WINDTUNNELSAND
EXPERIMENTALFLUID
DYNAMICSRESEARCH
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EditedbyJorgeColmanLerner
andUlfilasBoldes
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Wind Tunnels and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research
Edited by Jorge Colman Lerner and Ulfilas Boldes


Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Wind Tunnels and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research, Edited by Jorge Colman Lerner
and Ulfilas Boldes
p. cm.
978-953-307-623-2

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Contents

Preface XI
Part 1 Wind Tunnel Facilities and Experiments
in Incompressible Flow 1
Chapter 1 Optimal Processing of Wind Tunnel Measurements
in View of Stochastic Structural Design of Large
Flexible Structures 3
Nicolas Blaise and Vincent Denoël
Chapter 2 Wire Robot Suspension Systems for Wind Tunnels 29
Tobias Bruckmann, Christian Sturm and Wildan Lalo
Chapter 3 Wind Tunnels for the Study of Particle Transport 51
Keld Rømer Rasmussen, Jonathan Peter Merrison and Per Nørnberg
Chapter 4 Wind Tunnel Flutter Testing of Composite T-Tail Model
of a Transport Aircraft with Fuselage Flexibility 75
Raja Samikkannu and A. R. Upadhya
Chapter 5 Wind Tunnel: A Tool to Test the Flight
Response to Semiochemicals 89
Yooichi Kainoh
Chapter 6 Flow Visualization in Wind Tunnels 99
Muzafferuddin Mahmood
Chapter 7 Components of a Wind Tunnel Balance:
Design and Calibration 115

Miguel A. González, José Miguel Ezquerro,
Victoria Lapuerta, Ana Laverón and Jacobo Rodríguez
Chapter 8 Wind Tunnel ‘Concept of Proof’ Investigations
in the Development of Novel Fluid Mechanical
Methodologies and Devices 135
N. Findanis and N.A. Ahmed
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Air Speed Measurement Standards
Using Wind Tunnels 173
Sejong Chun
Chapter 10 Low Speed Turbulent Boundary
Layer Wind Tunnels 197
U. Boldes, J. Colman, J. Marañón Di Leo and J.S. Delnero
Chapter 11 Wind Tunnels in Engineering Education 235
Josué Njock Libii
Chapter 12 The Importance of Turbulence in Assessment
of Wind Tunnel Flow Quality 261
Mojtaba Dehghan Manshadi
Part 2 Building Dynamics, Flow Control
and Fluid Mechanics 279
Chapter 13 The Use of Wind Tunnel Measurements in
Building Design 281
Dat Duthinh and Emil Simiu
Chapter 14 Tall Buildings Under Multidirectional Winds:
Response Prediction and Reduction 301
Aly Mousaad Aly, Alberto Zasso and Ferruccio Resta
Chapter 15 Wind Tunnel Tests on the Horn-Shaped
Membrane Roof 325
Yuki Nagai, Akira Okada,

Naoya Miyasato and Masao Saitoh
Chapter 16 Sport Aerodynamics: On the Relevance
of Aerodynamic Force Modelling
Versus Wind Tunnel Testing 349
Caroline Barelle
Chapter 17 Active and Passive Control of Flow Past a Cavity 369
Seiichiro Izawa
Chapter 18 Aerodynamic Parameters on a Multisided Cylinder for
Fatigue Design 395
Byungik Chang
Chapter 19 A New Methodology to Preliminary Design
Structural Components of Re-Entry
and Hypersonic Vehicles 409
Michele Ferraiuolo and Oronzio Manca
Contents VII

Part 3 Aerodynamic Field Measurements
and Real Full Scale Analysis 427
Chapter 20 A Computer-assisted Wind Load Evaluation System
for the Design of Cladding of Buildings: A Case Study
of Spatial Structures 429
Yasushi Uematsu
Chapter 21 Monitoring of Soil Surface under Wind and
Water Erosion by Photogrammetry 447
Shigeoki Moritani, Tahei Yamamoto, Henintsoa Andry,
Mitsuhiro Inoue, Taku Nishimura, Haruyuki Fujimaki,
Reiji Kimura and Hirotaka Saito
Chapter 22 Public Square Design with Snow and Wind
Simulations Using Wind Tunnel 463
Tsuyoshi Setoguchi

Part 4 Turbulent Structure Analysis 479
Chapter 23 The Study of Details Effects in Cycling Aerodynamics:
Comparison Between Two Different
Experimental Approaches 481
Giuseppe Gibertini, Gabriele Campanardi,
Donato Grassi and Luca Guercilena
Chapter 24 Relationships between Large-Scale Coherent Motions
and Bursting Events in a Turbulent Boundary Layer 493
Yasuhiko Sakai, Kouji Nagata and Hiroki Suzuki
Chapter 25 Wavelet Analysis to Detect Multi-Scale
Coherent Eddy Structures and Intermittency
in Turbulent Boundary Layer 509
Jiang Nan
Part 5 Wind Tunnels in Compressible Flow 535
Chapter 26 Evaluation of Local Effects of Transitional Knudsen
Number on Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interactions 537
R. Votta, G. Ranuzzi, M. Di Clemente, A. Schettino and M. Marini
Chapter 27 Investigation on Oblique Shock Wave Control by Surface
Arc Discharge in a Mach 2.2 Supersonic Wind Tunnel 553
Yinghong Li and Jian Wang
Chapter 28 Investigations of Supersonic Flow
around a Long Axisymmetric Body 569
M.R. Heidari, M. Farahani, M.R. Soltani and M. Taeibi-Rahni
VIII Contents

Chapter 29 SCIROCCO Plasma Wind Tunnel: Synergy between
Numerical and Experimental Activities for Tests on
Aerospace Structures 585
Rosario Borrelli and Adolfo Martucci
Chapter 30 Study of Turbulent Supersonic Flow Based

on the Optical and Acoustic Measurements 607
Viktor Banakh, Dmitri Marakasov,
Ruvim Tsvyk and Valeri Zapryagaev
Chapter 31 Guidance of a Supersonic Projectile by
Plasma-Actuation Concept 629
Patrick Gnemmi and Christian Rey
Chapter 32 Wind Tunnel Experiments for Supersonic
Optical-electrical Seeker’s Dome Design 661
Qun Wei, Hongguang Jia, Ming Xuan and Zhenhai Jiang
Chapter 33 Design, Execution and Rebuilding of a Plasma
Wind Tunnel Test Compared with an Advanced
Infrared Measurement Technique 685
Marco Di Clemente, Giuseppe Rufolo,
Francesco Battista and Adolfo Martucci























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Preface

Themostimportantfactrelatedwithfluidmotionistounderstandthefluidpatterns,
and the flow structure‐vortices, recirculation zones, high mix regions, poor mix re‐
gions,calmregions,tonameafew.Moreover,mostoftheflowshaveturbulentchar‐
acteristics and turbulence remains one of the unsolved problems in ph
ysics. No one
knows how to obtain stochastic solutions to the well‐posed set of partial differential
equationsthatgovernturbulentflows.
Averaging those non linear equations to obtain statistical quantities always leads to
more unknowns than equations, and ad‐hoc modeling is then necessary to solve the
problem. So, exc
eptfor afew rarecases,first‐principle analyticalsolutionsto thetur‐
bulencephenomenaarenotpossible.
During the last years, the trend for describing unsteady turbulent flow problems by
meansofnumericalsimulationmethodologies,basedonbasic building blockslikeel‐
emental eddies and vortices, has increased. The objecti

ve is to achieve more realistic
representationsofkeyaspectsofthedynamicpatternoftheoncomingturbulentstruc‐
tures.These computationalmodels arevery dependentupon thequalityand amount
ofexperimentaldataobtainedinrealflowprocessesoratleastinrepresentativewind
tunnelexperiments.
Typically, flows exhibit ti
me dependent distinctive flow structures which can be de‐
scribedbyanacceptableamountofpatternrelatedsimplerelations.
Theexperimentallydetectedflowpatternsofthesestructurescanfacilitatetheidentifi‐
cationoftheirgeometricalanddynamicbehavior.Differentpatternrecognitionproce‐
dures based on visualizations techniques, PIV velocimetry,conditional sampling,
POD and dive
rse detection algorithms are used to recognize and describe the main
flowpatternsandtheirevolution.
Itisknownthatadirectcorrelationbetweentheinstantaneousaerodynamicbehavior
ofwingsandbodies interactingwith oncoming particularvortexstructurescannotbe
determined with commonly used statistics methods disregarding pattern related as‐
pects of the im
pinging flow structures. Unsteady aerodynamics should focus on the
diversechangingflow‐patternaspectsofaflow.Duringrealflowexperienceswithina
giventimerecord,numerousturbulentstructuresmaygoby.
XII Preface

Inparticular aerodynamicproblems, themost representativeturbulent structuresim‐
mersed in the oncoming wind must be previously identified in order to reproduce
theminwindtunnelexperiments.Amainobjectiveinunsteadyboundarylayerwind
tunnelaerodynamicsistherealisticreproductionofthedynamicresponseofabodyto
approaching i
ndividual turb
ulent structures immersed in the oncoming wind. It is a

complexproblemassociated withvarious spaceandtime scalesinvolvedin the  flow.
Fora wingin somecases,a particularvortex structureembeddedin theapproaching
windproducing intense  turbulentvelocityfluctuations mayonlyenhance instantane‐
ousReynoldsstresseswithoutsignificantchan
gesintheliftforces.
Intherange ofhigh velocity flow,i.e.forMachnumber equalorgreater than0.5, the
complexphenomenaassociatedwithcompressiblesubsonicandtransonicflowsoften
requires experimentation. The same holds true for supersonic and hypersonic flows,
including the interaction between shocks and com
pressible boundary lay
er and
boundarylaye rtransition,tomentiononly apartofthehugecompressiblephenome‐
na.ResearchersdevelopedverygoodCFDcodesinthisareaofknowledge,butthene‐
cessitytoperformexperimentstovalidatethenumericalresults,particularlythosere‐
latedwithcompressionwaves,shockwaves,isentropicwaves,compressibleboundary
layers, laminar‐turbulent transition, hypersonic phenomena remains high and the
maintoolisthecompressibleflowwindtunnel,either,transonic,supersonicorhyper‐
sonic.
Ingeneral ,theexperimentallydetectedflowpatternscanfacilitatetheidentificationof
geometricalanddynamicrelations.Differentpatternrecognitionproceduresbasedon
visualizations techniques, PIV vel
ocimetry, conditional sampling, POD and diverse
detectionalgorithmsareusedtorecognizeanddescribethemainflowpatternsandits
evolution.
Duetoallofthereasonsexposed,performingexperimentsbecomesnecessaryinstud‐
ying fluid  flows. Such experiments can be “in situ”, that is, in real situations of the
flowandinlaboratories,us
ingwindtunnelsandanyotherscientificinstrumentasso‐
ciated with it, like constant temperature anemometers, PIV equipment pressure sys‐
tems, balances,etc. At thoseoccasions when performing “in‐situ” experiments isnot

possible,researchersmustemploythewindtunnels.Butinanycase,theexperimental
partoftheworkisalwaysessential.
TheEditorsofthisbookwishtopresentthelecturersandresearchersworldwidewith
a set of chapters dealing with realistic and representative experiments in fluids and
practical criteria appliedby the researchers  inone of the essential fluid dynamic and
aerodynamictool‐
thewindtunnel.
Dr.JorgeColmanLernerandDr.UlfilasBoldes
BoundaryLayer&EnvironmentalFluidDynamicsLaboratory,EngineeringFaculty,
NationalUniversityofLaPlata,
Argentina