<span class="text_page_counter">Trang 1</span><div class="page_container" data-page="1">

<b>HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONFACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING</b>

<b> ESSAY </b>

<b>TOLERANCES AND MEASURING TECHNIQUE“SCAN 3D MACHINE AND</b>

<b>COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM)”</b>

Lecturer: <b>ThS. Đặng Minh Phụng Class course: TOMT220225_22_2_07CLC</b>

The essay is written by Group 1

<b>Ho Chi Minh City, May 2023.</b>

<b>LIST OF MEMBERS PARTICIPATING IN WRITING ESSAYS</b>

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 2</span><div class="page_container" data-page="2">

<i>SEMESTER 1 OF THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023 </i>

<i>Topic: SCAN 3D MACHINE AND COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM)</i> 2 Ngô Tấn Bảo Châu 21145081 100% 0389920215 3 Nguyễn Văn Anh Tiến 21145292 100% 0388283227 4 Hà Trọng Phúc 21145244 100% 0397604322 5 Nguyễn Đình Trúc 21145308 100% 0969125505 6 Lê Công Hậu 20143325 100% 0372561349 Note:

- Percentage = 100%: The percentage level of each participating student. - Team leader: Nguyễn Văn Anh Tiến Phone number: 0388283227

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 3</span><div class="page_container" data-page="3">

TABLE OF CONTENTS

<b>CHAPTER 1: SCAN 3D MACHINE...1</b>

1.1. The 3D scanning machine concept:...1

1.2. Advantages & Disadvantages of 3D scanners...1

1.3. Popular types of 3D scanning technology...2

1.4. Application in the life of 3D Scanners:...7

1.5. Structure of a 3D scanner machine...10

1.6. Working principle of scan3D machine:...12

1.7. Technical requirements of a 3D scanner machine...12

1.8. Maintenance instructions of Scan 3D machine...13

<b>CHAPTER 2: COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM)...15</b>

2.1. Coordinate Measuring Machine concept...15

2.2. Advantages & Disadvantages of Coordinate Measuring Machine...15

2.3. Classification of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)...16

2.4. Structure of Coordinate Measuring Machine...28

2.5. Uses of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)...31

2.6. Working principle of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)...31

2.7. Application of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)...33

2.8. Maintenance instructions of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). .34 <b>REFERENCE MATERIALS...</b>

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 4</span><div class="page_container" data-page="4">

<b>CHAPTER 1: SCAN 3D MACHINE1.1.The 3D scanning machine concept:</b>

3D scanning machine is understood as a method to help capture physical objects in the form of 3D geometry (CAD). 3D scanning machine is one of the major breakthroughs in the industrial revolution 4.0. Thanks to this technology, it is now extremely easy to create products with high accuracy relative to samples.

<i>Fig 1.1: 3D scanning concept</i>

3D scanning machine is a process that determines the surface shape of an object in three dimensions to create a 3D digital model. Scanning 3D objects has opened a new turning point in 3D technology.

Thanks to 3D scanning, any physical model that exists in the world can be modeled with digital data in a short time. Thanks to its high applicability, this technology is applied in many fields from manufacturing, mechanics, archeology, and health to transportation and construction...

<b>1.2.Advantages & Disadvantages of 3D scanners</b>

Advantages of 3D Scanners:

1

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 5</span><div class="page_container" data-page="5">

Precise and Accurate: 3D scanners can capture highly precise and accurate measurements of an object or environment, which can be useful for creating detailed plans or models.

Efficient: Automated 3D scanning processes can be much more efficient than traditional measuring techniques, which can save time and reduce costs.

Non-invasive: Many 3D scanning techniques are non-invasive, which means they do not require physical contact with the object or the environment. This reduces the risk of damage or alteration to the object or environment during the scanning process.

Versatile: 3D scanning can be used in a wide range of applications across various industries, including architecture, engineering, healthcare, and manufacturing.

Cost-effective: Some 3D scanning techniques, such as photogrammetry, can be less expensive than other 3D scanning techniques, making them more accessible to industries or individuals with limited budgets.

Disadvantages of 3D Scanners:

High cost: some 3D scanners are expensive and require skilled professionals to operate them, which can increase the cost of implementing a 3D scanning program.

Data processing: Collecting and processing 3D data can be time-consuming, and software to process the data can also be expensive.

Limited resolution: some 3D scanners have limited resolution, which means they may not be suitable for capturing detailed or complex objects.

Safety concerns: Certain types of 3D scanners, such as those that use X-ray or Gamma rays, can pose a safety risk or require special precautions to use safely.

Specialized knowledge: Some 3D scanning techniques require specialized knowledge or training, which may not be accessible to all users.

Overall, while 3D scanners have many advantages, users should be aware of potential disadvantages and limitations in order to make informed decisions about which type of scanner or technique is well suited for their specific needs.

<b>1.3.Popular types of 3D scanning technology</b>

Structured-light 3D scanner:

2

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 6</span><div class="page_container" data-page="6">

A structured-light 3D scanner is a type of 3D scanning device that uses projected light patterns to capture the 3D geometry of objects or environments. This method involves projecting a known pattern of light onto the subject, which is captured by one or more cameras from different angles. The distortion of the pattern on the object's surface due to its shape is then used to calculate the 3D coordinates of each point on the surface.

<i>Fig 1.2: Structured-light 3D scanner</i>

The pattern can take various forms, such as grids, stripes, or dots, and can be either static or dynamic. With dynamic patterns, projections are quickly switched, allowing for faster scans with a higher level of detail.

Structured-light scanners can be used to scan small to medium-sized objects and are often used in manufacturing, rapid prototyping, reverse engineering, and quality control. They are also used in cultural heritage preservation, medical imaging, and virtual and augmented reality applications. The benefits of structured-light 3D scanners include fast scan times, high levels of accuracy, and ease of use.

Laser 3D scanner:

3

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 7</span><div class="page_container" data-page="7">

This technology works by emitting laser beams onto the surface of an object. Next record the data of the laser on the object surface by the sensor. Easier to understand, when the laser is projected onto the surface of an object with a clear low altitude, the output data will be the low altitude of that laser. Laser 3D scanning technology has been developed through product lines such as handheld 3D scanners.

<i>Fig 1.3: 3D scanning with laser</i>

A Laser 3D scanner is a device that uses laser technology to capture the three-dimensional shape of an object or environment. The scanner emits laser light onto the surface of the object and measures the time it takes for the reflected light to return to the scanner. Based on this information, the scanner can calculate the distance from the scanner to the object surface at each point, creating a point cloud of the object’s surface.

This point cloud can then be processed by specialized software to generate a 3D model of the object. Laser 3D scanners typically have high accuracy and can capture fine details, making them ideal for applications such as reverse engineering, quality control, and inspection in manufacturing industries.

Laser 3D scanners come in different types, such as handheld, tripod-mounted, or robotic arm-mounted, each with its own strengths and limitations. They are also used in applications such as cultural heritage preservation, medical imaging, and virtual and augmented reality. Some of the key benefits of laser 3D scanning include high

4

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 8</span><div class="page_container" data-page="8">

accuracy, fast scanning speeds, and the ability to capture complex shapes and fine details that may be difficult or impossible to measure with traditional methods

X-ray 3D scanner:

An X-ray 3D scanner is a device that uses X-ray technology to capture the three-dimensional structure of an object's internal components. The scanner emits X-rays, which pass through the object and are detected by a sensor on the opposite side. The image captured by the sensor, in combination with specialized software, is used to create a 3D model of the object's internal structure.

X-ray 3D scanners are often used in the fields of non-destructive testing and industrial inspection to detect flaws, voids, or other internal defects in materials that may be difficult or impossible to detect using other methods. They are also widely used in medical imaging to produce three-dimensional images of the human body.

<i>Fig 1.4: X-ray 3D scanner</i>

One of the key advantages of X-ray 3D scanning is the ability to capture accurate and precise data on the internal structure of objects without damaging or altering them. However, X-ray 3D scanning does involve a small amount of radiation exposure, so it must be used with discretion and safety protocols in place.

Overall, X-ray 3D scanners are an effective tool for obtaining detailed and accurate data on the internal structure of objects, and have a wide range of applications in various industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, agriculture, and medical imaging.

Photogrammetry 3D scanner:

5

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 9</span><div class="page_container" data-page="9">

Photogrammetry 3D scanning is a process of capturing three-dimensional data using photographic images. This process involves taking multiple photographs of an object or environment from different angles and positions and then using software to analyze the images to generate a 3D model.

The software uses various techniques such as triangulation, feature matching, and perspective analysis to identify corresponding points in the images and calculate their relative positions. Using this process, the software can generate a 3D point cloud, which can be further processed to create a 3D model.

<i>Fig 1.5: Photogrammetry 3D scanner</i>

Photogrammetry 3D scanning can be done using a single camera or multiple cameras, which can be either fixed or mobile. It is often used in surveying, architectural design, cultural heritage, and virtual reality applications. It can also be used in the film and video game industry for creating realistic visual effects and environments.

One of the main advantages of photogrammetry 3D scanning is that it can capture a large amount of data quickly and efficiently, making it ideal for scanning large areas or objects. It can also be less expensive compared to other 3D scanning techniques, as it does not require specialized equipment.

Overall, photogrammetry 3D scanning is a versatile and effective tool for capturing three-dimensional data from photographic images, and it has a wide range of applications in various industries.

6

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 10</span><div class="page_container" data-page="10">

Thermal 3D scanner:

A thermal 3D scanner is a device that uses infrared technology to capture a three-dimensional representation of an object or environment based on the surface temperature of the object. The scanner emits infrared radiation that is reflected and absorbed by the object, and a sensor measures the amount of heat given off in each location.

Using specialized software, the thermal data is processed to create a 3D model of the object or environment, with variations in temperature represented by changes in color. This makes it possible to see the temperature differences across different surfaces, which can be useful in identifying defects, monitoring temperatures, and detecting objects that are not visible to the naked eye.

Thermal 3D scanners are often used in industries such as construction, manufacturing, and energy, where it is important to detect defects or temperature variations that could cause equipment failure or safety hazards. They are also used in medical imaging, specifically in the evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions.

One of the key benefits of thermal 3D scanning is its ability to detect temperature variations in real time, making it an efficient way to monitor and diagnose potential issues. Additionally, it is a non-contact method, which means that equipment or components do not need to be physically touched or adjusted during the scanning process.

Overall, thermal 3D scanners are a valuable tool for identifying defects, detecting potential problems, and monitoring systems in real time across a variety of industries.

<b>1.4. Application in the life of 3D Scanners:</b>

3D scanners have a wide variety of applications in various industries, as well as in our daily lives. Here are some examples:

7

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 11</span><div class="page_container" data-page="11">

In the design industry: Although it means reverse engineering, the application of 3D scanning technology in the design is to bring files in STL format with triangular mesh data. From that format, the designer will process and reconstruct the accurate 3D model for the most accurate mold, prototyping, or programming support.

<i>Fig 1.6:3D scanning technology and its application in design</i>

Manufacturing: 3D scanners are widely used in the manufacturing industry to capture the precise dimensions of objects and components for product design, quality control, and inspection.

<i>Fig 1.7: 3D scanning technology and applications in the manufacturing industry</i>

Architecture and construction: 3D scanners are used in architecture and construction to capture accurate measurements and create 3D models of buildings, infrastructure, and other structures.

8

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 13</span><div class="page_container" data-page="13">

<i>Fig 1.11: In the field of coordinate surveying</i>

Arts and Entertainment: 3D scanning is increasingly used in the field of entertainment, such as movie making and video game development, to capture 3D models of characters, objects, and environments.

Education and research: 3D scanners are used in the field of education and research to create 3D models of historical artifacts and natural specimens, improving the preservation and accessibility of these items.

Automotive and Aerospace: 3D scanners are used in the automotive and aerospace industries to capture precise measurements and create 3D models of parts and components, for design, testing, and maintenance purposes.

Consumer products: 3D scanners are widely used for customization and personalization of consumer products, such as footwear, glasses, and other clothing items.

Overall, 3D scanners have a broad range of applications in various industries, helping to improve processes, reduce costs, and provide greater accuracy and efficiency in a variety of fields- from manufacturing to healthcare, research to consumer goods.

<b>1.5.Structure of a 3D scanner machine</b>

The structure of a 3D scanner machine can vary depending on the type of scanner and its intended application. However, most 3D scanners have the following basic components:

A camera or sensor: This is the primary component of the scanner that captures data about the object being scanned. Some scanners use a single camera or sensor, while others use multiple cameras or sensors to capture data from different angles.

10

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 14</span><div class="page_container" data-page="14">

<i>Fig 1.12: Optical sensor</i>

A light source: Most 3D scanners use a light source to illuminate the object being scanned, allowing the camera or sensor to capture more accurate data. The type of light source used can vary, with some scanners using lasers, structured light patterns, or even natural light.

A positioning system: To capture accurate data, most 3D scanners need to precisely position the object being scanned and the camera or sensor. This positioning system can be built into the scanner itself or can be an external component.

Data processing software: Once the scanner has captured data about the object, it needs to be processed by specialized software to create a 3D model. This software can be included with the scanner or can be purchased separately.

Display and interface: Many 3D scanners have a built-in display that allows the user to see the scanned data in real time. They also have user-friendly interfaces that allow users to adjust settings and customize the scanning process.

Overall, the components of a 3D scanner work together to capture precise data about an object and create a 3D model that can be used in a variety of applications.

<b>1.6.Working principle of scan3D machine:</b>

11

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 15</span><div class="page_container" data-page="15">

The working principle of a 3D scanning machine is to capture information about an object and create a comprehensive 3D model of it. This process involves the following steps:

Object preparation: First, the object must be prepared for scanning. The object needs to be placed on a calibrated and precisely controlled background.

Scanning the object: Once the object is prepared, the 3D scanning machine will use its light source and camera or sensors to scan the object from multiple angles, capturing the data points to create a 3D point cloud.

Data processing: The 3D point cloud information is imported into data processing software to create a 3D model of the object. The software uses algorithms to create a detailed 3D model with dimensional information, shape, and smaller details.

Create a 3D model: The point cloud data is used to create an accurate 3D model of the object. This 3D model can be exported to file formats such as STL, OBJ or PLY and can be used for 3D printing or for other applications such as simulation and design.

In summary, the working principle of a 3D scanning machine is to collect data points about an object from multiple angles, process that data and create an accurately detailed 3D model of the object. This process provides dimensional information, shape, and detail of the object for use in various applications.

<b>1.7.Technical requirements of a 3D scanner machine</b>

There are several technical requirements that a 3D scanner machine should meet to ensure its efficient and accurate performance. Some of these requirements include:

High Accuracy: A 3D scanner machine must have high accuracy to detect small details in an object and provide accurate measurements in the 3D model. The accuracy of 3D scanning machine should be below 0.1mm for detailed scans.

High Resolution: The 3D scanner machine must have high resolution sensors or cameras to capture high-quality images of the object being scanned. The resolution should be at least 640 x 480 or better for capturing fine details.

12

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 16</span><div class="page_container" data-page="16">

High Speed: The 3D scanner machine should have a high scanning speed to reduce the time taken to scan an object. A high-speed scanner can capture more data points in less time. Scan3D machine should be capable of scanning at a minimum rate of 30 frames per second.

Automatic Calibration: The 3D scanner machine should feature automatic calibration to ensure its accuracy and quality of data. Calibration is essential to align the axis of the sensors and to get the accurate result.

Portability: For ease of use and to increase its usefulness, a 3D scanner machine should be compact and portable to carry it around from one location to another.

User-friendly software: The software used to process the data, such as 3D model creation, should be simple to use with a user-friendly interface to help make the process simpler and faster.

Compatibility: The 3D scanner machine should be compatible with different operating systems to ensure universal use and easy transferring of files to different devices.

In conclusion, a 3D scanner machine should have high accuracy, high resolution, high speed, automatic calibration portability, user-friendly software, and compatibility to ensure efficient, accurate, timely, and mobile 3D scanning operations.

<b>1.8.Maintenance instructions of Scan 3D machine</b>

To ensure the stable operation and longevity of a 3D scanner machine, it is vital to follow the manufacturer's maintenance instructions and recommendations. Below are some general guidelines for the maintenance of the 3D scanner machine:

Regular cleaning of the machine: The scanner should be cleaned frequently to remove any dust, debris, or fingerprints. The lens surface and camera parts should be carefully cleaned and maintained to avoid any contamination or damage.

Ensure proper storage and transportation: The scanner should be stored in its original packaging or a suitable protective case when not in use or during transportation. Avoid exposing the scanner to extreme temperature or humidity changes, as this can lead to damage or inaccurate results.

13

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 17</span><div class="page_container" data-page="17">

Calibrate the scanner: Regular calibration of the scanner is necessary to ensure accurate and consistent results. Calibration can be performed using calibration targets or software provided by the manufacturer. Follow the instructions from the manufacturer for calibration and software updates.

Check for firmware and software updates: Regularly check for any available firmware or software updates provided by the manufacturer to ensure the scanner is up-to-date and to maintain its optimal performance.

Check for wear and tear: Regularly inspect the scanner for signs of wear and tear such as cracks, dents, or scratches on the exterior or lens surface. These types of damage to the scanner can affect the accuracy and result in a loss of data.

Avoid physical damage: The scanner should be protected from physical damage and impacts. Avoid dropping or knocking the scanner, which may cause irreversible damage to the internal and external components.

By following these maintenance guidelines, the 3D scanner machine can last for many years while maintaining its accuracy and performance.

14

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 18</span><div class="page_container" data-page="18">

<b>CHAPTER 2: COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM)2.1. Coordinate Measuring Machine concept</b>

A coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an advanced and versatile measuring device. It is a device that can measure the geometric characteristics of objects with high accuracy, including three-dimensional coordinates, surface profiles, and other critical part features.

The CMM concept relies on a position sensor to measure X, Y, and Z coordinates for specific parts of an object, enabling the creation of a 3D model. Typically, a CMM can use contact or non-contact measurement methods such as laser sensors or machine vision to obtain the 3D model.

<i>Fig 2.1: Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)</i>

CMM machines are commonly used in quality control processes to measure dimensions such as length, width, sample measurement, angle measurement, direction, or depth. Additionally, the machines provide convenience for the sampling or shaping stages during production.

By applying 3D measuring machines, not only can the accuracy of parts or final products be improved, but the inspection process can also be shortened, thus increasing productivity and output for the factory while ensuring the product's quality.

<b>2.2. Advantages & Disadvantages of Coordinate Measuring Machine</b>

Advantages of CMM:

15

</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 19</span><div class="page_container" data-page="19">

High Precision: CMM provides accurate measurement data, making it the best measurement tool for highly precise objects.

Time-Saving: With automatic measurement and scanning features, CMM speeds up the inspection process, reducing the time required to check parts manually.

Accuracy: The computerized nature of CMM reduces the possibility of human error, ensuring measurement accuracy.

Customization: CMM can be customized to meet specific measurement needs, offering flexibility in measurement applications.

Data Analysis: CMM generates data in a format that is easy to understand and analyze, helping to identify any issues in the manufacturing process.

Disadvantages of CMM:

High Cost: The cost of a CMM machine can be high, which may be difficult for small or medium-sized businesses to afford.

Maintenance: CMM requires regular maintenance to ensure proper operation and to keep it in optimal condition.

Complexity: CMM is a complex machine and may require specialized training for operators and programmers.

Environmental Limitations: CMM may be affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibrations, which may affect measurement accuracy.

Size Limitations: CMM size limitations may restrict its ability to measure larger parts, and multiple CMMs may be needed to inspect larger objects.

Overall, CMM is a highly accurate measurement tool that saves time, provides data analysis, and improves manufacturing processes. However, the cost, maintenance, and environmental limitations may make it less suitable for all manufacturing

<b>2.3. Classification of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM).</b>

CMMs are classified based on various criteria, including structure, measurement method, size, and accuracy. Here are some main classifications:

According to the structure:

16

</div>