NHA 0 TRUYEN THONG
CUA NGUCJl MINANGKABAU 6 INDONESIA
HOANG THI GIANG*

Tom tdt: Ld mot trong 5 ddo ldn cda Indonesia, Sumatra dugc biet din Id mpt hon
ddo cd ddn so chu yiu Id ngiiiri Minangkabau. Hien nay ngudi Minangkabau vdn la mpt
tpc ngudi con duy In che dp mdu he ldn tren thi gidi. Ngudi Minangkabau d phia Tdy
Sumatra sd hUu ngdi nhd truyen thong vdi ten ggi Rumah Gadang hay Rumah Besar.
Ddy Id nhitng ngoi nhd sdn truyen thd'ng, be thi vdi mdi nhgn cong viit nhu cap siing
trau vd mang net dgc triing vdn hda cua ngidri Minangkabau. Bdi viit gidi thieu ve ngudi
.Minangkabau vd ngdi nhd truyen thdng cua hg thong qua mpt vdi tieu chi nhU sUphdn
bo vc khong gian nhd, trang tri nhd.v.v...
Tit khoa: Ngitiyi Minangkabau, nhd truyen thong, Rumah

1. Vai net ve ngufcfi Mmangkabau d
Indonesia
Ngfldi Minangkabau ha\' cbn dfldc ggi la
ngfldi Minang (Urang Minang trong tieng
Minangkabau) la ngfldi dan ban dia tai eao
nguyen d tinh Tay Sumatra, Indonesia.
Day la tdc ngfldi chiem da so' cf dao
Sumatra. Ten "Minangkabau" ra ddi gdn
lien \'di mdt cau ehuyen trong lieh sfl, ndi
ve viee tranh ehap dat dai gifla n ^ d i
Minangkabau va ngfldi Jawa thdng qua
hinh thfle ehpi trau. Ket qua la ngfldi
Minangkabau
ehie'n
thang
va
Minangkabau ehinh la sfl ket hdp bdi hai

chfl "minang" va "kabau". Trong dd,
"minang" nghia Ifi chien thfing, "kabau" la

Gadang

con trau'^'. Cung xua't phat tfl truyen thuyet
nay, hien nay mdi nam mgt Ian, tge n ^ d i
Minangkabau d Tay Sumatra lai to ehfle
mflng mua mang bfing le hdi dua bb. lA hdi
nfiy da trd thanh mgt phan trong ddi sd'ng
vfin hoa eua tdc ngfldi Minangkabau d Tfiy
Sumatra vao cudi mua vu. Day cdn gpi la
mdn the thao Pacu Jawi truyen thd'ng eiia
bg tdc ngfldi Minangkabau.
Ve ngdn ngfl, ngfldi Minangkabau ndi .
tie'ng Minangkabau (Baso Minang(kabau)
tie'ng Indonesia: Bahasa Minangkabau) la
radt ngdn ngfl trong ngfl tge MalayPolynesia thupe ngfl he Xam Dao, dfldc si^
dung bdi dan Minangkabau d Tay
Sumatra, d vung tay cua Riau va nhieu

* H o a n g Thi Giang. Vien nghien cflu 0 6 n g X a m A


Hodng Tbi Giang - Nhd d truyen thd'ng ciia ngUifi .Minangkabau d Indonesia
thanh phd' khfip Indonesia bcfi nhflng
ngfldi nhap cfl Minangkabau, nhiing ngfldi
thudng lam nghe buon ban hay rad nha
hang. Ngdn ngU nay eung dugc su dung d
mgt so phan eiia Malaysia. Do nhiing sfl

tfldng dong ldn ve ngfl phap gifla tie'ng
Minangkabau va tie'ng Melayu nen cung ed
mdt so' tranh eai ve quan he gifla hai ngdn
ngfl nfiy. Mgt so' ngfldi xem tieng
Minangkabau la radt phfldng ngfl eua tieng
Melayu, trong khi nhflng ngfldi khae cho
rang tieng Minangkabau la mgt ngdn ngfl
rieng biet'^'. Tie'ng Minangkabau cd nhieu
phfldng ngfl, doi khi eo sfl khac biet gifla
cac lang gan nhau (vi du nhfl cac lang each
nhau mdt eon song)'^'.
Ve tdn giao, ngfldi Minangkabau chii
ye'u theo Islam giao, b&n canh do, hp cung
theo cae tin ngfldng truyen thdng (adat)
eua minh nhfl theo thuyet linh vat, thd cac
yeu to tu nhien bdi hp tin rfing tat ea cac
vat deu cd linh hon. Ngifdi Minangkabau
ra't sung dao Islam nhung cung ra't eoi
trpng truyen thd'ng dan tdc hoae phong tue
ciia hp. Md'i quan he gifla Islam giao va
truyen thdng van hda dupe mo ta bang cau
ndi '^adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi
Kitabullah" (phong tuc truyen thd'ng dfldc
thiet lap theo luat Islam giao va luat nay
dude thanh lap dfla tren Holy Qur'an). Cd
the ndi, truyen thdng va tin ngfldng Islam
giao dfldc pha trdn trong cudc so'ng ciia hp.
Chung khdng nhflng khong mau thuan ma
edn bo trd eho nhau. Cac penghulu (tdc
trfldng) da thao luan va xae nhan rang

truyen thdng va tin ngfldng Islam giao deu
dfin dat van hda ciia ngfldi Minangkabau
theo Cling mgt hud'ng va tao nen ban sac,
truyen thdng dan tod"*'.
Ve ddi sd'ng, ngfldi Minang chu ye'u la

47

nhflng eu dan ndng nghiep, sd'ng ehii yeu
bang nghe trdng lua. Hg lam lua nude d
rudng tha'p (savae) va lua khd d rugng cao
(ladang). Hp dimg trau, bd de eay bfla. Gifla
moi khoang rupng deu cd mdt khoang dat
dtmg lam ndi te "me lua". Trong do, lam
dat la viee eua dan dng, gieo eay Ifi viee eua
phu nfl. Ngodi trong lua, ngfldi
Minangkabau edn trdng nhieu loai cay
khac nhfl dfla, chudi, ea phe, che, xoai.. Cae
vat nudi ehinh la bd. trau, ngfla, de. Trau
vifa de lay sfla. viia dung lam sflc keo eho
ndng nghiep. Chd va gia cam hau het dflde
nudi trong eae gia dinh, Cae nghe thu cdng
phat trien eao, dae biet la nghe det, dan va
eham khfic gd. Ngoai ra, radt so nghe ren,
due, kira hoan cung la rapt trong cae nghe
truyen thd'ng Iau ddi ciia ngfldi
Minangkabau. Thfle an trong cude sd'ng
hang ngay ciia ngfldi Minangkabau chu yeu
la cdm, thit, ca. Dan dng, dan ba deu nhai
trau. Rfldu gdm rfldu gao va rupu qua. Dan

dng mac quan ao cfinh dai tay, eo trdn.
TrUde the ky XDC va cho ddn hien nay,
ngUdi Minangkabau van cdn tdn tai phong
tuc cUa rang va nhudm rang den'^'.
Ve van hda, ngudi Minangkabau la cdng
dong theo che' do raau he, do do vai trb ciia
phu nfl trong gia dinh ra't quan trpng. Ho la
ngudi nam gifl eua cai va dat dai, theo tue
le, con gai se la ngfldi thfla ke. Trong khi
dd, nara gidi trong gia dinh cd vai trb dam
nhiem cac van de lien quan den chinh tri
va tdn giao'^'. NgUdi Minangkabau cd
truyen thd'ng sinh boat van hda mang nghi
thife cgng dong tai ngdi nha Rumah
Gadang. Chung dfldc truyen lai, ndi tie'p tfl
ddi nay sang ddi khae gifla nhflng ngfldi phu
nfl trong gia dinh. Ngoai ra, ngfldi dan
Minangkabau cdn cd truyen thd'ng doe dao
gpi la merantau. Merantau la boat ddng di


.\ghicn ci'tu Ddng .Wmi .X^sdL^/^^^JZTrong tieng Indonesia, tfl Gajah
Maharam nghia la voi dang ngu. Do do,
khi nh^e den ngdi nha nay, chung ta co
the thay dd la rapt ngdi nhd to va rdng,
trdng be the va sang trpng. Phan dau hdi
ben trai va ben phai cd efin phdng (gpi la
anjung) trdng gidng nhfl sif ket nd'i tfl toa
nha ehinh. Phdng nay dupe siJf dung lam
ndi ngoi cua cd dau vao nhflng ngay le cfldi

truyen thd'ng. Hang ngay, ben canh efic
2. N h a t r u y e n thd'ng ciia ngiicfi nghi le truyen thd'ng thi phdng nay cdn
Mmangkabau
dflde sd dung la san chdi cho tre em hofie
6 tinh Tay Suraatra, nha truyen thdng Ifim ndi det vai cho phu nfl. Ngdi nha nfiy
eua ngfldi Minangkabau ed ten la nha dflde lam bhng gd chat Ifldng td't nhfl gd
Gadang (Rumah Gadang/Rumah Besar). juar, surian va ru3njng. Mai nha dUde lam
Rumah Gadang cd nghla la mdt ngdi nha bfing ngdi. Nhfi bao gom 4 phdng dfldc
ldn. Mdt sd vung khac d Tay Suraatra edn trang tri vdi nhCfng cham khfic dac biet. So'
ggi Gadang vdi phfldng ngfl khac, dd la lUdng cdt trong nha la 30 cot, vi vay, loai
Godang. do dd thuat ngfl Rumah Gadang nha nay cd kha nfing chdng ddng dat rat
tdt. Ngoi nha Gadang nay thudng dUdc
eung dflde gpi la Rumah Godang.
tha'y d thanh phd quy tge Piliang.
Nha Gadang la ngdi nha san hinh chfl
nhat \ a raai nha thfldng dfldc bie't de'n la
Nhd Gadang Gonjong Limo
mai dfic trflng ed hinh vdm nhgn trdng
Dac trUng ciJa ngdi nha truyen thong
gidng nhfl mdt cap siing trau. Hinh dang nay la ed sU bd sung mai gonjong d ben trai
ciia raai nha hudng Ien tren dflde ggi la vd ben phai ctia ngdi nha. Nha nay hau he't
Gonjong. Vi vay. Nha Gadang cung cd the dugc tim thay d Thanh phd Payakumbuh,
dflpc ggi la nha Bagonjong boac Padang. Nha Gadang Gonjong Limo hau
Bagonjoang. Trfldc day, mai nha Gadang nhu gidng vdi loai nha Gadang Gajah
dflpc lam bang la eg. Ngay nay, ben eanh Maharam ke tren nhflhg nd khdng eo
nha Gadang dflpc Idp bfing la eg thi ciing phdng anjung d hai dfiu nha.
ed nha Gadang cd mai nha dfldc lpp bfing
Nhd Gadang Surambi Papek
ngdi boac nhdra'^'.
Ngdi nha truyen thd'ng nay trdng kha

2.1. Cdc logi hinh nhd Gadang
khae biet so vdi nhijftig ngdi nha truyen
Xt'u ndi ve nha truyen thdng d Sumatra
thd'ng khac, cd ciia vao dfing sau d ben trfii
Barat (phia ta\- Sumatra) thi theo thd'ng ke
va ben phai (ggi la bapamokok hoae papek
cd den 7 loai hinh nha. Tuy nhien, dfla
trong tie'ng Miang). Vi vay, neu du khach
tren sfl phan ehia khu \Uc. dien tieh va lieh
mudn vao ngdi nha nay trong khi tham
sii ngdi nha thi nhfi Gadang dupe phan
quan thi phai di qua eiia sau cua ngdi nha
chia thanh 4 loai nhU sau'^':
Tuy nhien, thdi gian trdi qua, nhieu ngdi
Nhd Gadang Gajah Maliaram
nha Gadang Surambi Papek da dupe siia
ra khdi lang eua nam gidi de tim kiem cudc
sdng va trai nghiem tdt hdn. Day khdng chi
la do tae ddng cua qua trinh dd thi hda
trong van hda hien dai raa edn la mdt
truyen
thd'ng tfl xUa. Xam gidi
Minangkabau da di khap Ddng Xam A.
tham chi xa hdn nfla de tim kiem van raay
vdi tu each la thudng nhan hoae eae hpe
gia'"'


Hodng Thj Giang - Nhd d truyen thdng cua ngudi Minangkabau d Indonesia
ddi vdi viee mcf ciia tnfdc gidng cac ngoi

nha truyen thd'ng khae.
Nhd Gadang

Batingkek

Mo hinh xay dUng ciia ngdi nha Gadang
nay tfldng tfl nhU ngdi nhd Gadang Gajah
Maharam. Trong tieng Indonesia, Rumah
Gadang Batingkek cd nghia la ngdi nha
Gadang nhieu tang. Trong qua khfl, ngdi
nhfi truyen thd'ng nay hau he't dflde tim
thay d Padang, nhifng hien nay viec tim
tha'y ngdi nha nay hau nhfl la rat hiem.
Nhin chung, nha Gadang eiia ngUdi
Minangkabau dUdc phan ehia thanh nhieu
loai tuy thupe vao tiing khu vflc nhflng ve
Cd ban day la ngdi nha san ldn, hinh chfl
nhat, cd mai nhgn dflpe ggi la Gonjong the
hien niem tin eiia ngfldi Minangkabau vao
thanh than vfi thidn nhien cung nhfl tflpng
tnfng cho sflc manh, tinh doan ke't ciia hg
trong cgng ddng.
2.2. Su phdn bd ve khong

gian:

V^ tdng the. "Rumah Gadang" la mgt
ngdi nha trong rat be the, cd hinh dang la
hinh chfl nhat. Kich thflde chieu dai ctia
ngdi nha thfldng nfim trong khoang 12,5 m

(5 phong) trong khi chieu dai nha't la 59,5
m (17 phdng), tuy nhien, thdng thfldng
ngdi nha Gadang cd 9 phong. Chieu rgng
ngdi nha khoang 10-14 m, chieu eao la 5-7
m so vdi mat da't, trong khi chieu eao san
tfl mat da't la 2.5
3,5 ra. Vdi ngfldi
Minangkabau, ehfle nfing cua ngdi nha
Rumah Gadang vfla la ndi cfl tru, gap gd
cua eae thanh vien trong gia dinh, vfla la
ndi hgi hpp \ a dien ra nhflng hoat dgng
mang tinh nghi thfle eong ddng. Ngdi nha
the hien tinh cau ky, ti mi trong xay dflng.
mai nha la nhflhg Idp xep tfl hang ngan spi
chi dupe lay tfl than cay sago - mdt loai
cay thude hg cp, dfla, phan vach dfldc lpp

49

phen tre va gd. Do sdng d vung dong bfing
lua nude nen ngdi nha ngudi Minangkabau
thiet ke' theo kidu nhfi sfin. Khdng gian
trong nha dUde ehia lam cfie phan thdng
thoang nhau khdng ed vach ngan each,
gian ehinh ngay gifla nha la gian tiep
khach, edn lai la khu gifldng ngu va bep.
Khdng gian ben trong nha Gadang chu
ye'u la cac khdng gian md (trfl cac phdng
ngii). So phdng phu thude vao sd thanh
vien trong gia dinh, thfldng la so phdng le

Tai phan cudi eua tflng mai. se eo mgt bfle
tfldng ngan each cac phdng. Cung vdi
tfldng la 5 hang cdt (tiang) ehia khdng gian
trong nha thanh 4 khoang (lanjar). Cpt
trong nha Gadang dflpe lam tfl gd cha't
Ifldng td't vi nd cd chflc nang ehd'ng dd ngdi
nha. Cac cdt nay khdng dflde chdn trflc tiep
trdng dat ma dflpc dd bdi nhflng tang da
ehfic chfin. Vi vay, vdi thiet ke nay, khi cd
dgng da't, nha Gadang khdng de dang hi
lay ehuyen hay sup dd. Phdng khaeh
thfldng d dang phdng khdng cd tfldng hoae
vat lieu each nhiet, lam ndi ngoi dara phan
eung nhfl cac cude hgp gia dinh hoae mang
tinh chat cdng ddng. Khdng he eo ranh
gidi rd rang gifla cae khdng gian trong nha
mfi chung chi dfldc xae dinh bdi rauc dieh
sii dung (na'u an
nhfi bep, boat dgng
ehung - khu vfle chinh) va ngan each vdi
nhau bfing cfie ranh gidi vd hinh. Dieu nay
tao cho ngdi nha rapt khdng gian md, rdng
ldn va thoang mat. Do khdng co tran nen
eae eau true xa, keo nha dflpc bdc Id hoan
toan dudi Idp mai Idp. Didu nay eung gdp
phan lam khdng gian trong nha cd the tieh
ldn gan gap ddi cac kien true nha eo tran,
gdp phan lara ngdi nha trd nen thoang
raat nham thich nghi vdi khi hau nhiet ddi
ndng am.



Nghien cdu Ddng Xiiin .4, v ( W £ ^
\"i theo che do mau he nen ngfldi phu nfl
la ngfldi sd hiiu ngdi nha. Khi nhiing dito
tre (ca nam va nfl) cdn nho thi ehflng sdng
ciing nhau trong gia dinh nhifng khi ldn
Ien, chua den tuoi ket hdn thi nhflng dfla
tre la nam gidi khdng ngii d nha ma ngu
trong nhfi thd Islam gifio. Chung dupe ren
luyen va ldn Ien trong nha thd, va thUdng
ve nha thara cha rae vao ban nga>-. Tu\nhien, sau nay khi da ke't hdn thi hp lai
dUdc phep ngu a nhfi vd (hay edn ggi Ifi tyc
d re theo each ggi ciia ngUdi Viet). Khi
ngUdi con gai ket hdn, hg se sdng d nhflng
can phdng each xa ldi vao, trong khi tai
khu vflc Koto Piliang Alan, phdng eua hg
nfim d phia ben trai cua ldi vao. Cac phdng
dflpc trao eho eae cap vd chong mdi eudi la
cfie phdng dflde vinh danh va se dfldc trao
cho cac cap vp chong mdi cfldi tie'p theo,
nhung ngfldi cu se chuyen sang phdng ben
canh va efl tiep tue nhfl vay.

hdn. Day dfldc W nhfl la hai vfla liia ciia gia
dinh, mdt cai de dU trfl gao fin hfing ngay,
mpt cai de ehfla gao cho cac dip ciing le
hofie lam tfl thien. Dfic biet. hai kho ehfla
thdc nay dflpe dat ngofii trdi \-i theo quan
niera eua ngfldi Minangkabau. neu nhfl

chfing raay nha Gadang cd hoa hoan thi hp
van cd gao dfl trfl de an.
Neu nhfl nhin theo chieu tfl tren xud'ng
thi chung ta se thay nhfi Gadang dfldc chia
lam hai phan, do la phan mfit trfldc vfi
phan mfit sau. Phan phia trfldc ciia nha
thfldng ed day dii cae do trang tri cham
khfic va thfldng ed hoa vfin vdi re. hoa, la
va cae eanh dong hinh chfl nhat va hinh
binh hdnh. Trong khi mat ngoai ciia phan
mfit sau dfldc phii bfing cfie phen tre.
2.3. Ve mdi nhd, tiiifng,

cgt

Mdi nhd la mdt bieu tfldng dac tnfng
cho ban sfic ciia ngfldi Minang. Chi can
nhin Ifldt qua hinh dang ciia mai nha,
ehung ta se bie't ngay ehu sd hflu cua ngoi
nha ay Ifi ngfldi Minang hoae cd to tien
ngfldi Minangkabau.

Ciia chinh nam gifla true ngang eiia ngdi
nhfi, eae chop mfii dflpc udn eong dd'i xflng
theo eiia ehinh. Nhflng canh ciia so cQng
dflpc phan bd deu theo true ddi xflng vdi efla
Nha Gadang cd ea'u true mai eong a'n
chinh va dflpc trang tri bang nhflng net
tflpng vdi nhieu tang raai dflpc udn cong tai
chara khac ehi tiet. dflpe phii nhiing gam

dau hoi nhu hinh sflng trau. Nhin chung,
mau manh nhfl do, den, vang, nau, trang,
la>* tfl nhflng loai cay ed va da't da trong tU ngoi nha ed hinh chfl nhat, sd Ifldng vfi
nhien. Nha bep dupe xay difng rieng d phia chilu cao mdi tang dfldc tiiy chinh khae
nhau theo tflng trfldng hpp cu the. Nhfi
sau ciia ngdi nhfi gfin lien vdi tUdng.
thudng dupe xay dung bfing gd ket hpp vdi
Ngoai ra, trUde nha Gadang cdn cd hai tre. Trong khi do, mai nha thi dUdc lam
kho thdc (gpi Ifi Rangkiang) thudng dupc bfing Sdl cp. Cg la vat lieu re tidn, san cd d
dat ddi xTJng nhau, phia ben phai va ben dia phfldng nhung lai c6 tinh ndng ben
trai eua ngdi nha. Kho thdc dupe bd tri fin dai, nhp va hofin tofin khong tham nude cd
khdp vfi trd thanh mot phan khdng the
kha nang each nhipt eao. Hai d^u h6i cua
tach rdi vdi kien true ciia ngoi nha. Do dd,
ngdi nha cd hai ban cdng duac nang Ien
ve hlnh thfle, Rangkiang cung ed cau true
cao hdn so vdi san nha ehinh dp t?, i mai cong gidng nhU hinh sflng trau cua
, ..
,
"<^ ton ien ve
mai nhfi Gadang nhflng vdi kich thude nhd uy nghiem cua ngUdi tge trudne tm^
buoi le.


Hodng Thj dang

- Nhd d truyen thdng cua ngudi Minangkabau a Indonesia

Trong moi ngdi Ifing eua ngfldi
Minangkabau d dao Sumatra ed nhieu nhfi

ldn, nhifng ngdi nhfi nao Icfn nha't, dieu
khac dep nhat, thudng Ifi nhfi ciia trudng
Ifing - rapt phu nfl - ngdi nha vfla the hien
quyen life vfi sif giau cd, va dd eung dfldc
xem la ndi sinh hoat cdng edng eiia lang.
Tuy nhidn, nhflng ngdi nha nho hdn eung
cd nhiJfng net tUdng dong ve hinh dang,
dieu khae, dem lai cho cdng dong ngUdi
Minangkabau mdt dac trflng rieng, de
nhan dang trong ldi kien true nha d.
Vi tt&mg nhd, trong nha truyen thd'ng
Gadang, cd sfl khfic nhau gifla cac bfle
tfldng nhfi. Trong khi bfle tfldng phia trfldc
nhfi dflde Ifim bang vfin go thi bfle tfldng
sau nha lara bfing phen tre dfldc dan lai
vdi nhau. Tat ca d^u dUde ghep theo chieu
doe. Do quan di§m kien true khdng gian
md nen nha Gadang ciia ngUdi
Minangkabau cd ra!t it vfich ngfin, thudng
chi cd cfie vfieh ngfin gifla cfie phdng ngu.
Vi cpt nhd, day Ifi thfinh phan khdng
the thieu trong kien true nhfi Gadang vi
cac cdt nfiy ed chfle nfing chong dd tofin bd
khung eiia ngdi nhfi. Do dd, chung dflpe
lam tfl go, phai la go eo chat Ifldng td't. Cac
hfing cdt dflpe keo dai tfl trai qua phai vfi
dfldc dd ehfic chfin bang cae tang da chfl ko
dflpe chon trflc tie'p trong dat. Gifla cdt va
cfie thfinh phan keo xfi eiia mai dflde ke't
nd'i bfing efic mdng gd, dae biet ngfldi

Minang khdng dung dinh. Chinh viec
trong cdt tren dfi vfi ke't nd'i bfing mgng gd
ma nha Gadang ed the de dang ehd'ng lai
sfl rung l^e eiia dgng dat. San nha thi dflde
lam bang vfin go, xep khit nhau theo chieu
ngang ciia long nhfi.
2.4 Ve trang tri nhd
Dd'i vdi efic tdc ngudi ndi ehung, ngUdi

51

Minangkabau ndi rieng, trang tri nha ciing
la mdt phan he't sflc quan trgng. Trang tri
nha khdng ehi cd chflc nfing tham my, lara
ndi bat ve dep eiia ngdi nha raa nd cdn
chfla dung triet Iy eua eon ngfldi thdng qua
bieu tfldng trang tri dd.
Cd the ndi, hinh dang tong the kien
true ciia nha Gadang fi'n tflpng, ngofii bg
mfii sung trau, edn mdt net ddc dao khac
the Men gia tri van hofi dae s^e trong xay
dflng dd la nhflng ehi tiet trang tri dflpc
the hien tinh xao bfing ldi cham kh^c, phd'i
mfiu sac sd phu kin quanh nhfi tfl ehan cdt
Ien den ndc mfii.
Khong nhflng
the, nha
ngfldi
Minangkabau cdn dflde trang bi rapt hp
thd'ng eae d thoang dflpc tram khfic tinh

xao, gdp phan tang gifi tri tham ray vfi kha
nfing lflu thdng khi. Cac hga tiet eham
khfic dfldc md hinh hda tfl cae niera tin
tam linh hofie triet Iy Islam gifio. Hd thd'ng
cdt eung dfldc xay dflng tuan thii theo efic
yeu cau cua khi hau nhiet ddi sao eho gid
thdi cfit ngang sfin nha de tao sfl thdng
thoang. Dfldng nhien, ehung eung dflpc
chara khae de the hien chii sd hifu tuan
theo phong tuc vfi truyen thd'ng. Dieu nay
cho tha'y cac cau kien eiia ngdi nhfi khdng
ehi dinh hinh hinh dang, ca'u true cd ban
eiia nd mfi cdn la ndi de the hien efic hga
tie't trang tri ed ehfle nang khdng kem
phan quan trpng.
Theo truyen thd'ng Minangkabau, viec
tdn tao efic bfle tfldng go, cdt tru vfi tran
nhfi ciia nha Gadang vdi cfie hga tiet bang
go eham khae phu dieu phan chieu va
tflpng trflng cho phong tuc (adat) ciia hg.
Cac hga tiet phong phu difa tren ca'u true
hinh hpc cd ban ddn gian, tUdng tU nhfl vai
det Minangkabau, vdi raau sfic dflpc cho la


Nghu n LUU Dong Nam \ sdU^^^^J-^
bat ngudn tfl Trung Qudc. Cfie hpa tiet dfla
tren khai niem tham my eiia ngudi
.Minangkabau, la mgt phfin trong quan
diem ve the gidi eua hp {Alam

Minangkabau ) trong dd cd bieu hien ludn
dfla tren mdi trfldng tfl nhien.
Cae eham khae khdng ehi dfldc tim thay
tren tfldng, efla sd hofie eifa ra vao, ma eae
cdt nha gadang cung dfldc eham khfic vdi
cfie phong each khac nhau. Khac la trang
tri ehii dao trong nha Minangkabau. Vi tri
eiia cae hpa tiet chara khae phu thude vao
sfl sap xep vfi vi tri cua cfie vfin go tren cfie
bfle tudng eiia ngdi nha gadang. Moi cham
khfic tren cae bg phan ciia ngdi nhfi
gadang deu ed nhflhg dac diera va y nghia
rieng, dupc lap dfiy dUdi dang cac hinh
trdn hoae vudng.
Co rat nhieu hpa tiet trang tri dupe tira
thay d nha Gadang, ehung dUdc the hien
dudi dang ddng thuc \'at.\".\" vd cung phong
phu. Hfiu het chung dUpc trang tri phu kin
mfit tnfdc cua ngdi nhfi. Cd nghien cifu eho
rang: c6 37 hoa liet de cap den he thifc vat
CO ten nhu kaluak paku, saluak laka,
pucuak rabuang, lumuik hany hay Siriah
Gadang, trong dd Siriah Gadang la bieu
tupng dae tnfng va dgc dao nhat. Cfie bieu
tupng ve ddng vat thi cd 21 loai, ten cac
bidu tflflng nay dflpc lay tfl ten ciia eae loai
ddng vat mfi cd d khu vfle Minangkabau.
XgoLii ra edn eo 31 loai bieu tflpng khae
dflpc tim tha'y dfldi dang do vat vd tri
(benda raati) hofie ten ngfldi'^^'.

Tai nhfi Gadang. trang tri d dang eham
khfic vfi dfldc sdn mfiu rflc rd. Xhfl da ndi
d tren. ngoai viec Ifim dep cho ngdi nhfi,
nd edn cd chflc nfing rieng luu trfl cac yeu
to cua giao ly va triet ly truyen thdng
Minang Kabau. Chang ban md tip dfldc sfl

dung thfldng la hpa tiet eua thflc vat. dgng
vat vfi eupe sdng hfing ngfiy gfin vdi moi
trudng tfl nhien. Mfic du cd nhflng hinh
khfic dai dien eho ddng vat. nhflng hinh
dang eiia chung khac xa vdi ddng vat hofie
sinh vat sd'ng vi ngUdi Minang nam gifl
rapt quy luat dao Islam manh me la cam
cac hinh cham khfic gio'ng vdi sinh vat
sd'ng.
Nhu vay, hinh anh nhflng ngoi nhfi
Gadang eo mai cong ddc dao cung vdi vd
vfin chi tie't dieu khfic phong phu, sif phdi
hpp mfiu sac tuy sac sd nhung rat hfii hofi
trong tdng the, eiia so lien k§ tao khong
gian thdng thoang, tUdng nhfi kd't hdp
phen tre va gd cham... ta't ca tao nen mdt
kie'n true nhfi d ed tinh nghe thuat cao,
mang net dac trflng rieng bipt ciia ngfldi
Mianngkabau, khdng the khdng ha'p dan
khach la ngay tfl cai nhin dau tien khi
dien kie'n nhifng ngoi nhfi nfiy.
Ke't l u a n
Nha d Ifi mpt thanh to' vfin hda vd cung

quan trgng dd'i vdi nhan loai noi chung, ddi
vdi ngudi Minangkabau d Indonesia ndi
rieng. Nha d khdng chi la sif ke't tinh gifla
khoa hgc ky thuat va de thara ml, mfi cbn
la sfl hba quyen eua cae gia tri xa hgi - nhan
vfin, la Sfl tuong tac gifla moi trfldng tfl
nhien vfi mdi tnfdng xa hpi. Qua nghien
eflu, CO thd nhan thefy Rumah Gadang la
mgt ngdi nha tniydn thd'ng mang net dac
tnfng vfin hda eua ngfldi Minangkabau Cac
chi tiet doc dao ciia ngoi nha
tniyen thong
v6i phong each thiet ke npi that tuan thii
theo cac moi quan he xa hoi vi , - , .
** van hoa
Timg chi tiet thiet ke cua ngoi nhi j - - ^ i
...
- ., . ,
B • nna deu the
hi^n ro net d4c trung van hoa x5 ;,-• ..
,• ,
.
.,,
™ ngi mau
he, quyen luc cua nguoi Mmanekal,, .
b'^Dau va su


Holing Thj Giang - Nhd d truyen thdng cua ngUdi Minangkabau d Indonesia
gfin ket vdi thien nhien thong qua hinh

dang mai nha eflng nhu cac bieu tUpng
trang tri... Vi vay, eo the ndi, nha truyen
thdng eiia ngfldi Minangkabau the hien
triet ly eoi trpng van hoa mlu he vfi hofi
hdp vdi thien nhien./.

Makna dan filosofi ragam hias pada
rumah tradisional minangkabau di nagari
panangan
tanah
datar,
Jurusan
-Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, UniveisitaePancasUa Jalan Srengseng Sawah,
Jagakarsa, Jakarta 12640.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
CHU THICH
1. M. Historya Ayanda, Kemana Minang?,
/>mana-minang, truy cap ngay 25/8/2019
2. />Fng_Minangkabau, truy cap
ngay
13/6/2019.
3. />gkabau, truy cap ngay 13/6/2019.
4. Elda Franzia, Yasraf Amir Piliang, and
Acep Iwan Saidi (2015), Rumah Gadang as
a Symbolic Representation of Minangkabau
Ethnic Identity. International Joumal of
Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 1,
January 2015, http y/www.ij ssh.org/papers/
419-H00026.pdf..

5. Nguyen Duy Thieu (cb), Cdc ddn tpc 6 Dong
Nam A, NXB Van hofi Dan tge, Hfi Ngi,
tr.68-70.
6. M. Historya Ayanda, tldd.
7. Elda Franzia, Yasraf Amir PUiang, and
Acep Iwan Saidi (2015), tldd.
8. Shabrina Alfari, Rumah Gadang, Rumah
Tradisional
Minangkabau,
bttps ://www.arsitag.com/article/rumahgadang-rumah-tradisional-minangkabau,
truy cap ngay 20/8/2019.

1. Cdc ddn tpc d Bong Nam A, Nguyen Duy
Thieu Icb). XXB Vfin boa Dan tpc. Ha Npi,
1997.
2. Arsitektur tradisional Minangkabau: nilainilai budaya dalam arsitektur rumah adat,
Sudirman Ismael, Bung Hatta University
Press.
3. Dasar - dasar Adat Minangkabau, Padang,
1975.
4. Manusia dan kebudayaan di Indonesia,
Esten. Prof,Dr, Jambatan, Jakarta, 1971.
5. Pertautan budaya - sejarali minangkabau &
negeri sembilan. Prof. Dr. H. Saifullah SA,
MA,Dr. Febri Yulika, S.Ag., M.Hum,
Institute Seni Indonesia Padangpanjang,
Sumatera Barat,2017
6. Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia!' .Supartono
Widyosiswoyo,Penerbit
Universitas

Trisakti, 2006.
7. Stinktur dan fiingsi dalam seni bina nunali
Minangkabau, Azlina Hashim,Jabatan
8. Keajaiban arsitektur rumah Gadang,
Chandra Okta Fiandi, Kementerian
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan
Pengembangan
dan
Pembinaan
Bahasa,2017.
9. />10. />
9. Jenis - Jenis Rumah Adat Khas Sumatera
Bai-at Dan Keunikannya, . truy cap ngay
21/9/2019.

ll. />
10. L. Edhi Prasetya, Swambodo M. Adi,

12. />