Mục lục
LỜI MỞ ĐẦU 1
NHẬN BIẾT GỖ 2




BÀI MỞ ĐẦU 3
CHƯƠNG I. NHỮNG KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN VỀ GỖ 5
 !"#$#%
&& '%
&"#$#'%
()*#+,%
&-./.012
&& 3+,4 5)+)6789:+;<57=>?>>@A+,,):)B C#,D2
&E+,+F7;G@H+ ,)I);E+,+F7&J
&DKI7L,D7#(+&
&MN+> I,D&
&%D,)5L,DOP);G,D,)G&M
&Q)H,D&Q
&RST-./1
&&U#>VAN!,DO5W)7
&U#>VAN!,DO5@(+,M
&XAK5+ U#>VA,DO54)7;G,DO5@(+,'Y
&& ZA> G+ B $+U#>VAY
&[H;GA=)\7U#>VAJ
&MW]^1&
&M&W 5)+)67;<4 #!_>>`>aH,D'&
&M54 #!_>>`>>[+ )"+&
&M&?>,D&
&M I+, )"+,LOAV+> I;G> I b+M

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&MDO6 >N7;G;E+,+F7@(+, cB4 d+,<#%
&M% e>+,f+g
&MW #!_>>`>*AKN#+U7,N!+"+Y
&M&W #!_>>`>*A+U7Y
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&MMA+,;"+ M
&MM54 #!_>>`>>@A+,lHmk,DM
&%Xn-oL^pqLr01MM
&%&+  U>8 fMM
&%&&(>Ks4 5)+)6789:+;<>+  U>8 faH,DMM
&%&(>Ks>+  U>8 faH,DMg
&%&M N+>s:+  lt+,_+>+  U>8 faH,D%J
&%+  U>;`>OuaH,D%
&%&(v7,D%
&%wxH>@i+ A@x>;G*y++taH,D%Q
&%W s)Olz+,> \> aH,DQJ
&%+  U> eH faH,DQ
&%& G+ B $+ eH faH,DQM
&%{+  lt+,aH5> G+ B $+ eH f>@A+,,)Hd+, _9)_+;GK|*+,,DQY
&QT}p/.1~•QY
&Q&q+, €HaH;)6B N+OAV),D@•+,QY
&QT N+OAV),D> ZA+ e7> l8+,B v7‚2+ e7ƒQY
CHƯƠNG II: NHẬN BIẾT MỘT SỐ LOẠI GỖ RỪNG VIỆT NAM 72
& !"#$#g
&& g
&"#$#g
()*#+,g

&„5…+ >"+4 AH f;G>"+…HB l8+,aHN!,Dg
 `+9)_>5OAV),Dg
rg
ii
&†+,pF+,l‡7g
#ˆ+,Z+‚HKK)HK)H7ZHpH74ƒg
5+, l8+,h#:>A‚T>Z@AH@B#K7H@AH@B#KW#@‰ƒg%
MDŠ‚‹‰ZO)Hm!OAH@BH‚W#@‰ƒ@H)9ƒgQ
%T87#‚ŒA4)Z++)H A*,)+K))‚#++ƒZ+@!•> A7HKƒgg
Q#XH7‚WZ>ZOZ@)H*H;)*)H+HZ@>@)KZ)KK+ƒg2
gP`>‚X)+*A@HA )+ )+Z+K)KH)OOƒgY
2v7p)"+‚TZ+>H7ZK)H7Z+K)K‚)hƒW#@‰ƒ2J
r2&
Y5#2&
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rQ&JJ
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iii
2lI‚ )‰AB A@HHB)#OH>Hpƒ&J&
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TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP VÀ THAM KHẢO 105
BẢNG PHÂN LOẠI NHÓM GỖ TẠI VIỆT NAM 105
iv
LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
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+,#!"+@•+,;G7d)>@l‡+,d+ `+9)_>,D@H‡)+ †75Bj+,!"#$#GA>VA;GOG
7d+ f #!"++,G+ aH+,G+ w#:+Ou>G)+,#!"+@•+,;G7d)>@l‡+,Lˆ+,> ‡)•+,
OG>G)O)6# f>`B A5+,G+ GA>VA4 5aH8Kt@l‡+,V) fpN7+, )6B
G),):+, `+9)_>,Dlz9)"+KAV+>@A+,4 #d+4 ” l8+,>@i+ 7d+ faH
+,G+ w#:+Ou>G)+,#!"+@•+,;G7d)>@l‡+,ylzm–>*#!6>aH>”9(7d+W AH f
;`>O)6#L9H+d+,+, )6B—W)_+>@x;G> d+,h#H()ˆ+,4 AH f G>@l‡+,
@"+8Kt9G),):+,;G+ 3+,4_>h#:,):+,*V!>@A+,+ )<#+F7h#HLb+,;I)
+ 3+,>G)O)6#> H74 :A>@A+,;G+,AG)+lIL>5,):ys,?+,>”+, zB+ 3+,+()
*#+,89:++ U>L5Bj+,7>)"# l8+,>@i+ GA>VAL`B+ `>+ 3+,4)_+> j7I)
+ U>
#!+ )"+L>@A+,h#5>@i+ 9)"+KAV+L9G),):+,+G!4 d+,> \+GA>@5+ 4 Š)
+ 3+,> )_#Ke> x+,>d)@U>7A+,lz59V+f,eBu4)_+5u4)_+m)+,|);<

(7d+W AH f;`>O)6#9H+d+,+, )6B—W)_+>@x˜8Kt@l‡+,V) fpN7
+, )6B
Chúng tôi xin chân thành cám ơn!
TÁC GIẢ
NGUYỄN VĂN THOẠI
1
NHẬN BIẾT GỖ
8+;… f>@i+ '™”+,Ks>)_>'M%™ [>`BK:+m#U>'>#$+

A. VỊ TRÍ MÔN HỌC
 `+9)_>,DOG7d+ f8Kt>@A+, #!"++,G+ W)\7ON7‚w#:+Ou;G9:A;6
>G)+,#!"+@•+,ƒLeh#H+ 67`>> )_>;I)57d+ f4 5+ l'X)+ ;`>@•+,™K)+ > 5)
@•+,™H*V+,K)+  f;G9:A>ˆ+(+,> [;`>™W H)> 5;GK8 _ON7K:+™w#:+Ou
9:A;6@•+,™, )6B; G+  + 4)\7ON7™Wš> #`>ON7K)+ ™)<#>@Hh#! AV
@•+,W)_+> j7d+ f+G!,)xB fK)+ 4 )@H>@l‡+,OG7>s> 8+5d+,>5;<
h#:+Ou;G9:A;6>G)+,#!"+@•+,d+ f+G! fK)+ lz fKH#57d+'H*V+,
K)+  f;G9:A>ˆ+(+,> [;`>™X)+ ;`>@•+,
B. MỤC ĐÍCH
d+ f+ †7>@H+,9… A fK)+ + 3+,4)_+> j;G4š+F+,89:+\>@Hj#
;G+ `+9)_>5OAV),DB ”9)_+>@A+,4 #;[
C. YÊU CẦU
XH#4 ) fmA+,L+,l‡) fB :)e4 :+F+,> \;<57=>+ lKH#'
+ Về kiến thức:
›?7lz i+ > 5),):)B C# #+,aH,DN!O54)7;G,DO5@(+,
›)_>5 h#H+K5>;G+ `+m–>;< i+ > 5)5OAV),D\+ `+9)_> + m5,D
+ Về kỹ năng:
› `+9)_>lz>+ U>OGJOAV),D> #(5OAV),Dh#u )_7;G> d+,*+,
>@A+,4 #;[>@"+8Kt i+ > 5),):)B C# A= i+ > 5)9"++,AG)aHN!
+ Về thái độ:
›[,)5 UB G+ 5h#! _ )6+ G+ \OG7>s>+ )67; #!"+7d+lz

,)HA;G lI+,*C+7f)+,l‡)OG7> ZA
2
D. NỘI DUNG
1. Phân phối chương trình:
TT Tên và nội dung Tổng
số tiết
Lý
thuyết
Thực
hành
& G)7t$# & & J
 Chương I' 3+,4)_+> j89:+;<,D &Y &M %
 Chương II:  `+9)_>7(>KsOAV),D@•+,
)6>+H7
% &% &J
4 Tổng cộng: 45 30 15
2. Nội dung chương trình:
BÀI MỞ ĐẦU
I. Mục đích yêu cầu
Mục đích')I)> )6#4 5)h#5>;<7d+ fL;H)>@E;G>$7h#H+>@f+,aH+es)
;I)+,l‡)OG7d+,>5h#:+Ou9:A;6>G)+,#!"+@•+,
Yêu cầu:
›?7lz;…>@;G>$7h#H+>@f+,aH7d+ f
›T l8+,B 5B+, )"+j#aH7d+ f
›)I)> )6#;G lI+,*C+K|*+,>G)O)6#
II. Nội dung
- …>@aH,D>@A+,+<+4)+ >_h#s*N+;G>$7h#H+>@f+,aH7d+ f“Nhận
biết gỗ”.
DOG+,#!"+L;`>O)6#lzA++,l‡)K|*+,ON#‡);G@(+,@y)+ U>LOG7(>
>@A+,+ 3+,;`>>l a!_#aH+<+4)+ >_h#s*N+

@A+,5;F+4)6+ + > j>•>@lI_++H!L G+lI>H;C+m_B,Dj+,
G+,> jKH#)6+;G> H+DlzK|*+,@U>@(+,@y)>@A+,d+,+, )6BL+d+,
+, )6BL,)HA> d+,;`+>:)L4)_+>@xLmN!*[+,L4 H)4 A5+,œ
,AG)@HL,DE+lz*b+,OG7;F+B E+,B v7L+ VL*+,> \*> \
> HALe+,>AH>G#L> b+,mZL> #!<+LB GL$#s+,L9G+, _;G*+, fK)+ Lˆ*b+,
>@A+,,)Hi+ Ld+,Kt;G #!"+*b+,+ l96+ ;)6+L> l;)6+LœX89(> s+,4" )6+
3
+H!>@"+> _,)I)e4 A:+,>@"+&JJ+,G+ *b+,,DOG7+,#!"+;`>O)6#;I)>@"+JJJ
d+,;)64 5+ H#;GK:+m#U>@H 8+&JJJJOAV)K:+B v7
 ‡B l8+,B 5B _9)_+ eH f,De> \> H!> _9d+,L;:)L>8>†7LOd+,
•#œL;I)d+,+, 6> a!B N+L,DOGK:+B v7 + *b+,\ _>8+ N+>VALOG7
B )7L€H 5>L,)U!7)HL5A7lHœI)d+,+, 6+ )6>B N+>•,D A>H5K:+B v7'
> H+;G5 eH U>De> \> H!> _:,H+,> –B
(>KsOAG)N!E+ A>H5+,#!"+O)6#h#u A+,G+  eHON7K:++ l+ [H
> d+,L+ [H>@57L+ [HK8+L+ [H9ˆ<L+ [HHAK#L U> 5>L>)+ *$#> 87L>)+ *$#
9–AL U>7G#œ
f7d++ `+9)_>,DK•,)xB x+,>H+?7lz5> G+ B $+U#>VAaH,DOG
+ N+>s a!_#:+  lt+,_+>+  U>,D)\#9)_>;<U#>VAOG8Kt\,):)> 
9:+ U>5 )6+>lz+,K:+K)+ >@A+,h#5>@i+ ,)Hd+, _9)_+;GK|*+,,D„5
…+ >"+\9#d+95+;GK|*+, A>   zBL>)_>4)67,D;G+N+,HA U>Olz+,K|
*+,,Dw#:+Ou;G9:A;6>G)+,#!"+,DL@•+,7(>5  zBOu?7@P7(>Ks4 #!_>
>`>L96+ >`>aH,D>•ee9)6+B 5B4 ?B \+N+,HA>•O6Oz)*+,,D4 )K|
*+,
- ?7lzB l8+,B 5B+, )"+j#aH7d+ f
4
CHƯƠNG I. NHỮNG KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN VỀ GỖ
I. Mục đích yêu cầu
1.1. Mục đích:
 †7>@H+,9… A fK)+ + 3+,4)_+> j89:+;<U#>VA>”+,> \aH,D
> d+,h#H57=>?>L7G#K?L7b);…L;N+> IL>@"+8Kte9)_>5 mZ7m–>LKAK5+ 

;G5+ ,)5\+ `+9)_>,D
1.2. Yêu cầu:
›[H;GA5OAV)>_9GA;GU#>@x5> G+ B $+L9(B `+aH,D\7d>:
lz>AG+*)6+7(>7C#,D
› `+9)_>lzJOAV),D> d+,*+,>@A+,4 #;[
Mục tiêu
›@i+ 9G!lzU#>VA> dV);G7(>KsU#>VA )\+;)aH,D
› `+9)_>lzU#>VA> dV)aH,D
II. Nội dung
1.1. CẤU TẠO GỖ
- Cấu tạo gỗ' pG+ N+>s:+  lt+, a!_#_+>+  U>aH,D#s++ `+9)_>
lz7=>,DLO[H A+OAV),DL4 )K|*+, x+,>HB :)+?7lz+ 3+,4)_+> j8
9:+;<U#>VA,D\>@"+8Ktem5…+ lzB l8+,B 5B,)Hd+, _9)_+L9:A
h#:+;GK|*+, zBOuˆ+,> ‡)>)_>4)67lz+,#ˆ++,#!"+O)6#,D
- Cấu tạo thân cây:
 N+N! )_7>•%J›YJž> \> N! N+N!OG7+ )67;*C+>@#!<++ [H
+,#!"+;G+ [HO#!6+L,)3;3+,>5+O5L s+,OV):+  lt+,aH,)eL9yAL*[>@3*)+
*lŸ+,;G#+,UB A>)H,D
 ZA )<#+,H+,N!L> N+N! )H> G+ MB $+'ŠL>$+,B 5>K)+ L,D;G>a!
N!‚i+ &ƒ
5
i+ &&U#>VA> N+N!;G7=>4 x,D
i+ &=>?>> N+N!
=>?>> N+N!9HA,ˆ7'
6
&DOP)D,)5$+,B 5>K)+ Mp)9Z%Š
i+ &=>?>>)_B>#!_+,D‡)p‡);G7=>?>m#!"+>N7,D#XH7
1. Vỏ cây
@"+> N+N!>•+,AG);GA‚B $+B H+,AG)>$+,B 5>K)+ ƒ,f) #+,OG;ŠN!
•+,AG);GA_+;ŠN! )HOG7MB $+')\#9i™ 9i™E+, `#7d‚OIB+ #7d;Šƒ™

T $+O)9Z
ŠN!;•He>5*+,9:A;6> N+N!L;•HOG+8)*[>@3 U>*)+ *lŸ+,Lˆ+,
> ‡)OGl‡+,*C+>@#!<++ [HO#!6+>•O5m#s+,4 ?B> N+N!ŠO#d+O#d+> 8+,D
2. Tầng phát sinh libe gỗ
U#>VA',ˆ7Q›2OIB>_9GA'
_9GA+,#!"+> a!aH>$+,B 5>K)+ eOAV)'pAV) i+ A+> A)™pAV) i+ >@E+
‚€Hƒ A= i+ H,)5_9GA+,#!"+> a!aH>$+,B 5>K)+  AV>(+,K)+ @H5>_
9GA7I)> ZAB l8+,> jKH#'
T N+K)+ > ZA lI+,m#!"+>N7
T N+K)+ > ZA lI+,>)_B>#!_+
@A+,eL H)B l8+,> jB N+K)+ m#!"+>N7;G>)_B>#!_+O#d+O#d+>ˆ+>V);G
mZ+4•OC++ H#\>VA@H5;E+,,D G+,+F7‚,f)OG;E+,+F7ƒ
7
3. Phần gỗ
HA,ˆ7,DK8UB;G,D> jUB'
›DK8UB'pGB $+,DK)+ @Ht+F7> j+ U>LB $+,D+G!>L4 d+,5+,4\
›D> jUB'pGB $+,DK)+ @H>•+F7> j H)N!OGB $+,D a!_#>@A+,;)6
Oz)*+,,DW )N!E+Ks+,,De>5*+,,)3;3+,>5+O5L*[>@3*)+ *lŸ+,;G*C+
>@#!<++ [H+,#!"+
4. Tủy cây
i+ > l‡+,>a!+†7,)3H> N+N!+ l+,>@A+,h#5>@i+ K)+ >@lt+,LN! …#
:+  lt+,aH)<#4)6++,AV):+ +"+>a!> l‡+,9…O6 KH+,7(>9"+
a! i+ > G+ >@lI>)"+4 )N!9?>$#K)+ >@lt+,A>_9GA7d7<7>VA
> G+ +"++ cLmsBe+ )67;*[>@3 U>*)+ *lŸ+,\+#d)N!t+F7$#
5N!e>a!OI++ l„AH+>HL@v#Lœa!el‡+,4+ >I)&7L>@#+,9i+ >•
˜%77a!OG>” jaH>_9GA;5 7Š+,L*AeOG7,):7>+  U>8Ou;G*¡,N!
+"+ )6+>lz+,+j>,D>•>N7@A+,h#5>@i+ lHmkL+,l‡)>H>i75 OAV)9Š>a!>N7
4 )K|*+,
i+ &Ma!>N79…O6 ;<7(>B H
1.2. CẤU TẠO THÔ ĐẠI CỦA GỖ

U#>VA> dV)aH,DOG+ 3+,=>@l+, a!_#aH,De> \h#H+K5>9†+,7?>
> l‡+, A=9†+,4+ OxB
1.2.1. Những khái niệm cơ bản về các mặt cắt trong giải phẫu gỗ
8
#s+4 :AK5>,Dlz>AG+*)6+;G@P@G+,B :)mZ7m–>h#H7=>?>+,H+,Lm#!"+>N7;G>)_B
>#!_+
i+ &%E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>
„=>?>+,H+,
=>?>m#!"+>N7
T. =>?>>)_B>#!_+
a. Mặt cắt ngang
=>?>+,H+,OG7=>?>> “+,,e;I)>@*f> N+N!;G)+,H+,h#H> N+N!
=>?>+,H+,> \ )6++ )<#+ U>=)\7U#>VAaH,D
b. Mặt cắt xuyên tâm
=>?>m#!"+>N7OG7=>?>KA+,KA+,;I)>@*f> N+N!;G)h#H>a!N!
‚m#!"+h#H>N7ƒ
c. Mặt cắt tiếp tuyến
=>?>>)_B>#!_+OG7=>?>KA+,KA+,;I)>@*f> N+N!>)_B>#!_+;I);E+,
+F7‚4 d+,)h#H>a!N!ƒ
9
i+ &Q57=>?>+,H+,Lm#!"+>N7;G>)_B>#!_+
1.2.2. Vòng năm và ranh giới vòng năm
E+,+F7OG+ 3+,;E+,>@E+ˆ+,>N7> U!>@"+> N+N!lH+,H+,eOG+ 3+,
OIB,D*A>$+,B 5>K)+  i+ > G+ >@A+,7(> #4¢K)+ >@lt+,b!> ZA #4¢K)+
>@lt+,*G) H!+,?+L)<#4)6+4  `#LU>H)L(v7L5+ K5+,L=>+ aH>•+,OAV)
N!7G;E+,+F7@(+, cB4 5+ H#e) #+,Lt;b+,+ )6>I)L #4¢K)+ >@lt+,
aH> [;`>*G) 8+;b+,d+I)L G+I) A+"+N!> l‡+,e;E+,+F7@(+, 8+
_#)<#4)6+K)+ >@lt+,> #`+Oz)N!OI++ H+ L;E+,+F7@(+,L5OAV)N!K)+
>@lt+, `7;E+,+F7 cB
5OAG)N!K)+ >@lt+,+ H+ + l'„AH+>HL@v#Lˆ<L„G•LV G+L d)

9HL d) H+ œ> l‡+,e;E+,+F7@(+,5OAG)N!K)+ >@lt+, `7+ l', )_+L
T87#LAG+,G+L@H)Lp)7mH+ LX_+7`>œe;E+,+F7 cB
@"+7=>?>+,H+, i+ *V+,;E+,+F7OG+ 3+,;E+,>@E+ˆ+,>N7;N!h#H+
>a!N!@"+7=>?>m#!"+>N7L;E+,+F7OG+ 3+,*:)KA+,KA+,;I)>@> N+N!
@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+L;E+,+F7OG+ 3+, i+  3:A+,lz‚Λ)
H+ ,)I);E+,+F7t7(>KsOAV),Dd)4 )lz i+ > G+ 9t)5*y!>_9GA
+ #7d l;`!Lt>_9GA+ #7dOG U>O)6#OG7+"+@H+ ,)I);E+,+F7
10
a. b. c.
i+ &g5*V+,;E+,+F7aH,D'
HE+,+F7>@"+7=>?>+,H+,
9E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>m#!"+>N7
E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+
& E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>+,H+,
 E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>+,H+,m#!"+>N7
 E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+
W ),=B)<#4)6+4 d+,9i+ > l‡+,+ l>”+> l8+,8,)I)LKN#96+ L+?+, V+L
ŠH AV+L4 d+ H+ (>+,(> A=KN#F+>@)O5œN!+,•+,K)+ >@lt+,7(>> ‡),)H+
@ˆ)>)_B>K)+ >@lt+,>@tOV)L4 )e> l‡+, i+ > G+ ;E+,+F7,):L cBL7‡;G4 d+,
4 –B4+_#_7Ks;E+,+F7tK5>,se> \9)_>lz>#”)aHN!s);I)5OAV)
,De;E+,+F7@PL=)\7aH;E+,+F7,)xB @U>+ )<# A;)6+ `+9)_>7=>,D
11
H 9 
*
i+ &2H+ ,)I);E+,+F7aH7(>KsOAG)N!
1.2.3. Gỗ sớm, gỗ muộn
@A+,7D);E+,+F7Le H)OAV),DKI7L,D7#(+5OAV)N!Ks+,t7)<+d+
I)L G+I),DKI7˜,D7#(+B N+9)6>4 5@PlI>H4  `#M7bH4 d+,4 5+ H#
+ )<#O?7 A+"+;E+,+F7> l‡+,4 d+,@PDKI7L,D7#(+G+,B N+9)6>@P> i
;E+,+F7G+,@P

Gỗ sớm:OGB $+,DB H>@A+,aH;E+,+F7K)+ @H;GA$#7bHK)+ >@lt+,L*A
U#>VA9t)+ 3+,>_9GAOI+;5 7Š+,L+"+,DKI7e7G#+ V>L+ cL7<7L4 :+F+,
 …#O[4–7 8+,D7#(+
Gỗ muộn:OGB $+,DB H+,AG)aH;E+,+F7K)+ @H;GA#s)7bHK)+ >@lt+,L
>_9GA> l‡+,+ ŠL;5 *G!+"+>•O6,D7#(+G+,+ )<#> i>+  U>8˜OuaH,D
G+,HA
12
Hƒ H+ ,)I);E+,+F7>@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+t
N!5),[H
9ƒ H+ ,)I);E+,+F7>@"+57=>?>tN!,D
_
ƒ H+ ,)I);E+,+F7>@"+57=>?>tN!#
XH7‚N!,db+,ƒ
*ƒ H+ ,)I);E+,+F7>@"+57=>?>t d+,
O5
‚i+ &2ƒ
i+ &YH+ ,)I);E+,+F7;G,DKI7L,D7#(+
1.2.4. Vân thớ gỗ
£N+¤>@A+,>)_+,5+e+, €HOG7N!L> I,D*b+,\ ¥ )<#K?Bm_BaH5>_
9GA,D>@A+,> N+N!,D£N+> I,D¤OG7>•, –B*b+,\ ¥ )<#K?Bm_BL#s+
Olz+aH5>_9GA;G@H+ ,)I);E+,+F7>@A+,> N+N!,D
_#>@*f5>_9GA<#K?Bm_B*f> ZA> N+N!>H+e)@†+,,DK#d+> I_#
>@*f5>_9GA4 d+,K?Bm_B*f> ZA> N+N!7Ge )6+>lz+,+, )"+,h#H
+, )"+,OV)>H+e)@†+,,D9…+, )"+,> IL;=+> I_#>@*f5>_9GA4 d+,K?Bm_B
*f> ZA> N+N!7Ge )6+>lz+,K?Bm_BO#+,>#+,> ZA5 )<# lI+,4 5+ H#>H
+e)@†+,,D9…OAV+> Ib+,,D+G!,f)OG£p#,D¤ H!£pxB,D¤p#,D A>H+ 3+,
9<7=>,D@U>cB+ ‡;`!7G,)5>@…K:+B v7 G+, A5lz>F+,O"+@U>+ )<#_#,D
9…+, )"+,> I;G@H+ ,)I);E+,+F7> \ )6+> ZA+ 3+,l‡+,A+,#s+Olz++ l7N!
>H+e),De;N+> IcB
13

i+ &&JN+> I,DN! fˆ);GP7`>
1.2.5. Gỗ giác, gỗ lõi và gỗ già
(>KsOAG)N!+ lˆ<LV+,LX#+,Lˆ E+LAG+,4)<+,œKH#4 )4 H)> 5L
+ i+>@"+7=>?>+,H+, ¥> U!e7(>7G#L+,l‡)>H+e)N!OG+ 3+,OAV),D4 d+,e
,)5OP)B N+9)6>@5)OV)7(>KsOAV),D+ lp)7mH+ LX_+7`>Lv7OH)Lˆ4_>LX8+
#!_>L,)”)L@H)OuLX8+>HL>7`>L#ˆ+,Z+LœKH#4 )4 H)> 5L>@"+7=>?>+,H+,
> U!e;b+,,DtB H>a!;GB H;Še7G#K?4 5+ H#L+,l‡)>H+e)N!OG+ 3+,
OAV),De,)5LOPB N+9)6>
DOP)OG*A,D,)5 i+ > G+ +"+N!OG7(>h#5>@i+ 9)_+”)K)+  fL;`>Ou
;G eH f@U>B j>VB@lI _>>_9GA _>L> \9> i+ > G+ L5 U> 3#8m#U>
)6+'+ [HN!L U>7G#L>H++)+L>)+ *$#Lœt>@A+,@#(>>_9GA> U7O"+;5 >_9GAOG7
 A,De7G#KC7L+=+,Lj+,L4 e> U7+lILˆ+,> ‡)e4 :+F+, s+,KN#L+U7L
7s)L7f> 8+,D,)5
W )N!;•H => VLt7(>KsOAG)N!L,DOP)> l‡+,> \ )6+ lH@PXH#7(>
> ‡),)H+>)_Bmx;I)4 d+,4 L D+ zB 3#8>@A+,@#(>>_9GA,DOP)9…AAm! eHL+"+
7G#K? H);b+,,D7I)> \ )6+@P@5)OV)Lt7(>KsOAG)N!L*A G7Olz+, U> jH
>@A+,@#(>>_9GA+ )<#+"+ )6+>lz+,Am! eHm:!@H+,H!>@"+N!j+,L;i;`!4 )N!
;•H”m#s+,y+ `+@P H)B $+,)5LOP)
D,)G'(>KsOAV),D+ l„AH+>HLp)7mH+ LH+  #(>LXH+,L)kLWZAp5
 G7LWZAH)>lz+,œ>@"+7=>?>+,H+,t;b+,>a!N!,De7G#K?+ V> 8+B $+
,DB H+,AG),l‡)>H+e)N!OG+ 3+,OAV),D,)G¦;b+,,D,)G> l‡+,e(v7> UB
14

N+> I,DN! fˆ)
N+> I,DN!P`>
8+;b+,,Dm#+,h#H+ +"+e7G#+ V> 8+N!OG+ 3+,OAV),Dy;lz>h#5>#”)
> G+ > K)+  faH+e
i+ &&&…>@aH,D,)5,DOP);G,DK8UBL,D> jUB>@A+,N!
i+ &&D,)5;G,DOP)tWZAp5@G7
15

i+ &&)6+>lz+,OC+,D,)5;G,DOP)tN! fˆ)
1.2.6. Tia gỗ
)H,DOG>” jaH5>_9GA7d7<7m_B> ZA )<#+,H+,> N+N!e j+F+,
*C+>@#!<+*)+ *lŸ+,> ZA )<#+,H+,> N+N!@"+7=>?>+,H+,L>)H,DOG+ 3+,B e+,
mVm#U>B 5>>•>N7L V!>•>a!@H;Š;G,$++ l;#d+,,e;I);E+,+F7@"+7=>?>
m#!"+>N7L>)H,DOG+ 3+,AV+> “+, H!+ •+,;_>,C!+†7+,H+,;#d+,,e;I)>@*f
> N+N!@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+L>)H,D9…?>+,H+,e i+ A+> A)7G#KC7 8+;I)7G#
m#+,h#H+ aH,D)H,DOG+,#!"++ N+ + ,N!+"+K[ "+ O6 >+  U>,)3H )<#
m#!"+>N7;G>)_B>#!_+ A+"+*[H;GAe x+,>He> \,):)>  lz+,#!"++ N+,N!
@H7(>Ks4 #!_>>`>+ l )6+>lz+,A@x>L*y++taH,D
i+ &&M)H,D>@"+7=>?>',H+,L„;G
16
(>KsU#>VA4 5aH,D'
(1). Mạch gỗ: V ,D ¥etN!O5@(+,LOG>” jaH+ )<#>_9GA7V ,D
+s)>)_B+ H#> G+ s+,*G)m_Bm_B> ZA )<#*f> N+N!
_9GA7V ,D> l‡+,e*V+, i+ >@s+,5 i+ > jB N+9saHOD7V 
›pD7V m_B;E+,
›pD7V m_BB N+>5+
›pD7V m_B>@#+,,)H+

a. b. c.
i+ &&%5 i+ > jB N+9saHOD7V
HpD7V m_B;E+,
9pD7V m_BB N+>5+
pD7V ;•Hm_B;E+,;•HB N+>5+
›5 i+ > j> zBaHOD7V 'pD7V 8+™pD7V 4–B™pD7V + e7™
pD7V *N!m#!"+>N7™pD7V *N!>)_B>#!_+
17

a. b.

 *
i+ &&Q5 i+ > j> zBaHOD7V 
HpD7V 8+ 9pD7V 4–B
pD7V *N!m#!"+>N7 *pD7V *N!>)_B>#!_+
›H)>@EaH7V ,D'V ,D )_7>•O64 5OI+L>@#+,9i+ >•J˜Jž> \
> ,D
18
(2). Tế bào mô mềm
_9GA7d7<7OG+ 3+,>_9GA;5 7Š+,L i+ >@+,?+OG7+ )67;*[>@3
 U>*)+ *lŸ+,>@A+,H!OG )_7>•O6˜&%ž> \> ,D_9GA7d7<7e7G#
>@?+,+ V>

i+ &&g_9GA7d7<7m_B*f> N+N!
(3). Quản bào dọc
pGOAV)>_9GA;5 *G!LK?Bm_B> ZA )<#*f> N+N!pG> G+ B $+ a!_#U#
>VA+"+,DN!O54)7L )_74 A:+,YJž> \> ,DaHN!Le*V+,+ l+ 3+,h#:`#
m_B> ZA )<#*f> N+N!;Gm_B> G+  G+,> ZA lI+,m#!"+>N7
i+ &&2i+ *V+,h#:+9GA,D
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(4). Sợi gỗ
pG>_9GA;5 *G!m_B> ZA )<#*f> N+N!pG> G+ B $+ a!_#>VA+"+,DN!
O5@(+,L>@#+,9i+  )_74 A:+,%Jž> \> ,DL,)3;H)>@E8 f>@A+,> N+N!lI)
7?>> l‡+,;G4+ OxB4 d+,h#H+K5>lzKz),DeOAV)Kz),D'Kz),D,)s+,>_9GA7d
7<7;GKz),D,)s+,h#:+9GA,D )<#*G)Kz),DO5@(+,+ Š 8++ )<#KA;I) )<#*G)
h#:+9GA,DO54)7
(5). Ống dẫn nhựa
n+,*C++ [H*A>_9GA7d7<7>VA@Hn+,*C++ [Het7(>KsOAV),DO54)7L
OG>” jaH>_9GA7d7<7>VA> G+ Le H)OAV)s+,*C++ [H'
›n+,*C++ [H*f'+†7*f> N+N!LlzU#>VA>•OAV)>_9GA‚>_9GA>)_>L>_
9GAKs+,L>_9GA _>ƒ

›n+,*C++ [H+,H+,'+†7>@A+,>)H,DL ¥h#H+K5>lz*lI)4+  )\+;);G
>@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+
n+,*C++ [H*f>`B>@#+,tB $+,D7#(+Ls+,*C++ [H+,H+,> i+†7+,H!
9"+>@A+,)H,DG+ l;`!Ls+,*C++ [H*f;Gs+,*C++ [H+,H+,lz+s)O)<+
+ H#>VA> G+ 7(> 6> s+,s+,*C+ AG+ ¥+ >@A+,> N+N!,D
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i+ &&YXz),D;Gs+,*C++ [H*f
&Xz),Dn+,*C++ [H*fV ,DM)H,D
(6). Cấu tạo lớp
N!OG7(>*V+,U#>VA=9)6> ¥et 7(>KsOAV),DO5@(+,+ l', )_+L
„AH!L@?L#"(œ
@"+7=>?>>)_B>#!_+Lh#H+K5>9†+,7?>> l‡+, A=4+ OxBe*V+,,z+
Ke+,5 + H#<#=++†7;#d+,,e;I)>@*f> N+N!
lI)4+  )\+;)L )<#HAaH7V ,DL>_9GA7d7<7LKz),DL>)H,DOG,$+
9†+,+ H#>@A+,7(>OIB
i+ &JpIB,D
(7). Vết tủy
W )N!9…>”+> l8+,8,)I)LKN# V)L ŠH AV+œL U>*)+ *lŸ+,>@A+,N!>`B
>@#+,4 >  5>_9GA>@lI _>OG>_9GA7d7<7B 5>K)+ 7V+ ;<4 > lI;G
KsOlz+,
(8). Tế bào chứa tinh dầu và chất kết tinh
¦7(>KsOAG)N!> i>@A+,@#(>>_9GA+ #7de jH>)+ *$#‚pA+,+yAƒ A=
 jH U>4_>>)+ ‚ˆ4_>L5+€Hœƒ
21