CONTENT
Topic 16

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ

Topic 17

Liên từ

Topic 18

Từ nối

Topic 19

So sánh

Topic 20

Mạo từ

Topic 21

Giới từ

Topic 22

Sự kết hợp từ loại với giới từ

Topic 23

Từ chỉ số lượng

Topic 24

Đảo ngữ

Topic 25

Ngữ âm

Topic 26

Giao tiếp

Topic 27

Cụm động từ

Topic 28

Cụm từ cố đinh

Topic 29

Idioms

Topic 30

Đồng nghĩa và trái nghĩa



TOPIC 16.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
(Mệnh đề trạng ngữ)

PART 1. GRAMMAR

 Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề tương phản)
 Although: mặc dù
 Cấu trúc 1
Although / Though / Even though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
Example:
 Although he has plenty of money, he doesn’t spend much.
= He doesn’t spend much although he has plenty of money.

 Chú ý:
 Although: dùng trong văn phong trang trọng.
 Though: dùng trong vân phong thân một.
 Even though: dùng để nhấn mạnh, mang nghĩa “thậm chí”.
 “Though” có thể đứng ở cuối câu, tách ra bởi dấu phẩy, mang nghĩa “tuy nhiên”.
Example:
 She has a driving licence. She rarely drives, though.
 Cấu trúc 2
Khi chủ ngữ trong 2 mệnh đề giống nhau (S1 = S2), động từ (V) trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ là “to be”
 Có thể lược bỏ “to be” và “ S” trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ.
Although / Though / Even though + S1 + to be + N/ Adj/ PII, S2 + V2
= Although / Though / Even though + N/ Adj/ PII, S2 + V2
Examples:

 Although she was a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport.
= Although a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport.
 Though he was intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem.
= Though intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem.
 He continued keep silent even though he was badly treated.
= He continued keep silent even though badly treated.
 Despite / in spite of: mặc dù
 Cấu trúc 1


Despite / In spite of + Ving/N, S + V
Examples:
 In spite of feeling ill, she came to work.
= She came to work in spite of feeling ill.
 Despite her beautiful voice, she never became a singer.
= She never became a singer despite her beautiful voice.
 Cấu trúc 2
Despite / In spite of + the fact that + S1 + V2, S2 + V2
S1 + V1, despite / in spite of + this, S2 + V2
Example:
 Despite the fact that we had an appointment, the man didn’t show up.
= The man didn’t show up despite the fact that we had an appointment.
 Laura is poor, despite this, she is happy with her life.
 Much as / Much though: mặc dù
Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= Much as / Much though + S1 + V2, S2 + V2
 Chú ý: Although = even though = though = much as = much though
Example:
 Although I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior.
= Much as/much though I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior.

 But / While / Whereas: tuy nhiên
S1 + V1 + (,) but + S2 + V2
= S1 + V1, while / whereas + S2 + V2
Example:
 I like travelling by plane, while /whereas my sister doesn’t.
= I like travelling by plane but my sister doesn’t.
 Adj/Adv + as / though: mặc dù (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)
Although + S1 + V1 + adj / adv, S2 + V2
= Adj/Adv + as/though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
Examples:
 Although she is beautiful, she can’t get married.
= Beautiful as /though she is, she can’t get married.
 Although I ran quickly, I couldn’t catch up with her.
= Quickly as /though I ran, I couldn’t catch up with her.


 Emphatic form: cấu trúc nhấn mạnh mang nghĩa “mặc dù, cho dù“
Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= V(bare infinitive) + as + S1 + auxiliary, S2 + V2
Example:
 Although he tried, he didn’t succeed.
= Try as he did, he didn’t succeed.
 No matter...: mặc dù..., cho dù... thế nào đi nữa
 Cấu trúc 1
No matter how + adj/ adv + S + V
= However + adj/ adv + S + V
Examples:
 However hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time.
= No matter how hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time.
 However intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter.

= No matter how intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter.
 Cấu trúc 2
No matter what + S + V
= Whatever+ S + V
Example:
 Whatever he says, nobody believes him anymore.
= No matter what he says, nobody believes him anymore.

 Clause of Reason (Mệnh đề nguyên nhân)
 Because: bởi vì
Because + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
Example:
 Because Jack is a good man, I love him.
= I love Jack because he is a good man.
 Since: bởi vì
Since/As/Now that Given that/ On the grounds that + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
Example:
 As the weather is fine, we decide to go for a walk.
 Now that the kids grow up, you should teach them how to behave properly.


 For: bởi vì
S1 + V1, for S2 + V2
Example:
 I was waiting for him, for he was going to bring me some news.
 Because of: bởi vì
 Cấu trúc 1
Because of/On account of/ In view of + Ving / N, S + V
Example:
 Because of the heavy rain, we couldn’t go out.

= We couldn’t go out because of the heavy rain.
 Cấu trúc 2
Example:
 Because of the fact that it rained heavily, we couldn’t go out.
= We couldn’t go out because of the fact that it rained heavily.
 Owing to / Due to / Thanks to: bởi vì, do, nhờ vào
 Cấu trúc 1
Owing to
Due to
Thanks to
Examples:

+ Ving / N, S + V

bởi vì
do, tại (nguyên nhân xấu)
nhờ vào, nhờ có

 Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies.
 Due to snowing heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday.
 Thanks to her help, I could get good marks.
 Cấu trúc 2
Owing to
Due to
Thanks to
Examples:

the fact that S1 + V1, S2 + V2

bởi vì

do, tại (nguyên nhân xấu)
nhờ vào, nhờ có

 Owing to the fact that he was ill, he could not continue with his studies.
 Due to the fact that it snowed heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday.

 Clause of Result (Mệnh đề kết quả)
 Such ... that
 Cấu trúc 1
S1+ V1 + such + (a/an) + (adj) + N + that + S2 +V2
Example:


 He was such a wise man that everyone respected him.
 I met such nice people that we got to know each other very quickly.
 Cấu trúc 2
S1 + V1 + such + a lot of + N + that + S2 + V2
Example:
 This car costs such a lot of money that we’re considering buying it.
 So ... that
 Cấu trúc 1
S1+ V1 + so + adj/adv + that + S2 +V2
Example:
 The fog was so thick that we couldn’t see the street.
 Cấu trúc 2
It + be + so + adj + a/an + N + that + S2 + V2
Example:
It was so boring a film that I nearly fell asleep.
 Cấu trúc 3
S1+ V1 + so + many/ much/few/little + (N) + that + S2 + V2

Example:
 He had made so many mistakes that he had to write his essay again.
 James drank so much that he couldn’t control his behaviour.
 Too ...to (quá... để)
 Cấu trúc 1
S + be + too + Adj + (for SB) + to V
Example:
 This exercise is too difficult for me to do.
 Cấu trúc 2
S + V + too + Adv + (for SB) + to V
Example:
 The thief ran too fast for us to catch up with.
 Enough ... to (Đủ ... để)
 Cấu trúc 1
S + be + Adj + enough + (for SB) +to V
Example:
 This house isn’t big enough for US to stay in.


 Cấu trúc 2
S + V + Adv + enough + (for SB) + to V
Example:
 Our team didn’t train enough to fight against our opponent.
 Cấu trúc 3
S + V + enough + N + (for SB) + to V
Example:
 Luckily, I have enough money to buy this laptop.
 So / Therefore: vì vậy
S1 + V1, so / therefore + (S2) + V2
= S2 + V2 + and so / therefore + (S2) + V2

Example:
 He had enough qualifications, so he got the job.
 She’s only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote.
 As a result of/ consequence of...
 Cấu trúc 1
As a result of/ As a consequence of + Ving / N, S + V: vì ... nên ...
Example:
 As a result of his repeated mistakes, he lost his job.
 Cấu trúc 2
S + V + as a result of/ as a consequence of + Ving / N: là kết quả, hậu quả của ...
Example:
 He lost his job as a result of his repeated mistakes.

 Clause of Purpose (Mệnh đề mục đích)
 Full infinitive: để...
S + V + (not) to V + O
Example:
 I just called to offer you a good job.
 I get up early not to go to school late.
 In order to/ So as to: để...
 Dùng khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động.
S + V + so as (not) to/ in order (not) to + V


Example:
 We’re saving money in order to buy a new bike.
 He walked quietly so as not to wake up the baby.
 So that/ in order that: để ...
 Dùng khi hai chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động khác nhau.
Hiện tại, tương lai: S + V + so that + S + can/may/will + V

Quá khứ: S + V + so that + S + could/might/would + V
Example:
 He whispered his secret to me so that nobody else could hear it.
 Please close the door so that the cat can’t come in.
 With a view to, ...: nhằm mục đích, mục tiêu
S + V + with a view to/ with the aim of/ with the intention of + (not) Ving
Example:
 Jim studies hard with a view to getting a scholarship.
 They tried to study hard with the aim of not failing the final exam.
 For: để...
 Dùng để đưa ra dự định của cá nhân; mục đích sử dụng của vật.
S + V + for + Ving / N
Example:
 Tony went to the pub for a drink.
 I use the electric knife for cutting meat.
 For fear: vì sợ ...
 Cấu trúc 1
For fear of + N/ Ving, S + V: Vì sợ
Example:
 For fear of waking the guards, we spoke guietly.
= We spoke guietly for fear of waking the guards.
 Cấu trúc 2
For fear (that) + S1 + V1, S2 + V2: Vì sợ rằng...
Example:
 For fear that he got bad marks, he tried hard to study.
= He tried hard to study for fear that he got bad marks.

 Clause of Time (Mệnh đề thời gian)



 Hai cấu trúc cơ bân của mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:




Adverb + S1 +V1, S2 + V2

S2 +V2 + adverb + S1 + V1

Mệnh đề thời gian, Mệnh đề chính

Mệnh đề chính + mệnh đề thời gian

 Sự phối hợp giữa động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
 WHEN (khi)
QKĐ when QKĐ
TLĐ/HTĐ when QKĐ
QKTD when QKĐ
QKHT when QKĐ

The light turned on when I came into the room.
I’ll phone you when I arrive at the airport.
Jane was talking on the phone when I arrived.
Tony had already eaten dinner when she called.

 WHILE / AS (trong khi)
QKĐ while/as QKTD
QKTD while QKTD

I met my old friend while I was walking home.

I was reading books while Laura was playing the violin.

 BEFORE (trước khi)
QKHT before QKĐ
QKĐ before QKĐ

I had left before Lucy came.
I left before Lucy came.

 AFTER (sau khi)
QKĐ after QKĐ
TLĐ/TLHT after HTĐ

She got a job after she had graduated.
She’ll get a job after she graduates.

 BY THE TIME (vào lúc)
QKHT after QKĐ
Sam had already left by the time we arrived.
TLHT after HTĐ
We’ll have finished our work by the time he comes here.
 UNTIL / TILL (cho đến khi)
QKĐ until/till QKĐ
I stayed there until my brother finished his work.
TLĐ/HTĐ until/till HTĐ
I’ll wait till my brother finishes his work.
 SINCE (kể từ khi)
HTHT since QKĐ

I haven’t seen Jose since she moved to America.


 AS SOON AS/ONCE (ngay sau khi)
TLĐ/HTĐ as soon as/once HTĐ/HTHT
QKĐ as soon as/once QKĐ

I will leave as soon as it stops raining.
As soon as I left the house, it burned.

 WHENEVER / EVERYTIME (bất kể khi nào)
HTĐ whenever/everytime HTĐ
She cries whenever I see her.
QKĐ whenever/everytime QKĐ
We listened to music everytime we felt tired.


 NO SOONER...THAN / HARDLY...WHEN
No sooner + had + S + PII + than S + Vpast No sooner had I arrived home than Jack called
Hardly + had + S + PII + than S + Vpast

me.
Hardly had I arrived home when Jack called me.

PART 2. PRACTICE
A. CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE (Tự luận)
Exercise 1: Fill in "although / though / despite / in spite of".
1. She went out ________ she was tired.
2. ________ the snow, she went downtown.
3. She managed to do her homework ________ it was very difficult.
4. She didn’t have much money, she enjoyed window shopping, ________.
5. The stores are full of shoppers ________ the crisis.

6. We really want to go to Pizza Company ________ it’s a bit late.
7. ________ the fact that he worked hard, he couldn’t afford to buy a new house.
8. ________ she loved him, she couldn’t stand his behavior.
9. She bought the expensive dress ________ she was aware that she wouldn’t be able to
pay for other things for the rest of the month.
10. They are very rich, they are really mean, ________.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets.
1. She kept trying even though she was aware she wouldn’t win. (In spite of)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. Despite having a terrible headache, my mom finished marking the students’ papers.
(Although)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. Anna has caught a cold; however, she didn’t say anything to her mom. (Despite)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. In spite of the heat, I took my coat. (fact)
__________________________________________________________________________


_
5. I tried to convince her. I didn’t succeed, though. (Although)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. She kept writing even though she knew she wouldn’t finish her essay in time. (In spite
of)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. Despite being famous, she acted like a normal person. (Although)

__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. Poor as Mary was, she tried to raise her child. (Though)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. Although it was raining, I didn’t take an umbrella. (Despite)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. I don’t like horror films, but I went to the cinema anyway. (Although)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 3: Rewrite the Following sentences using the word in brackets.
1. David is very rich, but he isn’t happy. (though)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. He often tells lies, but many people still believe him. (although)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. When bad things happen, she always keeps calm. (despite)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. Although it got dark, we continued with our work. (much)
__________________________________________________________________________


_
5. They drove home although the weather was bad. (however)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. Although many people know the harm of smoking, they can’t give it up. (spite)

__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. He was not successful though he tried hard. (no matter)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. Laura was ill, she still went to the conference yesterday. (fact)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. In spite of working overtime, Jack wasn’t paid enough money. (although)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. The little girl plays the piano very skillfully, few people vote for her. (as)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 4: Fill in "because / because of".
1. Mary doesn’t want to go out with her friend tonight __________ her flu.
2. I don’t eat bananas __________ I don’t like them.
3. The streets were crowded yesterday __________ the concert.
4. We couldn’t sleep __________ the noise outside.
5. All the flights were delayed __________ the heavy storm.
6. I think I should get a taxi __________ I am in a hurry now.
7. Anna feels sick __________ she ate too much cake.
8. My mother is always complaining __________ the untidiness of my room.
9. All the passengers felt tired __________ the long journey.
10. We decided to leave early __________ the film was boring.
Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets.
1. The fans were really disappointed. The actor didn’t perform as well as they had


expected. (since)

__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. The harvest couldn’t start. It rained heavily. (due)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. Our teacher hasn’t marked the exams yet. She hasn’t had much time afterschool.
(because)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. Mary didn’t buy these shoes. They didn’t suit her. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
5. Our neighbours were having a party last night. We couldn’t sleep well. (owing)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. Tony helped me with my homework, I wasn’t be punished. (thanks)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_

7. They had to put some warm clothes on. The weather got terribly cold at night. (because


of)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. The play was boring and difficult to understand. The audience didn’t like it. (fact)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. The tour guide has changed today’s schedule without prior warning. Most travellers are
angry. (account)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. The number of robberies has increased dramatically. A new law has been implemented.
(as)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using the word In brackets.
1. They stayed at home because of the heavy snow. (as)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. The rate of unemployment will rise. Lots of factories are closing down. (since)

__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. Because Janet is too lazy, her teacher wants her to be more hardworking. (because of)
__________________________________________________________________________
_


4. Anna stayed home because she had a broken leg. (due to)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
5. Peter’s mother won’t forgive him. He lied about his school marks. (because).
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. There’s an underground strike today. We’re walking to work. (owing to)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. Tony swallowed a fish bone. He had to go to the hospital. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. Prices are higher and higher. It’s hard for people to save money. (because)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. Our flight was cancelled. We missed our Christmas dinner with our family. (ground)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. The project has been successful as we worked hard. (thanks)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets.
1. It was an easy question. Many students could answer it. (such)

__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. It was a hot day. The children played on the beach all day. (such)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. Antony is very ill. He can’t come to class tomorrow. (so)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. I bought an interesting book. I’ve read it twice. (such)


__________________________________________________________________________
_
5. His ankle hurt very badly. He couldn’t walk for weeks. (so)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. The hamburger is very delicious. He can’t help eating it immediately, (such)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. She was late. She couldn’t have breakfast. (too)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. It is very cold. We cannot play outside. (too)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. She hasn’t got much money. She can’t go to Korea. (enough)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. The girls were so exhausted that they couldn’t eat their meal. (too)
__________________________________________________________________________

_
Exercise 8: Rewrite the Following sentences using the word in brackets.
1. The weather was very hot. We stayed at home all day. (so)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. Jane can’t go on holidays because she is too busy. (such...that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. They didn’t go to the concert because there were few tickets. (so...that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_4. I must go to the market tomorrow morning because I forgot to buy butter. (and
therefore)
__________________________________________________________________________


_
5. They spent too much money. They went bankrupt. (result)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. It was a very expensive book. I couldn’t afford to buy it. (so...that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. He is so careless that he made a lot of mistakes on his test. (consequence)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. I was very tired because I had worked all day long. (so)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. Janet won the prize because she practised regularly. (result)
__________________________________________________________________________

_
10. Tony is a funny boy. As a result, he makes all the students laugh. (such ... that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 9: Rewrite the following sentences.
1. We hurried because we didn’t want to miss the bus. (to)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. I eat less because I don’t want to gain weight. (as)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. She is learning English because she wants a better job. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. They went to the supermarket. They wanted to buy meat and vegetables. (so that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_


5. Susan works hard. She wants to get rich. (order)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. Williams lent me the dictionary. He wanted me to look for the difficult words. (so that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. They arrived early. They didn’t want to miss the beginning of the film. (order)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
8. I gave him a map. He would be able to find the way. (so that)
__________________________________________________________________________

_
9. Mary phoned yesterday. She wanted to invite me to her birthday party. (as)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. We walk to the park every evening since we want to relax. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 10: Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets.
1. She came here early. She wanted to meet the headteacher. (to)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. I went to a study centre to have English lessons. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
3. She opened her box. She wanted her friends to see Henry’s gift. (so that)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
4. We’ll take a raincoat so that we won’t get wet. (fear)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
5. She didn’t buy any clothes. She wanted to save money for the business course. (aim)


__________________________________________________________________________
_
6. Linda couldn’t see the blackboard clearly. She changed seats. (order)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
7. She went to the shopping mall so she could buy herself a new dress. (as)
__________________________________________________________________________

_
8. They went to the fitness center to have yoga lessons. (for)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
9. They went to Paris. They wanted to find a new job. (view)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
10. We save a lot of money to travel around the world. (intention)
__________________________________________________________________________
_
Exercise 11: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
1. I will send you an e-mail as soon as I _________ (get) to Australia.
2. Come to see me whenever you _________ (want).
3. She went to bed after she _________ (finish) her homework.
4. They stopped talking when I _________ (come) in.
5. No sooner _________ he _________ (close) the door than the alarm went off.
6. Don’t forget to shut the windows before you _________ (leave).
7. The children will not play in the garden until it _________ (stop) raining.
8. She was cleaning while he _________ (fix) their son’s bike.
9. They had left by the time she _________ (wake) up.
10. They were having fun while their mother _________ (watch) them.
11. He had already finished his homework when his friends _________ (call) him.
12. Tell Susan to be ready at 7.00 as soon as you _________ (see) her.
13. By the time dinner _________ (be) cooked, I felt really exhausted.
14. David quit his job after he _________ (find) a better one.