
cau hoi gdi
y:
10
->
NGUYEN XUAN LAC (Chu hien)
- Cau hoi 1 la van de
nghi
luan
(luan de): 6 de bai nay la van de nhan sinh
quan cua con ngiJdi, cu the la ve quan niem
"song
dep".
- Cau hoi 2 la noi dung nghi luan: gom hai y:
+

The nao diidc coi la ngiidi
song
dep?
(v6i thanh nien, hoc sinh
ngay
nay).
+
De
song
dep, con ngufdi can ren luyen nhutng pham
chat
nao?
- Cau hoi 3 la
thao
tdc lap
luan
can
svi
dung de lam bai: c6 the
svL
dung cac thao
tac giai thich, chiing minh, bac bo, binh luan,
- Cau hoi 4 la
pham
vi tu
lieu
can dung trong bai lam:
+
Tu lieu trong
cuoc

song
(nhutng tam gildng
song
dep va nhiing
each
song
chifa dep).
+
Tif lieu trong van thd (nhiing quan niem
song
dep, nhOng con ngUdi
song
dep).
Boh cau hoi nay giup anh (chi) xac dinh cac yeu cau ve noi dung, phiidng
phap
va tif lieu de lam bai cho dung. Tuy vay, nhin mot
each
tong quat, day la bai nghi
luan
ban luan ve van de song dep cua con ngiCdi
ngay
nay (dac
biet
do'i v6i
thanh
nien, hoc sinh). Vi vay, bai lam can neu ro chii kien cua ngUdi viet v6i nhiJng luan
diem rieng ve quan niem
song
dep cua minh de c6 the thuyet
phuc

difdc
ngiidi doc.
Khong nen viet
theo
kieu chi giai thich ddn thuan "the nao la
song
dep" ma nen viet
theo
kieu
binh
luan,
viia phe phan, bac bo, vi(a khang dinh, ngdi ca, de bai viet sinh
dong,
CO
tinh
thuyet
phuc.
2. Cdch lam bai nghi luan
vempt
tU titdng, dqo li
a)
Noi dung can c6:
- Gidi thieu, giai thich
t\i
tiicing,
dao
H
can ban luan.
- Phan tich cac mat dung, bac bo nhiing bieu hien sai
lech

c6 lien quan den van
de ban luan. y
- Neu y nghla, nit ra bai hoc nhan thiic va hanh
dong
ve
tii
tiicing,
dao
li.
b)
Cdch viet can dat: .
- Bo cue ro rang, lap luan
chat
che trong
tiing
phan va toan bai.
-
Diln
dat chuan xac,
mach
lac.
- Co the van dvmg ket hdp cac phiidng thiic bieu dat
phii
hdp va c6 chiing miic.
3. Nghi luan ve mot hien ttfgfng dofi song
1) Dang de bai (xem SGK)
De bai neu len mot hien tiidng ddi
song
qua mot thong tin vin tat ve mot cau
chuyen

la
liing
cua mot con ngiidi c6 that
(chang
thanh nien tre tieu bieu Thanh pho
Ho Chi Minh
2007
Nguyen
Hiiu
An).
- Yeu cau cua de: bay to y kien cua minh ve hien tiidng do.
60 BAI VAN CHON LOG 11
2) Cdc bitdc thuc hien
Co
the
thUc
hien
theo
ba
bu6c
sau day:
a)
Timhieudebai
• Xac dinh hien tifdng can ban lu^n: mot tam giidng tot cua
tudi
thanh
nien r^'t
Tang
hoc tap.
- Suy nghi ve noi dung ban

lu^n:
+
Ban luan nhflng y ^? Qu^n
diem)
+
Minh hoa nhOng din chiing
nao?
Guan
cd)
- Xac
dinh
each lap lu^n: v^n
dung
nhutng thao tac lap luSn
nio?
b) lAp dan y
- Mb bai:
gidi
thieu hien ttfdng can nghi luan, nhgii manh dac
diem
cua n6.
-
Than
bai: ban luan ve hien tUdng do:
+
Dung, dep nhif the
nao?
Vi sao lai la cau
chuyen
la

lung?
+
Dang ghi nhan, ngdi ca, dang hoc tap nhu the
nao?
+
CJ
goc do
rieng
cua minh (hoc sinh 16p 12) se di sau ban
luan
dieu ^
dac
biet?
+
Co cho do la hien tvfdng "phi
thifdng",
ca biet, kho c6 the hoc tap
khong?,
v.v
- Ket bai: Neu suy nghi sau sic
nha't
cua ban than
trtf6c
hien tUdng do.
c)
Viet bai
- Dua vao dan y da lap (c6 the khac dan y nay) de
viet
thanh bai van mang suy
nghi

rieng cua minh.
- Co the ban luain
toan
dien, ciing c6 the chi di sau vao dieu suy nghi tam huyet
nha't cua minh. (De bai viet cap nhat, cin doc ki tu lieu
tham
khao
ve cau
chuy§n
cua Nguyen HQu An).
3) Rut ra
each
Idm bai
a)
Nqi dung can cd;
- Neu ro hien
tiidng,
phan
tich cac mat dung - sai,
Idi
- hai, chi ra nguyen nhan.
- Bay to
thai
do, y kien cua
ngUdi
viet ve hien tvfdng xa hoi do.
b)
Cock
viet
can dot:

- Nhir dang bai nghi lu^n ve mot
tii
tudng, dao
H
tren day ve cac mat bo cue, lap
luan,
diin
dat.
- Phdn neu nhan xet cua minh ve hien tifdng do cin viet gon, ro, ndi bat vah de.
4. Nghi luan ve mot bai thd, doan thd
DBibdi
- De 1. Phan
tich
bai
thd
Cdnh khuya cua Ho Chi Minh.
- De 2. Phan tich
doan
thd
trong bai Viet Boo cua To HQu:
12 <^ NGUYfiN
XUAN
LAC
(Chu bien)
Nhihigditdng Viet Bac cuata
Vui
len
Viet Bac, deo
De,
nui Hong.

De 1 la phan tich bai thd, de 2 la phan tich doan thd. Ca hai de deu ra theo
dang pMn tich la dang thUcJng gap, pho bien doi v6i the loai thd. Nhvtag
v&n
c6 the
ra
de
theo
cac
dang
khac.
Vi
du:
-
Suy nghi cua anh
(chi) ve
bai thd TiCc cdnh Pdc Bo cua Ho Chi Minh.
- Ve dep
bai thd Nguyen tieu (Ram thang
gieng)
cua Ho Chi Minh.
- Dieu ^ lam nen stjtc hap din cua bai thd
TYi"
ay (To Hrtu) doi vdi the he tre
Viet Nam?
- Co ngUcti cho rang Voi vang chi la sii hUcing thu ca nhan cua Xuan Dieu, tuoi
tre khong nen song theo each do. Tt( bai thd Vgi vdng, anh (chi) hay phan bac lai y
kien noi tren.
-
Binh luan bai thd sau:
Minh vd

ta^'^
Minh
Id
ta day
thoi,
ta vdn gM
cho
minh
Sdu thdm minh U? Lai Id ta day!
Ta
gild
tro, minh nhen thdnh liia chdy,
GM vien dd
con,
minh
dUng
lai nen thdnh.
(CheLan
Vien)
Ta't ca cac de tren day deu la nghi luSn ve mot bai thd, nhiJng yeu cfiu va
tinh chat nghi lu^n cua ttog de lai khong giong nhau. Ngvfdi lam bai cin nhan
ra ch8 khac nhau do de lam bai cho dung, bcli trong thilc te ngUcJi ta vin ra de
theo
nhi§u
dang nhif vky. Nghi luan ve mot doan thd cung c6 the c6 nhieu dang
nhu th§'.
2) Cac bade Idm bai
Thong thifdng,
c6
the

c6 5
hxidc
nhU
sau:
a) Doc
chkm
nhieu \in bai thd (doan thd) de c6 cam nhan chung ve tac phim:
bM thd
noi
van de
gi,
tinh cam cua tac gia hoc
16
trong bai thd nhif the nao?,
b)
Tim hieu sau
ve
bai thd (doan thd):
-
Ve noi
dung:
de
ckp
den nhiing y ^, dieu
gi
trong cuoc song cua con
ngUcJi.
-
Ve nghe thuat:
c6

nhiing diem nao cin chii
y:
ve hinh anh, am dieu, ngon ngfl,
the thd,
-
Diem dac sic nh&'t cua bai thd la gi?
Bki thd n^y da
dUqic
dung l^m b^i luyfen tftp cho hki Vdn ban vdh hoc b
16p
10.
60
BAI VAN CHQN LOG 0- 13
c) Lap dan y:
-
Hinh
thanh
cac
luan diem (va
\ukn cH)
cho bai viet.
- Sap xep
cac
luan diem (va luan cil) trong mot lap luan
16-gic
de nghi luan.
d) Viet bai
theo
dan
y

da lap bang cam hijtng cua minh.
e)
Doc lai bai
viet xem
lap
luan
va cam
hijfng toan
bai c6
16-gic,
thong nhat
khong de dieu chinh.
3) Cac
each
lam bai
nghi
luan
vempt
bai tha,
doan
tha
Nghi
luan
ve
mot bai thd, doan thd thUc
chat
la
nghi luan van hoc: cam nh^n
bai thd (doan thd)
va

ban luan ve bai thd (doan thd) do. Bai thd
la
mot
tac
pham van
hoc, ma
tac
pham van hoc thi diidc cam nhan bang nhieu
each
khong giohg nhau tuy
theo
tvtog chu the. Vi vay,
each
lam bai nghi luan ve mot bai thd, doan thd khong bat
buoc
phai giohg nhau.
Tim
hieu
de
va lap dan
y
trong SGK chi
la
mot
each
thUdng
gap, chung
va
phd bien nhat. Can
c6

them nhiing
each
cam nhan
khac
de
bai viet
mang net rieng cua minh.
Nghi
luan ve mot bai thd, doan thd eo the c6 nhieu
each
lam sau day:
-
Nghi
luan
theo
trinh
t\i cac doan thd, cau thd.
-
Nghi
luan
theo
chu de
- cac
khia
canh
cua chu de (c6 ket hdp v6i
nghe
thuat).
-
Nghi

luan
theo
trinh
t\i
noi dung -
nghe
thuat
-
danh gia bai thd.
- Neu
net dac sac
noi
bat cua tac
pham
-
phan tich
cai
hay,
ve
dep
-
danh
gia
bai thd.
- Tii tac gia (nhan vat trii tinh) de hieu bai
thd,
va
tuf
bai thd de hieu tac gia;
v.v

V6i
bai
Canh khuya
cua Ho Chi
Minh
trong de
1
tren day,
c6
the phan tich
theo
nhieu
each:
-
Theo
trinh
t\i tvf cau
1
den eau
4.
-
Theo
hai noi dung 16n: thien nhien mi le va
tinh
ngifdi
eao dep.
- Hai the
gidi:
dong tien va chien
khu;

hai tam trang: say thien nhien va lo
viec
midc.
-
Theo
ket cau mot bai
td
tuyet:
khai
-
thiki - chuyen
- hdp.
- Ve dep
CO
dien va hien dai eiia bai thd.
- An
SI
hay chien
si,
hay
la
sU hai
boa
giCia tam hon
nghe
si va y
chi chien
si
trong
bai thd?,

v.v
4)
Gidi
thieu mot doan van tham khao ve bai
Canh khuya
cua Ho
Chi
Minh
Ta lang
nghe
mot giong
hat t^ xa
vang lai. Khong, do
la
tieng suoi ngan
nga
trong
rtoig sau:
T^hg
suoi trong
nhU
tieng
hat xa
Cau thd dot nhien
c6
mot dang dieu tre trung, hien dai ra't thich.
14
NGUYfiN XUAN LAC (Chu
bien)
Hinh nhii ngiidi xifa thiidng noi dan suoi, phach suoi - "Ta nghe suoi chdy

nhiC
cung
dan cam" (Nguyen Trai) chil chUa tttog noi suoi hat chang? Mot hen
Uibng
rat
thUc,
phu
hdp
v6i canh
v£lt
va sinh hoat cua con ngifdi luc bay gid
cl
chien khu Viet
Bic
(!'Nhdsao
ngay thdng ccf
quart,
Gian nan
dxA
van
ca
vang nui
deo"
-
To
Hutu).
Nhutng
161
vi von thoat sao ay, dong thdi lai muoh diia thing tri txidng tiidng
cua nha thd vao coi md mang: tieng suoi hay giong ngiidi, am thanh cua tU nhien

hay dieu hat cat len tu: mot coi xa vdi nao cua riing khuya lung linh bong nguyet?
Bai thd
c6
mot cai ban le dat vao hai chxi "chua ngu". Chiia ngu \ "canh khuya nhu
ve",
hay chUa ngu vi "lo noi n\idc nha". Cai ban le khep
mci
hai tam trang: say thien
nhien va lo viec nii6c; khep md hai the gi6i: dong tien va chien khu, lang man va
hien thiJc. Tat ca thong nhat tren cai 16-gic cua mot tam hon yeu nil6c vi dai: di
nhien b Bac Ho, yeu thien nhien cung la yeu dat nii6c, nhiing d day khong phai vi
canh dep thien nhien ma Bac Ho nghi den dat midc, ma tru'6c het vi lo viec nif6c
(chUa
ngu
dvfdc)
ma NgUdi
bat
gap trang
dep
gifia rfeig khuya.
Nguyen Dang Manh
{Trdn md
nhii thekem gi
tien!
Bao
Van
nghe,
so 513 (2-9-1973))
Luyen tap
Phan tich doan cu6i bai

thd
Trang
gian^
cua Huy Can.
Gai y lam haU
a) Phan tich doan
thd:
- Hai cau dau: Canh chieu xuong tren s6ng: c6 sU d6i lap giiia nui may hiing vi
va canh chim
be
nho.
Canh dep nhiing buon
v^ng,
c6
ddn.
- Hai cau sau:
N6i
buon nh6 nha cua tac gia dang len sau tham thim ciing v6i
song nif6c dap denh tren trang giang.
- Hinh anh sang
tao,
id
thd
m6i
me,
am dieu phu
hdp.
b)
Ban luan mh rong:
- Canh va tinh hoa

hdp
vdi
nhau nhu^n
nhi,
tU
nhien trong doan
thd.
- Noi buon cua Huy Can: c6 noi buon nh6 nha, c6 n6i sau nhan the, lai c6 ca
tam sU cua mot
thi
nhan mat
nU6c,
bd
vd
giijta dong
ddi
(ket
hdp
vdi ca bai
thd).
- Doan thd
v^iB.
mang mau s^c
co
dien cua Dvfdng
thi
lai mang ve dep ciia
Thd
mdi.
5.

Nghi luan ve mot tac pham, mot doan trich van xuoi
De:
Phan tich truyen ngSn Tinh than the due cua Nguyin Cong Hoan.
a)
Gpi y tim hien
de,
dinh hiCdng bai viei
Anh (chi) doc lai truyen ngdn nay trong NgU van 11, tap mot, tr. 172-177 va
suy nghi ve nhutng v^n de sau day:
60
BAI VAN CHQN LOG IP
-
Dac sic cua ket cau truyen - sU giohg nhau va khac nhau
giiia
cac
sU
viec (cac
canh) trong truyen. Tac gia ket
cfiu
truyen bang mot chuoi
sU
viec (canh bat
ngifcJi
di
xem
da bong) nham
noi
len dieu ^?
-
Mau

thuln
va
tinh
chat trao phung cua truyen the hien
d
nhfing
mat
nao?
-
Dac diem ngon ngut cua truyen (Ngon
ngiit
ngutdi ke chuyen c6 dac diem ^?
Ngon
ngii
cac nhan vat
CO
nhOng dac diem gi?).
-
Muc dich viet truyen ngan nay cua Nguyen Cong Hoan?
TCf
do khai quat ve
gia
tri
hien thuc, y nghia phe phan va gia
tri
nghe
thuat cua truyen.
b)
Gd,
y lap dan

hdi
-
Mh bai:
Gidi
thieu ngdn gon
v§'
nha van
Nguyin
Cong Hoan va truyen ngan
Tinh
than
the
due.
-
Than
bai:
Diem
chung va net rieng cua cac canh bat
ngUdi
di xem da bong:
+
Canh anh
Mich
nhan nho
vdi
ong
li.
+
Canh bac Pho gai phan tran
v6i

ong
H.
+
Canh ba cu pho
Binh
xin
ong h cho thang
Sang
di
thay con.
+
Canh thang
Co
cung
diia
con troh vao dohg
rdm
bi
ngifdi
tuan phat hien.
+
Cuoi
cung la canh dng
H
va tuin ap
giai
94
ngifdi
xep hang
di

len huyen.
Phan
tich
mau
thu&n
gifia
hinh tMc \a thUc chat cua cai goi la
"tinh
thin
the due" trong truyen ngln nay, tii do neu len
nghe
thuat trao phiing
cua truyen.
-
Ket
bai:
Danh gia chung
ve
truyen ngan
7Y/i/i
than the due.
c)
Rut ra
each
lam bai:
•
Doi tvfdng nghi luan da dang: gia tri noi dung va
nghe
thuat cua tac pham,
hoac

chi la mot phutdng dien, mot khia canh noi dung hay
nghe
thuat cua tac ph^,
hoac
so
sanh
nhieu tac ph^m, doan
trich
v6i
nhau.
-
Noi
dung can c6:
+
Gidi
thieu khai quat ve tac pham, doan
trich
van
xuoi.
+
Phan
tich
cac gia
tri
noi dung va
nghe
thuat cua tac pham, doan
trich
(chii
y

tim
ra
nhiing
net dac sic,
noi
bat, ve '^ep
lieng
cua tac ph^m, doan
trich).
+
Danh gia chung
ve
tac ph^m, doan
trich.
-
Cach viet cin dat:
+
Phai neu
dUdc
cac luan
diem
cua
minh
de
nghi
luan ve tac
ph^m,
doan
trich.
+

Bo
cue ro rang, trien khai cac y hen mach trong bai van.
+
Diin
dat trong
sang,
each
viet c6 mau sac van chUdng (din chtfng c6 the
neu theo
each
tom tat y
hoac
trich
d&n
nhiing
dieu tieu bieu nha't).
16
NGUYEN
XUAN
LAC
(Chu bien)
6.
Nghi luan ve mot
y
kien ban ve van hoc
a) Doi Wdng nghi
hikn
da
dang:
ve

van
hoc
sil,
ve
11 lu^n van hoc,
ve tac
ph^m
van hoc, ve
tac
gia van
hoc,
b) Noi dung
cin c6:
- Giai thich
ro y
kien
ban ve van hoc
do:
ban ve van de
gi,
noi
dung nhu
thenao?
- Ban luEin mci rong them
y
kien do
difcii
nhieu goc nhin
khac
nhau.

- Neu
y
nghia
vk tac
dung cua
y
kien do doi v6i van hoc va ddi
song.
(Ba noi dung tren khi
trtnh
bay
c6 the va cin
minh
hoa
them
bang
dan chiing
trong thiic
tiln
van hoc).
c)
Cach
viet c^n dat:
-
Bai
viet phai
neu
dUdc
cac
hi&n

diem dung din,
ro
rang
vk
trien khai
bang
mot he thong lap lu^n
16-gic,
chat
che.
-
Biet
sii
dung
cac
thao
tac lap
luan
de
lam
bai
v6i
each
viet khang
dinh
de
nhan
manh chu kien cua minh doi
vdi
y

kien can nghi lu^n.
>fe;iVI&f^T![VHBtNHTHU4;ii
i*-—
-• •
- . •*
60 BAI VAN CHQN LOG
<- 17
™4
PHANII
60
BAI VAN CHON LOC
A. NGH!
LUAN
XA HOI
(15 de)
DE 1:
Truyen thong ton
sU
trgng dao cua dan
toe
Viet
Nam.
• Hifdng dan lam bai A
De mc). De bai clat ra mot lu^n de viia li thu lai vvTa thiet thiic trong cuoc song
cua dan toe ta cung nhii eua m6i hoc sinh chung ta. Do la mot dao
H
da trd thanh
truyen thong dep cua dan toe Viet Nam tii bao
ddi
nay: ton sii trgng

dao.
Ai ciing
cam nhan dUde ve dep eiia dao li nay, nhiing hieu cho het y nghia sau xa cua no - ca
ngay
xUa
va
hom nay
-
thi khong
ddn
gian chut
nao.
Ngiidi viet phai
tU
minh dat
ra
nhuing cau hoi nho xung quanh truyen thong nay de ban luan, tra
Idi,
giai dap nham
lam sang to van de mot each toan dien, sau sic. Di nhien
c6
the ban luan
de
hoac chi
di vao mot khia canh ma minh tam die nhat, vi day la de md. De bai khong neu
thao tac lap luan de ngiidi viet hoan toan
c6
the Ivfa chon thao tac lap luan phu hdp
v6i
van

de
ban luan cua
minh:
phan
tieh,
so
sanh,
bac bo,
binh luan,
• Bai van tham khao
Dan toe ta
c6
truyen thong ton sif trong
dao. Do
la mot truyen thong tot dep cua
mot dan
toe
van hien va hieu
hoe.
Tii
xa
xifa da
c6
cau
ea:
Muo'n
sang thi
bac cau
kieu
Muon

con
hay chiJt thiyeu
lay
thdy.
Hoac tham thuy hdn, ong cha ta cung tvtog nhic con
chau:
Nhat
tyt vi
sU,
ban
tU
vi
sU
(Mot
chut
la
thay, niia
chi3
cung
la
thay).
Ton
sU
la de cao, ton '/inh, eoi trong ngiidi thay. Vi sao vay? Ngvfdi thiy day
chii,
day kien thijfc cho ta, dem den cho ta nhiJtng hieu biet de ta song tot hdn,
eo
ich
hdn. Ngiidi thiy lai day ta dao
li,

nhan each de ta biet lam ngiidi trong
xa
hoi. Vai
tro
ngifdi thay la het siic quan trong, khong the thieu doi
vdi
bat di mot quoc gia,
dan toe nao. Chu tich Ho Chi Mihh tufng
noi:
"Mot dan toe dot la mot dan toe yeu".
18 <-
NGUYfiN XUAN LAC (Chu bien)
The thi sao lai khong ton vinh, de cao ngUdi
thay?
Day la ton vinh mot con ngutdi da
gop phan dem lai Idi ich cho ca mot dan toe. Su ton vinh nay xuat phat
t\i
chdc nang,
cao quy va trach nhiem 16n lao cua ngtTdi thay.
Trong
dao la gi? Trong ket cau hai ve can doi ton sU I trong dao, neu ton sU la
ton
vinh ngUdi thay thi trong dao la coi trong
nghe
day hoc. Dao (i day la dao lam
thay, la
nghe
day hoc.
Nghe
day hoc la

nghe
dang difdc coi trong vi san pham no dao
tao ra chinh la con ngifdi, nhiJ ai do da noi; "Trong cac
nghe
thi
nghe
day hoc la
nghe
cao quy nhat". Nhan dan ta "trong dao" chinh la trong cai
nghe
"trong ngiidi" cao
quy ay, ciing
nhii
ho da ton vinh ngiidi thay la nhiing
"ki
sii tam hon".
Ton
si^ trong dao ham chila mot y nghia sau sac. Trxidc het, do ia sii suy nghi,
nhin
nhan diing din va tien bo cua nhan dan ta ve mot
nghe
dang diidc coi trong
va mot con ngifdi dang
dUdc
ton vinh. No chiing to dan toe ta la mot dan toe van
hien va hieu hoc, hdi coi trong
nghe
day hoc la mot bieu hien sau s^c cua mot dan
tpc van hien va ton vinh ngUdi thay la
bSng

chiing hiing hon cua mot dan toe hieu
hoc. Nhifng y nghia sau xa cua ton si/ trong dao chinh la no gin bo mat thiet v6i sU
nghiep trong
ngi/cfi
de nang cao dan
tri,
dao tao nhan
liic,
boi dUdng nhan tai lam
cho dan giau n\idc manh, xa hoi phat
trien
tot dep. Xifa, ong cha ta da noi "hien tai
la
nguyen khi
quoc
gia"; nay, ta lai khlng dinh
"giao
due dao tao la
quoc
sach
hang
dau" - nhiJng dieu do khong the khong lien quan den truyen thong ton sU trong
dao cua dan toe ta. Ton svi trong dao da trd thanh mot dao
li,
mot truyen thong tot
dep ciia nhan dan ta chinh la
nhii
the. No la siic manh
tinh
than,

tinh
cam 16n lao
va ben vijtng cua dan toe de gop phan xay dUng nen mot nxidc Viet Nam van hien
va giau manh.
Truyen thong tot dep do da
dufdc
nhan dan ta ke thiia va phat huy trong
cuoc
song
hien nay. Tren khap dat n\idc, d dau ciing vay, tii thanh thi den
nong
thon,
mien xuoi den mien ngiide,-ngUdi dan Viet Nam deu yeu quy, ton trong ong thay,
deu danh eho thay nhiing
tinh
cam liu ai nhat, dae biet la long biet dn sau skc
thAy
da day con cai ho nen ngiidi. Trong
hoan
canh
nii6c nha- eon
ngheo,
ddi
song
eua
thay
giao
eon nhieu kho khan, ho da tan
tinh
giiip dd thay mot

each
chan thanh va
cam
dong.
Cac dan toe viing cao da coi cac thay
giao,
eo
giao
mien xuoi len day hoc
nhii
ngUdi con cua que hiidng minh. Ngifdi thay diidc ton vinh thi
nghe
day hoc ciing
diide coi trong. Khong phai ngau nhien ma
giao
due dao tao la
quoc
sach
hang dau,
va
ngay
20-11 hang nam da trb thanh
ngay
hoi 16n cua toan dan de ton vinh ngiidi
th^y
va
nghe
day hoc cao quy. Hinh anh cha me hoc sinh tang hoa cac thay, eo
giao
trong

ngay
20 - 11, va ca nhiing can bo cap cao cua Dang va Nha nii6c den tham
thay
giao
eii da noi len sau sac truyen thong va dao U cao dep do. Tii mot dao H
truyen
thong ciia dan toe, ton si/ trong dao da mang mot y nghia
each
mang m6i
trong
thdi
dai
ngay
nay gSn lien v6i tii tiidng "trong ngiidi" ciia Chii tich Ho Chi
Minh.
No khong chi la dao U,
tinh
cam ma con la
tinh
than, siic manh, hanh
dong
60 BAI VAN CHON LOG <- 19
each mang de diia datt nii6c di len
ngay
cang giau manh, van minh. Do la net m6i
cua truyen thong ton sU trgng dao trong cuoc song hien nay cua nhan dan ta.
Bxidc
sang the ki XXI, cuoc song c6 nhieu doi mdi keo theo sU doi m6i cua
giao
due, cua vai tro ngUdi th^y va

nghe
day hoc. Tren cd scl ke thtfa, gi\ gin nhuing mat
tot dep cua truyen thong, chiing ta cin biet phat huy v^ van dung dao h' ton sii
trgng dao mot each sang tao, phu hdp vdi thiic
tiln
each mang m6i de dat ket qua
tot dep nhat.
(Bailam cua em Mai Thanh Thuy,
hoc
sinh
Tracing THPT l^m S<m, Thanh pho Thanh Hoa)
• Doc them
Xin
thdy
hay day cho con tou
Con toi phai hoc ta't ca nhflng dieu hay. [ 1 Ring cii m6i mot ke thu ta gap h
ndi
nay thi ci ndi khac ta lai tim th^y mot ngiidi ban. Bai hoc nay se mat nhieu thdi
gian, toi biet, nhUng xin thay hay day cho chau hieu rang mot dong do-la kiem
difdc la eong siic cua minh bo ra con quy hdn nhieu so v6i nam do-la nhat dUdc tren
hepho
Xin
hay day cho chau each chip nhan th^'t bai va each tan hUcing niem vui
ehien
thing. Xin hay day cho chau tranh xa sii do'
ki.
Xin day cho chau Met dUdc hi
quyet
eua niem vui thim lang. Day cho chau
r&ng

nhuing ke hay bit nat ngiidi khac
la
nhiing ke de hi danh bai nhat
Xin
day cho chau biet den the gidi ki dieu cua sach, nhUng cung de cho chau
du thdi gian de lang le suy tu ve svf hi ^n muon thuci cua cuoc song: dan chim tung
canh tren bau trdi, dan ong bay lUdn trong nang, va nhiing bong hoa nci
ngat
tren
doi xanh
6 tnidng, xin th^y hay day cho chau biet cha'p
nhlin
thi rdt con vinh dii hdn
gian Ian khi thi. Xin hay tao cho chau c6 niem tin vao y kien rieng eua ban than, cho
du ta!t ea moi ngiidi xung quanh deu cho ringy kien &y la khong dung
Xin
hay day cho chau biet each doi -xk diu
d&ng
vdi nhutog ngifdi hoa nha va
CTJtng
rin
doi-vdi ke tho bao. Xin tao cho chau sttc manh d^ khong chay theo dam
dong khi tat ca moi ngiicJi chay theo thcJi thS'.
Xin
hay day cho chau biet phai ling
nghe
ta't ca moi ngiidi nhvtog ciing xin thfiy
day cho chau biet cin phai s^ng loe nhiing ^
nghe
dUdc qua mot tam ludi chan H de

chau chi don nhan nhiing ^ tot dep ma thoi.
Xin
hay day cho chau biet each mam eut^ khi buon ba Xin hay day cho chau
20 * NGUYfiN XUAN LAC (Chu bien)
biet rang khong c6
sxi
xau hd trong nhflng giot nif6c mit. Xin hay day cho chau biet
che gieu nhflng ke yem the va trong tnidc
s\l
ngot
ngao
day cam biy.
Xin
hay day cho chau rSng c6 the ban cd bap va tri tue cho ngifdi ra gia cao
nhat
nhiing khong bao gid diidc d^ cho ai ra gia mua
trai
tim va tam hon minh.
[ ] Xin hay doi xii diu dang nhvtog dOfng vuot ve nuong chieu chau
hcA
vi chi c6
sU
ihxi
thach cua
luta
mdi toi luyen nen nhiing thanh sit ciing
rln.
Hay giup chau c6
du
can dam bieu 16

sU
kien nhan va c6 du kien nhan de bieu 16
sU
can dam.
Xin
hay day cho chau biet
r&ng
chau phai luon c6 niem tin tuyet doi vko ban
than
bcii vi khi do chau se luon c6 niem
tin
tuyet doi vao nhan loai.
Day qua la mot yeu c^u qua 16n, toi biet,
thifa
thay, nhiing xin thay c6'
gSng
het
silc
minh
Con
trai
toi la mot c&u be tuyet vdi.
(Trich
ThU
cua Tong thong My
A.
Lin-con g&
th^y
hieu
trudng

cua con
trai
minh,
trong
Nhiing
cdu chuyen vi ngiM thay,
NXB Tre,
TP. Ho
Chi
Minh,
2004)
DE2:-
Nghi ludn vi chu de "Hay vi mot mdi tri/dng xanh, sack, dep":
Hudng
ring dot thi dua "Xdy dUng mdi tritdng xanh, sach, dep do Dodn
Thanh
nien Cong sdn Ho Chi Minh phdt dgng, chi dodn Idp lOA tochiic hoi thdo
vdi
chu de: Hay vi mot mdi trilbng xanh, sach, dep.
Anh
(chi) hay viei bdi tham gia hoi thdo do.
• Hxidng dan thxic hien
1.
Xdy dung lap ludn
a) Vi sao phai xay dUng moi tnfdng xanh,
saoh,
dep (Zuan diem 1)
•
M6i tnfdng la ndi con ngiidi
song,

lam
viec,
boat
dong.
- Moi tnldng
song
H
tiiSng
gora
ba yeu
t6':
xanh,
sach,
dep.
- Xay dung m6i tnidng de
song
tot, lam
viec
c6 hieu qua cao.
b) ThUc te
triidng
hoc cua chung ta hien nay
nhif
the
nao?
(ludn diem 2)
- Nhiing mat tot (doi chieu v6i ba yeu c^u: xanh,
sach,
dep).
- NhCtng matchUa to't (doi chieu v6i ba yeu c^u: xanh,

sach,
dep).
- Nguyen nhan (chu quan, khach quan).
c) \Am th§' nao de
trUdng
chung ta xanh,
sach,
dep?
(lu&n
diem 3)
- De dat yeu c^u xanh, phai lam ^?
- De dat yeu ciu sach, phai lam ^?
- De dat yeu c^u dep, phai lam ^?
60 BAI VAN CHQN LOG <• 21
LUa
chgn phiicfng phdp
Phifdng phap lap luan thich hdp la giai thich ket help v6i ban luan:
- Luan diem 1 diing lap luan giai thich.
- Luan diem 2 dung lap luan chijtng minh
- Luan diem 3 chii yeu la ban luan.
• Bai lam
Con ngifdi bao gid ciing song trong mot moi tnidng nhat dinh. Moi trvfdng ^'y
ban dau c6 the tot, nhifng do khong biet bao ve nen trS thanh xau. Ngiidc lai, c6 khi
moi trUdng xau, nhUng biet each cai tao, boi dSp, giiJ gin lai trci nen tot. Vai tro cua
con ngifdi trong viec bao ve moi tnfdng de song la rat quan trong. Chinh vi the, Doan
Thanh
nien Cong san Ho Chi Minh da de ra phong trao Hay vi mot
rrtdi
tnCbng
xanh, sach, dep.

Vi
sao phai xay dUng moi tnidng xanh, sach, dep? Moi tnidng la ndi con ngiidi
song, lam viec,
boat
dong, difdc tao nen
b&ng
hai yeu to': thien nhien va con ngqoi.
Thien
nhien gom bau trdi, khong khi, riing nui, song bien, thao nguyen, canh dong
va nhat la cay xanh. Thien nhien do nhd con ngiJdi ma tot hdn len hoac xau di. Vi
vay, phai xay dUng mot moi trUdng H tUcIng de song. Moi tnidng ay gom ba
chii:
xanh, sgx:h, dep.
Mot moi tiiidng K tiidng tnidc het phai la mot moi
tnidng
xanh. Day la chiec noi
xanh ciia cay coi xung quanh ta, diidc vi
nhiJ
"la phoi cua hanh tinh", nhU "cai may
dieu hoa khi hau vi dai" ciia chung ta. Cay xanh lam cho khi hau dieu hoa mat me,
loc khi doc trong khong khi, hap thu than khi va cung cap
dvfdng
khi, can bui difdng,
lam
hang rao each li tieng dong, tao ra cho con ngiidi mot moi tnidng song thoai mai,
di
chiu, hdp ve sinh.
Moi tnidng xanh ay dong thdi phai la moi tnidng sach va dep. Sack ci day la
hdp ve sinh, khong c6 rac
nicii,

vat 6 ue nhii xac chet dong vat, dac biSt la cac chat
phe thai cong nghiep
nhil
niidc thai va khi thai gay 6 nhiem nghiem trong den moi
tnJdng song cua con ngiidi. Con dep von la mot nhu cau trong cuoc song ma ai ciing
CO.
Mot moi trUdng dep se tac dong manh den tam H con ngifdi khien ho yeu ddi,
ham song hdn va nhat la thich thu, gan bo vdi moi tnidng dep ay. Chinh vi moi
tnfdng dep ma con ngiidi song tot hdn.
Ba
yeu to' xanh, sach, dep lien quan gan bo vdi nhau de tao ra mot moi
trUdng so'ng li tiling. Neu c6 cay coi xanh xung quanh ma khong khi va nguon
nUdc van bi 6 nhiem thi "cai noi xanh" ay cung chang c6 gia tri gi. NgUdc lai, c6
nhutng ndi rat sach va dep nhiing lai thieu mau xanh cua cay coi thi cai "sach" va
"dep" ay ciing kho long lam cho cuoc song tot hdn. Cho nen xay dUng mot moi
triidng song tot dep la phai c6 dii ba yeu to' xanh, sach, dep. Moi trUdng ay khong
22
NGUYEN XUAN
LAC (Chii
bien)
chi
dam bao
svLc
khoe
ma con lam cho con ngifdi thoai mai de
song
tot hdn va lam
viec
CO hieu qua cao
hdn.

Doi chieii vcii ba yeu cau xanh,
sach,
dep
tren
day, nhin lai
thUc
tiin
cua
tnidng
hien nay,
chung
ta thay gi? Do
hoan
canh
khach
quan,
chung
ta chi m6i thiic hien
diidc hai yeu cau sgx:h, dep, con yeu cau xanh mdi dat diidc h\idc dau. Nhutng ddt
tong
ve sinh
hang
tuan
v6i khau hieu
"khong
viit
rac
tren
san
triidng",

"khong
ve
bay tren tiidng", da lam cho trUdng
sach
se,
tinh
tUdm
nhii
khoac len minh mot
tam ao mdi. Nhiing loi di rai soi, xep
gach
nghieng hai ben
nhif
trong
cong
vien,
nhiJng
vifdn hoa,
nhutng
luohg hoa
khoe
mau rUc r3 va hai ho sen nho toa hiidng
thdm
ngat da tao nen ve dep thanh tu dang yeu cho
tnidng.
Nhiing con mau xanh,
cai mau xanh mat mit mat long cua que hUdng
Viet
Nam thi vh\a in
bong

tren
khu trutdng bcii triidng mdi
difdc
xay
diing
tvf hai nam nay tren mot vung dat trong
canh
lang.
Nha tnfdng da
phat
dong
m6i 16p trong 20 cay xanh xung quanh tnldng
va tren san tnfdng, den nay cay da cao
bang
dau ngifdi. 30 16p cua ba
khoi
10, 11,
12, neu cay
song
ca thi da c6 600 cay. Va chi dam nam sau, tnfdng se c6 mot "vanh
dai
xanh"
bao quanh va the he dan em chiing ta se
diidc
hoc tap vui chdi trong
"chiec
noi xanh" nhu mot cai may
dieu
hoa khi hau cua
thien

nhien ma chinh
chung
ta da
gieo
trong,
cham
soc tii
ngay
h\idc
vao
ngoi
tnidng
nay.
Tren
cd sd nhflng ket qua bildc dau da dat dUdc, chiing ta se tiep tuc nhiing
viec
lam do mot
each
ben hi, thUdng xuyen v6i mot tinh
than
trach nhiem cao hdn, va
nhat
la v6i mot y
thtic
ro rang Hay vi mdi tri/dng xanh, sach, dep de lam cho ngoi
tnidng
than yeu mai mai rdp
bong
cay
xanh

va toa
hifdng
thdm
ngat
tu: nhflng
viidn
hoa nic rd sac mau.
(Bai
tham
luan
cua em Nguyen Thao Minh Phiftfng,
hoc
sinh
16p 12A, pho bi
thii
Doan,
j
TrKcingTHPTHanThuyen,BacNinh)
• Doc them
Chiec
noi xanh
(Luac
trich)
Chung ta luon luon nkm
trong
long
chiec
noi xanh cvia cay coi - do la cai may
dieu
hoa khi hau

vi
dai cua
chiing
ta.
Nhiing
so'lieu
dang
tin cay ciia
cac
nha ve sinh hoc ket
luan
rSng
ngoi
dif6i tan
cay
bang,
ta
b6t difdc 4 Ian cai nong
chay
da buoi tnfa he
tren
diJdng nhiia.
Dien
tich v6 cung to 16n
ciia
cac ting la triing
diep
da can 50% bui
diidng.
Tinh

ra
trong
mot vu he, mot
hang
100 cay ci diidng pho da gifl lai
340kg
bui, de
giii
xuong
mat diidng sau moi
tran
miia.
60 BAI VAN CHON LOG <- 23
Cay coi con la hang rao each li tieng dong, hfip thu va hit laijihiJng song am
thanh hon tap de khoi lam chKn dong thin kinh. Mot vong dai cay day 17
-
20m du
dam bao an toan cho nha
cl
chong tieng on. Neu trong cay sat nhi
ci
hay dUcing di,
ndi
phat ra tieng
dong,
thi mot vong dai cay day
7 -
10m la du.
Ngifdi ta vi rat dung: cay xanh la la phdi cua hanh tinh chiing ta. TKt ca cac
sinh vat deu ihd, va lien tuc hut difdng khi, thai than khi. Nhii may lai tuon ra khi

doc
va khoi lam 6 nhiem khong
khi.
Da't
cung
"thS",
nha't la Mt
tdi,
xop,
am, canh la
cay muc, cac chat hulu cd phan giai, nSm moc va vi khuan ho ha'p da thai ra rKt
nhieu than khi.
Khong
CO
cay xanh thi chang may
choc
mu6n loai se ngat
thci.
Tuy ban dem cay
ciing ho hap, nhung ban ngay cay lai hap thu than khi, ket hdp vdi anh sang de tra
lai diidng khi va tao nen chKt hot dudng. Cho nen khong khi ban ngay
ci
nha
c6
cay
xanh bao boc chda r^t it than khi, chtftig 0,02% (dat tieu chuan ve sinh). Moi nam
tift ca cay coi tren mat dat va dUcii bien da hap thu 175 ti
t§ii
than khi va moi tlii
than

Idii
lai bien thanh 2,7 tan dudng
khi.
Cay coi ngan can va loc khi doc trong khong khi. Trong rtdig thong, riifng ba
hUdng, khong khi hau nhif v6 trung. Ludng vi trung gay benh trong khong khi
d
nong thon hay rtfng it hdn thanh
pho'
10
l&i.
Chang han ve miia he tren diidng pho
Pa-ri,
moi phan khoi khong khi chtjta 5.500 vi khu^n cac loai, nhUng cac lang mac
ngoai 6 chi c6 550 vi khuan trong m6i phan khoi khong khi.
Di§'u
do chijtng minh
rang cay xanh da tha ra cac chat thanh triing khong khi de tii bao
Ve,
ma khoa hoc
goi
1^ chat phi-ton-xit.
(Nguyfen Bat Can
-
La Vinh Quyen,
Si2c
khoi
thanh
niin,
^JXB
Thanh nien, Ha Noi, 1968.

Ten
doan trich
do NBS
dat).
DE 3:
VI
sao phdi bao ve moi trUdng?
- • Hvfctag dan lam bai
De tra Idi cau hoi "Vi sao phai bao ve moi tnidng?" (\ukn de dat ra cua bai),
phai hit dau til viec dinh nghia moi tnfdng la gi, moi tnfcJng
c6
vai tro quan trong
nhii the nao doi v6i ddi song con ngUdi, thilc trang cua moi trUdng hien nay tren
trai dat (va cl nifdc ta) ra sao, y thiic cua con ngdbi doi v6i moi tnJdng nhu the
nao,
t\i do mdi di den tra Idi cu the cau hoi tren va ban \ukh cac van de xung
quanh cau hoi do.
24 <f NGUYEN XUAN
LAC
(Chu bien)
• Bai van
tham
khao
Ngay
nay viec bao ve moi tnfdng da trd thanh nhan thiic chung cua
raoi
ngUdi.
Nhifng vi sao lai phai bao ve moi
tnfcJng?
Bao ve moi tnldng nhif the

nao?
De tra IcJi
nhutng
van de nay c6 le phai bat dau ttf chinh van de moi
trUdng.
Sau Dai chien the gidi thii hai, siic san xuat xa hoi tang vot. Viec sxi dung rong
rai cac loai may moc da tao ra mot
lUdng
Idn cua cai cho loai ngiidi, nhvfng mot liidng
khong
16
cac
chat
phe thai cong nghiep cung da gay nen 6
nhiim
moi trUdng rat
nghiem trong. Mot
lifdng
16n cac
chat
doc hoa hoc sau khi thai vao moi trUdng da
khuech tan, chuyen
dcJi,
tich luy va chuyen hoa lam cho moi tnfdng khong
ngtoig
xau di, uy hiep nghiem trong den sU song cua loai ngiidi va cac sinh vat khac.
Nam 1962, nha nii sinh vat hoc Ra-sen,
Ca-xdn,
ngifdi MI, da xuat ban tac
pham Mua

xudn
lang
le. Cuon
sach
mieu ta ti mi sii pha hoai sinh thai do lam dung
thuoc bao ve thUc vat gay nen: "Nhutag benh tat ki di khong
lifdng
difcfc da giet
chet
hang loat chim muong, lam cho bo,
cifti
lam benh dot
txi.
Tre em
dang
chdi dua bong
nhien
nga quy, sau may gid
chet
ngay khong chiia
noi
Tren mat dat chi con sot lai
mot
vai con chim le loi
thoi
thop Do la mot mua xuan khong cosii song". Quyen
sach
da gay chan
dong
d\i luan tren toan the gidi. Ngiidi ta

b6ng
kinh
ngac
phat
hien
ra: trong mot
thdi
gian ngSn chi may
chuc
nam ma stf phat trien cong nghiep
da mang lai cho nhan loai mot moi tnfdng doc hai. Hdn niia, moi tnfdng 6
nhiim
da
gay nen
s\i
ton thiTdng toan dien, lau dai va nghiem trong. Loai ngUdi bit dau nhan
thiic
dUdc tam quan trong cua viec bao ve moi
tnidng.
Do do,
khcii
dau til thap ki 60,
d nhijtng
midc
cong nghiep phat trien da day len "phong trao bao ve moi
tnidng",
yeu
cau Chinh phu phai c6 bien
phap
de giai quyet van de 6 nhiem.

Bai hoc nhan loai khong bao ve tot moi
trtfdng
thUc ra da c6 txi
xMa.
6
thdi
co
dai, nhiing
viing
kinh
te tiidng doi phat trien nhif Hi Lap, Trung Can Dong, v.v vi
viec khai hoang va
txidi
nxldc
khong hdp h' nen da gay ra nhflng vung khong c6 cay
CO.
d Trung Quoc
thdi
ki cd dai, hta vUc song Hoang Ha la vung dat tot nhiing do
chat
pha
rtoig
hxia
bai, dat bi xoi mon nghiem trong nen nan
lii
lut va han han xay
ra hen mien, dat dai ngay
cang
ckn coi. Y thtic bao ve moi trUdng cung khong phai
ngay nay mdi c6. Trung Quoc

thdi
ki cd dai da c6 tii
txidng
bao ve moi tnfdng rat ddn
sd nhii cau noi "Khong tat can ma chi bat ca, khong dot rittig ma chi san bin".
Ngay
nay, bao ve moi tnJdng khong nhutng phai lam cho moi tnfdng tranh bi 6
nhiim,
ma
con phai ke thiia tU tiiSng bao ve moi tnidng tnidc day, tdc la khai
thac
tai nguyen
mot
each
hdp h de bao dam c6 the tiep tuc khai
thac
mai. Chiing ta can hieu
ring:
Vail
de then chdt de giai quyet 6
nhiim
moi tnfdng la bao ve moi
tnfdng.
Bao ve moi
tnfdng
chinh la de bao ve chung ta.
(Theo
sach
Khoa
hoc

moi
tnidng,
La To
DiSc
chu bien,
NXB
Van
hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi, 2001)
60 BAI VAN
CHON
LOG
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