English Language Tests-Intermediate level''''s archive doc
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English Language Tests-Intermediate level's archive
A very brief history of management theories
1. Carter McNamara explains that views on management
have changed over the past century — particularly
in the past few decades.
abundantly
bountifully
objectively
substantially
2. The Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940): At the
of the century, the most notable organizations were
large and industrialized, and often they included ongoing,
routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products.
term
tip
top
turn
3. The United States highly scientific and technical
matters, including careful measurement and specification
of activities and results, so management tended to be the
same.
achieved
awarded
prized
won
4. Frederick Taylor developed the 'scientific management
theory', which this careful specification and
measurement of all organizational tasks.
engendered
engineered
espoused
exposed
5. Tasks were standardized as much as possible, and
workers were rewarded and punished; this approach
appeared to work well for organizations with lines
and other mechanistic, routinized activities.
assembly
command
control
picket
6. The Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950):
Max Weber the scientific management theory,
focussing on dividing organizations into hierarchies to
establish strong lines of authority and control; he
suggested organizations develop comprehensive and
detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized
tasks.
embattled
embellished
emblazoned
embodied
7. The Human Relations Movement (1930-today):
Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to
the rather effects of these theories, and more
attention was given to individuals and their unique
capabilities in the organization.
degenerating
degrading
dehumanizing
denigrating
8. A major belief included that the organization would
prosper if its workers prospered as , and Human
Resource departments were added to organizations. well
much before possible
before
much
possible
well
9. The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping
to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of
the organization and its workers could be better
aligned
alleviated
assigned
assuaged
10. Various new theories were , many based on the
behavioral sciences (some had names like theory 'X', 'Y'
and 'Z').
bred
hatched
laid
spawned
