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PHAN TICH TAC DQNG CUA CAC
NHAN TO ANH HlJdNG DEN MlTC DO
HANH PHtJC CUA NGlTCJl DAN VIET NAM
• HOANG TH! THANH TAM - DINH THf HANH

TOM TXT:
Bai vie't xem xet cdc ye'u td' anh hffdng den "mffc do hanh phuc" ciJa ngffdi dan Viet Nam
nhff: Tudi tdc, gidi tinh, sffc khde, trinh do hpc vS'n, tinh trang hdn nhan, Ihu nhdp, khu vffc, cac
ye'u td thupc vo'n xa hpi - nhff niem lin, md'i quan he ban be... - cua ngffdi dan. Dong thdi, bdi
vie't cung dffa ra cdc gpi y chinh sach nham nang cao mffc dd hanh phffc cua ngffdi dan Viel Nam.
Tuf khoa: Hanh phuc, xa hdi, ngffdi dan, Vidt Nam.

I.D3tv3'nd^
Cd rat nhieu khdi niem, dinh nghTa ve hanh
phuc, tuy nhien hau hd't cdc nghidn cffu trffdc day
ve hanh phuc chu yd'u mang tinh dinh tinh va
chu quan.
"Hanh phuc" la thuat ngff chi sff thffdng xuydn
cd nhffng cam xuc tich cffc, sff hai long cao vdi
cupc sd'ng. Hanh phuc vd'n la mdt Men iffdng chu
quan nen cd the ddnh gia nd qua sff ddnh gia chu
quan ci3a khach the'. Do dd, do Iffdng hanh phuc la
mdt va'n di khd trffu tffdng, kho nam bat vi nd phu
thupc nhieu vao sff cam nhan 6 trong cdc hoan
canh khac nhau.
Tren thd' gidi da co nhieu nghien cffu ve hanh
phuc, nhu: Feelmg Good: The Science of WellBeing cua C. Robert Cloninger (2004). Happiness:
A New Perspective cua James Hadley (2013),...
Cf Viet Nam, cung cd mot so' nghien cffu \e

hanh phuc nhff: "Cam nhan hanh phuc ciia ngffdi
ndng ddn" cua Phan Thi Mai Hffdng (2014); "Cam
nhan hanh phiic cua sinh \ien" cua Hoang Thi
Trang(2015),..
Co th^ thay. cdc van de lidn quan de'n mffc dp
hanh phiic cua ngffdi dan ludn dffde xa hoi quan
104 So 16-Thang 7/2020

tam. Nghidn cffu ve cdc van de nay se gdp ph^n
nang cao mffc dp hanh phuc cua ngffdi dan, tff dd
gdp phan cai thien chd't Iffdng cudc song, kinh te*
cua moi qud'c gia.
Bai vidt nghien cffu mffc dp hanh phffc cua
ngffdi dan vdi vide so sanh mffc diu nhap tffdng doi
cung vdi cac bie'n dpc lap khdc nhff: Thu nhap trung
binh, sffc khde, y td', giao due,,..
2. So'li^u nghien cihi va cac bid'n so
2.1. So lieu nghien cdu
Doi tffdng nghidn cffu la 3311 chu hp cua cdc hd
gia dinh dUdc chon nglu nhidn vdi pham vi khdng
gian trdn 12 tinh la: Ha Tay, Lao Cai, Phu Thp, Lai
Chdu, Didn Bien, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Khdnh
Hoa, Dak Lak. Dak Ndng, Lam Dong, Long An.
Pham vi thdi gian la nam 2016.
Bang cau hdi bao gom thdng tin nhan khau hpc
nhu Viing, gidi tinh. tudi, thu nhap, sffc khoe.., cd
sd ha tang, tiep can cac dich vu va chffdng trinh
phdt irien. Bang cau hoi hp gia dinh bao gom: Danh
sdch hd gia dinh, dac diem chung ciia cac thanh
Mdn va nha d; vide lam; chi tieu thffe pham, tie't

ki?m va tin dung, cu soV va riii ro dd'i phd. di cff, ket
ndi chinh \j\ \ a vd'n xa hdi.


QUAN TRj-QUANLY

2.2. Cdc biin so (Bdng 1)
Bid'n phu thudc "Mdc do hanh phuc" - HP: La sif
tff cam nh|n cua ngffdi dan vi mffc do hanh phuc
vdi 4 mffc: Tha't vpng, khdng hai long, hdi long, rat
hai long.
Cac bien dpc lap:
"Mdc thu nhdp"- TN: Thu nhdp binh quan dIu
ngffdi trong hd, ddn vi 1.000 dong/nam.
"Chinh lich thu nhdp"- TN _CL vdi 2 mffc: Nho
hdn mffc trung binh va Idn hdn mffc trung binh so
vdi ngffdi dSn cung dia phffdng.
"Mdc dap dng viyti cua diaphucfng"- YTE vdi
5 mffc: Khdng cd dich vu, rd't thie'u/ye'u so vdi nhu
cau, thid'u/yd'u so vdi nhu cau, ve cd ban ddpffngdu
nhu can, ddpffngtot.
"Mice dap ling ve gido due cua dia phuang" - GD
vdi 5 mffc: Khdng cd dich vu, rat thie'u/ye'u so vdi
nhu c^u, thie'u/ye'u so vdi nhu c^u, ve cd ban dap
ffng du nhu clu, ddpffngtd't.
"Chinh tri"- CHINH_TRI vdi 2 mffc: Khdng hai
long va cd hai long vdi cudc sd'ng.
Ngodi ra, cdc dac trung nhan khau hoc cung

dffde xem la cd anh hffdng de'n sff cam nhan vi

hanh phuc cua ngu'di dan:
"Tinh trang si2c khoe"- SK vdi 4 mffc: R^t khde,
binh thu'dng, khong khoe lam, ra't ye'u.
"Tuoi" - TUOI: Tudi d day dffde lay la tudi cua
chu hp.
"Gidi tinh" - GIOITINH: Nff va nam.
"Hoc vdn" - HOCVAN la bang cd'p cao nhd'l eua
chu hp: Khdng bang cd'p, day nghe ngdn han, day
nghe dai han, ining hpc chuydn nghidp, cao dang,
dai hpc, thac sT, tid'n sT.
"Hon nhdn" - HONNHAN vdi cdc mffc: Chffa
kd't hdn, dang cd vd/ chong, god, ly hdn, ly than.
"Nhdn to bdn thdn" - BT: La viec dffa ra quye't
dinh cua ban than ve cac viec trong hidn tai va
tffdng lai vdi 4 mffc: Hoan loan dong y, dong y,
khdng dong y, hoan loan khdng dong y.
"Khu vUc" - KHU_^VUC: Thanh thi va ndng
ihdn.
Nghien cffu da sff dung md hinh hoi quy Logit
thff bdc lam cdng cu phan tich bdi vi bien phu thudc
dffde do lu'dng bang thang do thff bac.

Bang 1. Thong ke mo to cac bien
N

MInlrtium

Maximum

Mean


GIOITINH

3311

0

1

.50

Std. Deviation
500

TUOI

3311

19

101

32,23

20.462

HONNHAN

3311


0

2

1.29

.600

HOCVAN

3311

1

6

1.49

1.220

TN-CL

3311

1

9

4 33


1.553

YTE

3311

1

6

3 72

,783

GD

3311

1

5

3 88

815

HP

3311


1

4

2 79

.532

CHINH_TR

3311

0

1

.05

.227

KHU_VUC

3311

0

1

.07


.256

BT

3311

1

4

2.92

.648

SK

3311

1

4

2.83

.593

Valid N (llstwise)

3311


Nguon: Ket qud xd ly so'lieu cda tdc gid

So 16-Thang 7/2020 105


TAPCHJCONCTHIfliNC

ve giao due tai dia phffdng, chinh • • a ndi d ciia
ngffdi dan.
Trong td't ca cac bid'n, bie^n nhan to' sffc khde c6
tac ddng nhieu nha't den mffc dp hanh phiic eiia
ngffdi dan vdi he so' la 0,592. Co the thay, sffc
khde la mdt yd'u Id' vd ciing quan trpng. anh hffdng
dd'n mffc dp hanh phuc cung nhff sff hdi Idng vdi
cupc sd'ng eiia ngffdi dan.

3. Mo hinh va k^'t qua tiik li/tfng
Mo hinli hoi quy:
HP = f(BT, SK, TNcu UTE, CHINHrs,
TN, KHVyVC, GIOITINH,
TUOI, HONNHAN, HOCVAN)
B ien phu tliuoc la: HP
Bie'n a6c lap la: BT, SK, TN_CL, YTE, GD,
CH1NH_TR, TN, KHU.VUC, GIOITINH, TUOI,
HONNHAN, HOCVAN
Sau khi loai bo cac bien d6c llip khong co y
nghia thong ke, hoi quy lai ta nhan difdc m6 hinh:

Theo kd't qua tren, anh hffdng cua mffe chdnh
lech thu nhap la 0,339, tffdng dd'i cao nhffng khdng

phai la cao nha't. Bdi d Viet Nam hidn nay, ngUdi
dan chffa quan tdm nhieu de'n mffc thu nhap tffdng

B2)

Bang 2. Mo hinh hoi quy
Number of obs= 3,310
Ordered logistic regression

LRchi2(6)=442,58
Prob>chi2 =0,000

Log likelihood = -2123,49

Pseudo R' =0,086

HP

C08f.

Std.Eir.

z

P

TN CL

0,339


0,027

12,32

0,000

TN

0,001

0,031

3,34

0,001

SK

0,592

0,068

8,69

0,000

BT

0.211


0,061

3,44

0,001

GD

0,258

0,048

5,29

0,000

CHINH_TR

0,555

0,192

2,89

0,004

KHU_VUC

0,330


0,163

2,02

0,043

Nguon: Ket qud xd ty so'lieu ciia tdc gia
Ke'l qua hdi quy cho thay:
Prob > chi2 = 0.000 cho bie't md hinh la phii
hdp. Vdi mffc y nghia 5%, cac bid'n TN_CL, TN,
SK, BT, GD, CH1NH_TR, KHU_VUC trong md
hinh trdn deu cd y nghTa thd'ng kd \i P<0,05. Dau
he so' cua cac bie'n ddc lap deu > 0 cho thd'y, cac
bid'n ddc lap tren deu tdc ddng ciing chieu len
bie'n phu thudc HP.
Tff ke't qua md hinh hdi quy logit thff bac cho
iha\. cdc yeu to' anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp hanh phuc
gdm: Chdnh lech thu nhap. thu nhdp trung binh,
nhan id sffc khde. nhan td' ban than, mffc dap ffng

106 So 16-Thang 7/2020

dd'i, hp chii yd'u quan tam nhieu de'n thu nhap tuy?t
ddi. Hp mdi dang quan tam de'n viec so sdnh moi
thdng kie'm dffde bao nhieu tien ma chua quan tam
de'n vide lam the' nao, ma't ihdi gian bao lau de kid'm
ra dffde so tien dd. Vi vay. du nhieu ngffdi cd nguon
thu nhip cao nhffng lai phai lam viec qua nhieu gid
dan de'n khong hanh phiic bdng nhffng ngffdi cd mffc
thu nhdp on dinh. vffa phai nhung chi phai lam so

gid it hdn, ed thdi gian nghi ngdi, du lich.
Dd'i vdi ty sd Odds cho bie'i. d m6i phan loai khi
bien dpc lap tang len 1 ddn vi thi bi^n phu thudc
thay ddi bao nhieu. (Bang 3)


QUAN TR!-QUAN LV

Bang 3. Ty so odds cdc bien doc lap Id bid'n doc lap
Number of obs =3,310
Tysoodd

LRchi2 (5) = 422,58
Prob >chl2 = 0,0000

Log likelihood = -2339,68

Pseudo R== 0,0864

HP

Coef.

Std.Eir.

z

P

TN_CL


1,404

0,038

12,32

0,000

TN

1,001

0,003

3,34

0,001

SK

1,809

0,123

8,69

0,000

BT


1,235

0,076

3,44

0,001

GD

1,295

0,063

5,29

0,000

CHINH_TR

1,742

0,335

2,89

0,004

KHU_VUC


1.392

0.228

2,02

0,043

J

Nguon: Ket qud xvcly so'lieu cua tdc gid

Md hinh hoi quy Ologit cho thd'y:
Bie'n "Chdnh lech Ihu nhdp cua ngffdi dan":
Vdi ha sd 0,339 > 0, ne'u mffc dp ddnh gia "Chdnh
lech thu nhap cua ngffdi ddn" tang len 1 mffc thi
log-odds thff bdo eua vide thudc phan loai mffe dp
hanh phiic tang khi cac ye'u to' khac khdng ddi.
Ngoai ra, dffa vao ty sd' odds 1,404 > I cho tha'y,
ne'u chdnh Idch thu nhap dffde ddnh gid cao len 1
mffc thi ty sd' odds ung hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh
phuc cao hdn so vdi mdt phan loai mffc dd hanh
phiic thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1.
Bid'n "thu nhap irung binh " vdi he sd' 0,001 > 0,
ne'u mffc dp ddnh gid thu nhap tang len 1 mffc thi
log-odds thff bac ciia viec thudc phan loai mffc dp
hanh phiic tang khi eac ye'u to' khdc khdng doi. Ty
sd'odds 1,001 > 1 cho tha'y, ne'u thu nhdp trung
binh dffde ddnh gid eao len 1 mffc thi ty so' odds

ling hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic cao hdn so vdi
mdt phan loai mffc dp hanh phuc thd'p hdn la Idn
hdnl.
Bid'n "tinh trang sffc khde" vdi he so'0,592 >0,
nd'u mffc dp danh gia tmh trang sffc khde tang len
I mffc thi log-odds thff bac ciia viec thupc phdn
loai mffc dp hanh phiic tang khi cdc yd'u id' khdc
khdng ddi. Ty sd'odds 1,809 > I cho thd'y. ne'u tinh
trang .sffc khde dffde danh gia cao len 1 mffc ihi ty

sd' odds ling hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic cao
hdn so vdi mdt phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic tha'p
hdn la Idn hdn 1.
Bie'n "nhan id' ban thdn" vdi he so' 0,211 > 0,
ne'u mffc dp ddnh gia nhan td' ban than lang Idn 1
mffc thi log-odds thff bac ciia viec thudc phan loai
mffc dp hanh phuc tang khi cdc ye'u to' khac khdng
ddi. Ty so' odds 1,235 > 1 cho tha'y, ne'u nhan id ban
than dffde danh gid cao len 1 mffc thi ly sd'odds ung
hd phSn loai mffe dd hanh phuc cao hdn so vdi mdt
phan loai mffe dp hanh phuc thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1.
Bid'n "mffc dp dap ffng gido due tai dia phffdng"
vdi he so' 0,258 > 0, ne'u mffc dd dap ffng gido due
tang len 1 mffc thi log-odds thff bac eua viec thudc
phan loai mffc do hanh phuc lang khi cdc ye'u td
khac khdng ddi. Ty sdodds 1,295 > 1 cho tha'y, nd'u
mffc dp ddp ffng gido due dffde danh gid eao len 1
mffc thi ty sd' odds ung hd phan loai mffc dp hanh
phuc cao hdn so vdi mot phdn loai mffc dp hanh
phuc tha'p hdn la Idn hdn 1.

Bid'n "iham gia chinh tri" vdi he so 0,555 > 0,
ne'u mffc dp danh gia vide iham gia vao chinh tri
tang len 1 mffc thi log-odds thff bac cua vide thupc
phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic tang khi cde yd'u to'
khdc khdng ddi. T\ sd' odds 1,742 > 1 cho thd'y, nd'u
vide tham gia vao chinh tri dffde danh gia cao len I
So 16-Thang 7/2020 107


TAP CHi come THirifNG

mffc thi ty so' odds iing hd phan loai mffc do hanh
phuc cao hdn so vdi mot phan loai mffc do hanh
phuc thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1.
Bid'n "khu vffc" giup nhan xet dffde sff khac bidt
giffa mffc do hanh phuc ndng thdn va thanh thi. Vdi
he so' 0.330 > 0 cho tha'y, ngffdi dan d nong thdn
hanh phiic hdn ihdnh thi.
4, Kd't lii$n va khuyd'n nghi
4.1. Ket luan
Bdng viec khao sdt cdc bie'n dpc lap cung vdi
cac yeu to vl nhdn khau hpc, qua cae bi/dc xff ly sd'
heu va chay md hinh hdi Logit thff bac tren
STATA, ed the difa ra kd't ludn:
Cde bie'n "thu nhap", "chenh lech thu nhdp ",
"linh trang sffc khde", "nhan tdban than", "mffc dd
ddp ffng ve giao due eua dia phi/dng", "tham gia
ehinh tri", "khu vffc" deu cd lac ddng dd'n "mffc do
hai long ve cudc sd'ng hien tai" hay "mffc dp hanh
phiic" cua ngffdi dan.

Cac bid'n GIOITINH, TUOI, HONNHAN, YTE,
HOCVAN khdng cd anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp hanh
phuc ciia ngffdi dan irong md hinh nghien cffu nay,
cd ihd do cdc tac dpng ben ngoai ma sff han che'cua
md hinh khdng phan tich rd diiOc mffc dd anh
hffdng.
Thu nhap tuyet dd'i quan Q-png irong anh hffdng
dd'n hanh phuc, luy nhien tff ke't qua md hinh trdn
cd the tha'y thu nhap hrdng dd'i cung ra't quan trpng.
Ngoai ra, cdc bie'n khdc deu phu hdp vdi md
hinh nghidn cda.
4.2. Khuye'n nghi
Qua ke't qud phan tich nghidn cffu, de ndng cao

mffc dp hanh phuc, nghien cffu ^ ^ud't mdt sd
khuye'n nghi sau:
- Can cd giai phdp ve thu nhap tffdng ddi, gidi
phap de tang cffdng cd hpi cd vide lam cho ta't ca
mpi ngffdi, dac bidt la ngffdi cd hoan canh kho khan
nham dam bao ngudn thu nhap loi thieu va giam
ngheo ben vffng cho ngffdi dan.
- Can day manh cdc chffdng trinh cham sdc sffc
khde, tao ed hdi cho ngffdi lao ddng tham gia he
thd'ng chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi, bao hiem tha't
nghiep de chii dpng dd'i phd khi thu nhdp bi suy
giam hoac bi m^t di do cdc rui ro nhff dm dau, tai
nan lao dong, ludi gia.
- Can cai thien tinh trang d nhidm bdi cdc hoat
ddng do con ngffdi gay ra, dong ihdi thffe hien
nghiem tuc vide quan ly vd sinh an toan thffe pham.

- Can xay diTng mdt moi trffdng xa hdi lanh
manh, mdt xa hdi cd an ninh chinh tri, hat tff an
toan xa hdi, ed mdt nen tff do, dan chu thffe sff, mpt
xd hpi edng bang, van minh.
- Cdn cdi md hdn trong chinh sdch qudn ly cac
va'n de ton gido, chinh tri, de cao cdc gid tri vdn hda
tinh than, gid tri eua hanh phuc gia dinh, phdt irien
kinh te' gan lien vdi cac hoat dpng vdn hda gido
due, xa hdi nham phai trien cdn bang, lang cffdng
tie'p can eua ngffdi dan de'n he thd'ng dich vu xd hdi
cd ban nhu giao due, y le', nha d, nffdc sach vd ve
sinh mdi trffdng, thdng tin.
- Cud'i cung, can hoan ihidn hd thd'ng 1^^ ludn ve
an sinh xa hpi sao eho phu hdp vdi bd'i canh hipn tai
eiia da't nffdc •

TAI L i e u THAM KHAO:
1. C. Robert Cloninger. (2004). Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being. Oxford.
2. Phan Thi Mai Huong (20141. Cam nhan hanh phiic ciia ngudi nong dan. Tapc/ii'Tam/v/ipc sdSu" 28-41
3. James Hddlc>. (2013). Happiness: A New Perspective. CrealeSpace Independent Pubhshing Platform
4. HoingThi Trang (2015), Cam nhdn hanh phuc cua sinh vien. Luan van thac sT, TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa ho X' h "
\ a Nhan van. Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi.
108 So 16-Thang 7/2020


QUAD TI!-QUANLY

Ngay nh$n bai: 20/5/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va suTa chiJa: 29/5/2020
Ngay cha'p nh9n dang bai: 10/6/2020

Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. HOANG THI THANH TAM
Cuf nhan DINH THI HANH
TrUoTng Dai hQC Kinh t§'Qnoc dan

ANALYZING THE FACTORS AFFECTING
THE HAPPINESS LEVEL OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE
• Master. HOANG THI THANH TAM
• DINH THI HANH
National Economics University
ABSTRACT:
This paper examines the factors atfecting the happiness level of Vietnamese people such as
age, gender, health, education level, marital status, income, region and other social factors
including beliefs, friendships, etc. Some policy recommendations were introduced to improve
the happiness of Vietnamese people.
Keywords: Happiness, society, people, Vietnam.

So 16-Thang 7/2020 109