CELLS
CELLS
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Cell = smallest unit of life
Cell = smallest unit of life

Two Major Cell Types
Two Major Cell Types
Cell Type
Cell Type
Example
Example
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Fungi
Plants
Plants
Animals
Animals
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell
(protist, animal)
(protist, animal)
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
(plant)
(plant)
Differences Between Cell Types
Differences Between Cell Types


Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Single circular
Single circular
chromosome
chromosome
Multiple linear
Multiple linear
chromosomes
chromosomes
Chromosome found
Chromosome found
in a cytoplasmic
in a cytoplasmic
region called the
region called the
nucleoid.

nucleoid.
Chromosomes found
Chromosomes found
in a membrane-
in a membrane-
bound nucleus.
bound nucleus.
No internal
No internal
membranes
membranes
Some infolded
Some infolded
plasma membrane
plasma membrane
Extensive network of
Extensive network of
internal membranes
internal membranes
Common Components
Common Components
and Cellular Organization
and Cellular Organization
•
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
–
boundary surrounding the cell
boundary surrounding the cell
•

Genetic material: DNA
Genetic material: DNA
–
located in a membrane-bound nucleus
located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells
for eukaryotic cells
•
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
–
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
and organelles
and organelles


(enzyme = biological catalyst)
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
•
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
–
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells
All prokaryotic cells contain
All prokaryotic cells contain




Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Plasma
Plasma
Membrane
Membrane
Regulates flow of
Regulates flow of
substances into and out
substances into and out
of cell
of cell
Nucleoid
Nucleoid
Cytoplasmic region
Cytoplasmic region
containing genetic
containing genetic
material
material
Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm
Cytosol: fluid
Cytosol: fluid
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Enzymes
Enzymes
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Other possible prokaryotic structures




Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Supports cell
Supports cell
Maintains shape
Maintains shape
Capsule
Capsule
Protects from drying

Protects from drying
Protects against
Protects against
white blood cells
white blood cells
Infolded Plasma
Infolded Plasma
Membranes
Membranes
Metabolism
Metabolism
Cell division
Cell division
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Other possible prokaryotic structures




Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Bacterial
Bacterial
Flagellum

Flagellum
Movement
Movement


Plasmid
Plasmid
Small circular DNA
Small circular DNA
Replicates
Replicates
independently
independently
Applying Your Knowledge
Applying Your Knowledge
In bacterial cells
In bacterial cells
•
where is the genetic material located?
where is the genetic material located?
•
which one is used for movement?
which one is used for movement?
•
which one provides structural support
which one provides structural support
for the cell?
for the cell?
1.
1.

Cell Wall
Cell Wall
2.
2.
Flagellum
Flagellum
3.
3.
Capsule
Capsule
4.
4.
Plasmid
Plasmid
5.
5.
Nucleoid
Nucleoid
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Plasma
Plasma
Membrane
Membrane

1. Regulates passage of
1. Regulates passage of
materials into and out of cell
materials into and out of cell
2. Cell-Cell Recognition
2. Cell-Cell Recognition
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
(protists,
(protists,
fungi, plants)
fungi, plants)


1.
1.
Controls cell shape,
Controls cell shape,
protects, supports
protects, supports
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features



Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)


Nucleus
Nucleus
1.
1.
Carrier of genetic material
Carrier of genetic material


DNA + protein = chromatin
DNA + protein = chromatin
2. Governs cell activities
2. Governs cell activities
3. Directs cell reproduction
3. Directs cell reproduction
4.
4.
Surrounded by Membrane
Surrounded by Membrane
= nuclear envelope
= nuclear envelope
5.
5.

Contains nucleolus—
Contains nucleolus—
produces ribosomes
produces ribosomes
which synthesize proteins
which synthesize proteins
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Rough
Rough
Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
Reticulum (RER)
1.
1.
Associated ribosomes produce
Associated ribosomes produce
proteins
proteins

2.
2.
Prepares proteins for export
Prepares proteins for export
Smooth
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
Reticulum (SER)
1.
1.
Lipid Synthesis
Lipid Synthesis
2.
2.
Drug detoxification
Drug detoxification
3.
3.
Transport of proteins from RER
Transport of proteins from RER
RER
RER
SER
SER
Functions of Eukaryotic
Functions of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features

Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Golgi
Golgi
Apparatus
Apparatus
Collects, modifies, packages and
Collects, modifies, packages and
distributes proteins and lipids from ER
distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Lysosome
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Contains digestive enzymes
to digest food in protists or
to digest food in protists or

destroy aging organelles
destroy aging organelles
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System
Rough
Rough
Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Reticulum
Smooth
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Reticulum
Vesicle
Vesicle
Golgi
Golgi
Apparatus
Apparatus
Vesicle
Vesicle
Lysosome
Lysosome
Vesicle
Vesicle
Plasma
Plasma

Membrane
Membrane
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Peroxisome
Peroxisome


Removes harmful oxidants
Removes harmful oxidants
from cells
from cells
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Features



Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Captures energy from
Captures energy from
organic molecules,
organic molecules,
producing ATP
producing ATP
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Features


Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
(protists, plants)
(protists, plants)
Photosynthesis: Uses light
Photosynthesis: Uses light

energy to produce organic
energy to produce organic
molecules
molecules
Functions
Functions
of Eukaryotic
of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features


Structure
Structure
Function(s)
Function(s)
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
1.
1.
Maintains cell shape
Maintains cell shape
2.
2.
Anchors organelles and proteins
Anchors organelles and proteins
3.
3.
Allows for organelle movement
Allows for organelle movement

and cellular movement in some
and cellular movement in some
cell types
cell types
Functions of
Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Features
Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Centriole
Centriole
Gives rise to basal bodies that
Gives rise to basal bodies that
produce cilia or flagella
produce cilia or flagella
Functions of
Functions of
Eukary
Eukary
otic Cell
otic Cell
Features
Features
Structure
Structure

Function(s)
Function(s)
Vacuole
Vacuole
1.
1.
Central vacuole (plants) stores
Central vacuole (plants) stores
waste, maintains turgidity.
waste, maintains turgidity.
2.
2.
Contractile vacuole (protists)
Contractile vacuole (protists)
maintains water balance.
maintains water balance.
3.
3.
Food vacuole (protists) fuses with
Food vacuole (protists) fuses with
lysosome for digestion.
lysosome for digestion.
Functions of Eukaryotic
Functions of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Cell Features


Structure
Structure

Function(s)
Function(s)
Cilia and
Cilia and
Flagella
Flagella
1.
1.
Move substances across
Move substances across
cell surface in lungs,
cell surface in lungs,
fallopian tubes
fallopian tubes


2.
2.
Cell movement in sperm,
Cell movement in sperm,
protists
protists