United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT
2007-2008
Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
Prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2007
Note
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UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.07.II.D.13
ISBN 978-92-1-112724-9
Copyright © United Nations, 2007
All rights reserved
Foreword
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iii
Acknowledgements
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iv
Contents
Foreword iii
Acknowledgements iv
List of boxes xi
List of charts xii
List of tables xv
List of abbreviations xvii
Explanatory notes xxi
Overview xxiii
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  1HZSDUDGLJP 
  6RPHSROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVRI ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW 
 & +DUQHVVLQJ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW 
 5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\ 
Notes  
 7UHQGVLQ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVH 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
 % ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\LQGLYLGXDOV  
  0RELOHSKRQHVDVWKHEUHDNWKURXJK,&7LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV 
  7KH,QWHUQHWJDSLVFORVLQJVORZO\  
 & ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\HQWHUSULVHV  
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2006
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
vi CONTENTS
  0RELOHSKRQHVDUHYDOXDEOHEXVLQHVVWRROV  
  ,QWHUQHWXVHE\EXVLQHVVHVLVVORZO\JURZLQJ 
  (%XVLQHVVLVIDFLOLWDWHGE\JRYHUQPHQW 33
  (&RPPHUFHUHPDLQVOLPLWHGLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV 
' &RQFOXVLRQV  
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QQH[  
 5HIHUHQFHV 
Notes  
 7KH,&7SURGXFLQJVHFWRUDQGWKHHPHUJLQJ6RXWK  
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
%

,&7PDUNHWYDOXHDGGHGDQGHPSOR\PHQW  

2YHUYLHZRI WKH,&7PDUNHW 
  ,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHG 
  ,&7VHFWRUHPSOR\PHQW
 
&
7UDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWLQ,&7JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV  

2YHUYLHZ 
  ,&7JRRGV 
  ,&7VHUYLFHV
 
' 7KHUROHRIWKH,&7VHFWRULQWKHJURZWKRI&KLQDDQG,QGLD  

2YHUYLHZ 

&KLQD·V,&7PDQXIDFWXULQJ 
  ,QGLD·V,&7DQG,&7UHODWHGVHUYLFHV 
 ( ,QWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGSROLF\PDNLQJ
 

*RYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVRQWKH,&7VHFWRU  

0XOWLODWHUDOWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVUHOHYDQWWRWKH,&7VHFWRUWKH,7$WHQ\HDUVODWHU 
 ) &RQFOXVLRQVDQGSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 
 $QQH[7UDGHLQ,&7JRRGV 
 $QQH[,7$PHPEHUVDVRI 6HSWHPEHU 
 5HIHUHQFHV 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008

CONTENTS vii
Notes  
 0HDVXULQJWKHLPSDFWRI ,&7RQSURGXFWLRQHIÀFLHQF\ 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
%
Economic impact of ICT at the macroeconomic level  

,&7FDSLWDO,&7XVHDQGJURZWK 
  7KH,&7SURGXFLQJVHFWRUDQGWKH,&7XVLQJVHFWRUV
 
  ,&7LPSDFWRQWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\JURZWK
 
&
)LUPOHYHOLPSDFWRI ,&7V  

,&7XVHDQGÀUPODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\  
  &RPSOHPHQWDU\IDFWRUVH[SODLQLQJWKH,&7²SURGXFWLYLW\UHODWLRQVKLS
 
  ,PSDFWRI VSHFLÀF,&7VRQSURGXFWLYLW\
 
  ,&7LQYHVWPHQWVRIWWHFKQRORJLHVDQGWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV
 
'
0HDVXULQJ,&7XVHDQGSURGXFWLYLW\LQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJÀUPV  

%DFNJURXQGDQGREMHFWLYHVRIWKHSURMHFW 
  ,&7XVHE\PDQXIDFWXULQJÀUPVLQ7KDLODQG
 
  7KHPRGHODQGDIHZWKHRUHWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
 

  5HVXOWV
 
 (
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNVDQGSROLF\LVVXHV  
$QQH[6XPPDU\RIOLWHUDWXUHRQ,&7VDQGSURGXFWLYLW\DWWKHÀUPOHYHO  
 5HIHUHQFHV
 
Notes
 
 ,&7HEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
%
Impact on innovation of the use of ICTs by enterprises  
&
0D[LPL]LQJV\QHUJLHVEHWZHHQHEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV  
'
Conclusions and policy recommendations  
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\ 
Notes
 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
viii CONTENTS
 (EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHV 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
%
,&7VDQGLQQRYDWLRQVLQEDQNLQJDQGSD\PHQWV  

)URPEULFNWRFOLFNHPHUJLQJHEDQNLQJHSD\PHQWVDQGHPRQH\  
  ,&7VDQGVHFXULWL]DWLRQRI GHEWLQVWUXPHQWV
 

  (ÀQDQFHDQGVHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHVRI F\EHUVSDFH
 
&
5HFHQWWUHQGVLQHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWV  

7KHVWDWHRI SOD\LQ,QWHUQHWEDQNLQJ 
  :KROHVDOHHSD\PHQWV
 
  5HWDLOHSD\PHQWV
 
'
(EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVIRUGHYHORSPHQW  

(EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVLQGHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHV 
  ,&7VDQGUHPLWWDQFHV
 
  (EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVIRU60(V
 
  0LFURÀQDQFH
 
 (
5HJXODWRU\LVVXHVUHODWHGWRHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWV  
 ) &RQFOXVLRQV
 
 5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
 
Notes
 
 0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LQ$IULFDFURVVFRXQWU\FRPSDULVRQ 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 

%
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\VW\OL]HGIDFWV  

2ULJLQVDQGHIIHFWV  
  $FFHVVLELOLW\RI PRELOHWHOHSKRQ\
 
  7KHHFRQRPLFFRQWH[WRIPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\
 
  8VHRI PRELOHV
 
  0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\DQG*$76
 
 & &RXQWU\DQDO\VLV
 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS ix
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LQ$IULFD 
  1LJHULD
 
  .HQ\D
 
  6RXWK$IULFD
 
  8JDQGD
 
 ' &URVVFRXQWU\FRPSDULVRQ
 
 ( &RQFOXVLRQV
 
 5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\

 
Notes
 
 3URPRWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKWHOHFHQWUHV 
 $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 
 % 7KHFDVHRI WHOHFHQWUHV
 

+RZWHOHFHQWUHVFDQSURPRWHOLYHOLKRRGV 
  7HOHFHQWUHV·LPSDFWRQVXSSRUWLQJHFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHOLYHOLKRRGV
 
  %HVWSUDFWLFHVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV
 
  0DMRUEDUULHUVDQGFKDOOHQJHV
 
&
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVWRVXSSRUWOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKWHOHFHQWUHV  
 $QQH[
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Notes
 
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  (FRPPHUFHSURMHFWJRDOV
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 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
x CONTENTS
  5HJLRQDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ  
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 
  'RPHVWLFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQFKDOOHQJHV
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  &\EHUODZFRYHUDJH
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  -XULVGLFWLRQ
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 &/HVVRQVOHDUQHG
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  'RPHVWLFOHVVRQV
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  )RFXVRQWUDGHIDFLOLWDWLRQ
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  ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQWRROV

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Notes
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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS xi
List of boxes
%R[ 3DJH
L&RS\ULJKWDQGRSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJH 
 )L[HGPRELOHFRQYHUJHQFHDWUHQGWRZDWFK 
 $PELWLRXVEURDGEDQGSODQVIRU$IULFD 
 7UDGHDW+DQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\WRLQFUHDVHH[SRUWV 
 (EXVLQHVVLQ0H[LFR 
 (FRPPHUFHLQ%UD]LO 
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 &RVWD5LFDWKH,QWHOIDFWRU 
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 6UL/DQND·V,&7HPSOR\PHQWULVLQJGHPDQG 
 :RPHQLQ,&7PDQXIDFWXULQJ 
 (PSOR\PHQWLQWKH,&7VHFWRULQ(J\SW 

 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVVHFWRU²PDLQWDUJHWRI )',LQ,&7VHUYLFHV 
 *KDQD%32VHFWRUIRXQGWRKDYHJUHDWSRWHQWLDO²IRFXVRIJRYHUQPHQWSROLF\  
 0RURFFRRIIVKRULQJDVDJURZWKVWUDWHJ\ 
 'HYHORSLQJWKH(J\SWLDQ,&7LQGXVWU\QHHGIRUWUDLQLQJDQGÀQDQFH 
 7KHHPSLULFDOPRGHO 
 7KHH[SHULHQFHRI ,QQR&HQWLYH 
 8VHRI RSHQLQQRYDWLRQE\3URFWHUDQG*DPEOHDQG1RNLD 
 ([DPSOHVRI SURJUDPPHVOLQNLQJHEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQ 
 $OWHUQDWLYHSD\PHQWVV\VWHPV 
 'HÀQLQJUHPLWWDQFHVLQWKHEDODQFHRI SD\PHQWV 
 8VLQJ,&7VLQVRPHNH\60(ÀQDQFLQJFKDQQHOV 
 ([DPSOHVRI PRELOHWHOHSKRQHXVHLQDGHYHORSPHQWFRQWH[W 
 ,QYHVWPHQWLQ$IULFDQPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\WKHFDVHRI &HOWHO  
 5XUDOFRYHUDJHRI PRELOHQHWZRUNVLQ8JDQGD 
 +RZWHOHFHQWUHVDUHVXSSRUWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVVRPHH[DPSOHV 
 $JHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYHRQVXSSRUWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJK,&7WKHFDVHRI &KLOHDQWHOHFHQWUHV 
 0DNLQJOLIHHDVLHUJRYHUQPHQWVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGWKURXJKWKHWHOHFHQWUHV 
 2QOLQHGLVSXWHUHVROXWLRQLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV 
 7KH3DQ$VLDQ(&RPPHUFH$OOLDQFH 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xii CONTENTS
%R[ 3DJH
 6LQJDSRUHDQGWKH81&RQYHQWLRQ 
List of charts
L 6FLHQFHDQGHQJLQHHULQJLQÀUVWXQLYHUVLW\GHJUHHVE\VHOHFWHGUHJLRQRUPRUHUHFHQW\HDU 
 0RELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUV 
 0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQ  
0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQLQ&KLQDDQG,QGLD  
,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQ 
 %URDGEDQGVXEVFULEHUV 

 %URDGEDQGSHQHWUDWLRQ 
 %UD]LOUHVRXUFHVSURYLGHGE\HQWHUSULVHZHEVLWHV 
 %UD]LODFWLYLWLHVRIHQWHUSULVHVZLWK,QWHUQHW 
 (OHFWURQLFVLQGXVWU\RXWSXWE\ORFDWLRQ² 
 ,&7JRRGVH[SRUWVLQ&RVWD5LFD² 
6KDUHRI ,QWHO*'3LQWRWDOLQGXVWULDO*'3²  
9DOXHDGGHGWRVDOHVUDWLRIRU8601&FRPSXWHUVDQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVVHFWRU² 
6KDUHRI ,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGLQWRWDOEXVLQHVVVHFWRUYDOXHDGGHG 
 6KDUHRI ,&7VHFWRUZRUNIRUFHLQWRWDOEXVLQHVVVHFWRUZRUNIRUFH 
,7ZRUNIRUFHLQ6UL/DQND² 
-REFDWHJRULHVDVVKDUHRIRYHUDOO,7ZRUNIRUFHDQGGHPDQGIRU,7SURIHVVLRQDOVLQ6UL/DQND
 
 
 +LJKO\VNLOOHGJUDGXDWHVE\VHFWRU6UL/DQND 
 )HPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQE\VHFWRU6UL/DQND 
 *OREDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI HPSOR\PHQWLQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ  
 (PSOR\PHQWLQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ 
 3HUPDQHQWDQGWHPSRUDU\ZRUNIRUFHLQDVDPSOHRI ,&7FRPSDQLHVLQ(J\SW 
 0DOHDQGIHPDOHRFFXSDWLRQVLQDVDPSOHRI ,&7FRPSDQLHVLQ(J\SW 
 3RWHQWLDOO\RIIVKRUDEOHRFFXSDWLRQVLQWRWDOHPSOR\PHQW(88QLWHG6WDWHVHVWLPDWH
 &DQDGDDQG$XVWUDOLD²
 
 *URZWKRIZRUOGPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV² 
 ,&7JRRGVH[SRUWE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQG 
 ,&7JRRGVH[SRUWVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQW² 
 :RUOGH[SRUWVRI,&7JRRGV² 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS xiii
 0H[LFDQPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV SHUFHQW 
 ,QGRQHVLDPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV SHUFHQW

 
 6HOHFWHG/'&H[SRUWVDQGLPSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV
 
 'LUHFWLRQRI ,&7JRRGVWUDGHRULJLQDWLQJLQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJHFRQRPLHV² 
 ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHVVKDUHLQWRWDOZRUOGZLGHVHUYLFHVH[SRUWV
 
 ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHVH[SRUWVE\EURDGGHYHORSPHQWFDWHJRULHV²
 
 'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV·H[SRUWVRI ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV²
 
 &KLQD·VVKDUHRI HPSOR\PHQWLQZRUOGWRWDOHPSOR\PHQWLQWKHHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFLQGXVWU\ 
 DQG
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productivity
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&KDUW 3DJH
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xiv CONTENTS

&KDUW 3DJH
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 
 &VSURSRRU,&7IUDPHZRUN
 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS xv
List of Tables
L 5HVHDUFKHUVZRUOGZLGH 
 0RELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ 
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 ,QWUDUHJLRQDO6RXWK²6RXWKWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV)',²
 SHUFHQWDJHRI WRWDO6RXWK²6RXWK)',

 
 ,QGLDQHPSOR\PHQWLQWKHVRIWZDUHDQGVHUYLFHVVHFWRU 
 7KH,QGLDQ,7LQGXVWU\
 
 ([SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ²PLOOLRQ
 
 ([SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV²HFRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\H[SRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ
 
 ,PSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ²PLOOLRQ
 
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xvi CONTENTS
Table 3DJH
 ,PSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV²HFRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\LPSRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ 
 7RSH[SRUWHUVRI,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV²UDQNHGE\H[SRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ 
 6KDUHRI ,&7LQYHVWPHQWLQQRQUHVLGHQWLDOÀ[HGFDSLWDOIRUPDWLRQLQVHOHFWHG2(&'FRXQWULHV
 \HDUDYHUDJHV²
 
 2OLQHUDQG6LFKHOHVWLPDWHVIRUWKH,7FRQWULEXWLRQWRODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\JURZWK
 LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVSHUFHQW
 
 .H\YDULDEOHVIRUPHDVXULQJ,&7LPSDFWRQODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\ 
 &RPSXWHU,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFHLQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHV
 
 ,QWHQVLW\RI FRPSXWHUXVHLQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHV
 
 0RGDOLW\RI ,QWHUQHWFRQQHFWLRQLQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHW
 
 7\SHRI DFWLYLW\SHUIRUPHGZKLOHXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWLQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVXVLQJ
 WKH,QWHUQHW

 
 7\SHRI DFWLYLW\SHUIRUPHGRQWKHZHELQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVZLWKZHESUHVHQFH 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUFRPSXWHUWKH,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFH
 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKHVKDUHRI HPSOR\HHVXVLQJFRPSXWHUVWKH,QWHUQHW
and website presence
 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKHVKDUHRI FRPSXWHUVSHUHPSOR\HHWKH,QWHUQHW
and website presence
 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\HPSOR\PHQWVL]HJURXSV 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\ÀUPDJHJURXSV
 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\UHJLRQDOORFDWLRQ
 
 (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\LQGXVWU\DIÀOLDWLRQ
 
 *HRJUDSKLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI5'IDFLOLWLHVRI WKHWRSWHQ5'FRPSDQLHVLQ
 
 7KHFRVWRI WUDQVIHUULQJDQGWR$UPHQLDLQ
 
 *URZWKLQWKHQXPEHURI PRELOHWHOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVZRUOGZLGH
 
 0RELOHVXEVFULEHUVSHUSRSXODWLRQZRUOGZLGHLQDQG
 
 1XPEHURI RSHUDWRUVDQGVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVLQ1LJHULD
 
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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS xvii
List of abbreviations
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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xviii CONTENTS
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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS xix

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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xx CONTENTS
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INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
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