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Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials:
Number 28


Quantum optics
with semiconductor
nanostructures
Edited by
Frank Jahnke

Oxford

Cambridge

Philadelphia

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New Delhi


Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
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Contents

Contributor contact details
xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials xix
Preface
xxiii

Part I

Single quantum dot systems

1

1

Resonance fluorescence emission from
single semiconductor quantum dots coupled
to high-quality microcavities

3


S. M. ULRICH, A. ULHAQ and P. MICHLER,
University of Stuttgart, Germany

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2

Introduction
Emitter state preparation in single semiconductor
quantum dots: role of dephasing
Resonance fluorescence from a single semiconductor
quantum dot
Dephasing of Mollow triplet sideband emission
from a quantum dot in a microcavity
The phenomenon of non-resonant quantum
dot-cavity coupling
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Quantum optics with single quantum
dots in photonic crystal cavities

3

5
9
24
30
40
41
41

46

A. MAJUMDAR, M. BAJCSY, K. RIVOIRE, S. BUCKLEY, A. FARAON,
E. D. KIM, D. ENGLUND, J. VUCˇ KOVIC´ , Stanford University, USA

2.1
2.2

Introduction
Integrated, solid-state quantum optics platform:
InAs quantum dots (QDs) and photonic crystal nanocavities

46
47
v

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vi


Contents

2.3
2.4
2.5

Photon blockade and photon-assisted tunneling
Fast, electrical control of a single quantum dot-cavity system
Phonon-mediated off-resonant interaction in a quantum
dot-cavity system
Quantum photonic interfaces between InAs quantum
dots and telecom wavelengths
Future trends and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

52
57

Modeling single quantum dots in microcavities

78

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3


63
70
73
73
73

C. GIES, M. FLORIAN and F. JAHNKE, University of Bremen,
Germany and P. GARTNER, University of Bremen, Germany
and National Institute of Materials Physics,
Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

Introduction
Building blocks of the coupled microcavity-quantum
dot system
Theoretical description of the single-quantum
dot–microcavity system
Numerical methods and characteristic quantities
Competing electronic configurations and input/output
characteristics of a single-quantum dot laser
Sources of dephasing and spectral linewidths

Analogy to the two-level system
Conclusions
References

78
79
84
88
93
103
107
109
111

Part II Nanolasers with quantum dot emitters

115

4

117

Highly efficient quantum dot micropillar lasers
S. REITZENSTEIN, Technical University Berlin, Germany and
A. FORCHEL, University of Würzburg, Germany

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.5
4.6

Introduction
Theoretical description of high-β microlasers
Fabrication of quantum dot (QD) micropillar lasers
Optical characterization and pre-selection of QD
micropillars for lasing studies
Lasing in optically pumped QD micropillar lasers
Lasing in electrically pumped QD micropillar lasers

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117
118
123
127
131
141


Contents

vii

4.7
4.8
4.9


Future trends and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

149
149
150

5

Photon correlations in semiconductor nanostructures

154

M. AßMANN and M. BAYER, Technische Universität
Dortmund, Germany

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6

Introduction
Theoretical description of light-matter coupling
Photon statistics

Experimental approaches to photon correlation
measurements
Correlation measurements on semiconductor
nanostructures
Future trends and conclusions
References

154
155
163

Emission properties of photonic crystal nanolasers

186

167
170
182
182

S. STRAUF, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

7

Introduction
Design of photonic crystal (PC) nanocavities
Optical emission properties of quantum dots (QDs)
in PC nanocavities
Signatures of lasing in PC nanolasers
Detuning experiments: the quest for the gain mechanism
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Deformed wavelength-scale microdisk lasers
with quantum dot emitters

186
188
195
202
206
214
215
215

225

J-B. SHIM, A. EBERSPÄCHER and J. WIERSIG, Universität Magdeburg,
Germany, J. UNTERHINNINGHOFEN, OEC AG, Germany, Q. H. SONG,
Harbin Institute for Technology, China, L. GE, Princeton University, USA,
H. CAO and A. D. STONE, Yale University, USA


7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

Introduction
Ray-wave correspondence in microdisk cavities
Modified ray-wave correspondence
in wavelength-scale cavities
Wavelength-scale asymmetric resonant microcavity lasers

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225
229
231
239


viii

Contents

7.5
7.6
7.7

Conclusions

Acknowledgment
References

248
249
249

Part III Light-matter interaction in semiconductor
nanostructures
8

Photon statistics and entanglement in phonon-assisted
quantum light emission from semiconductor
quantum dots

253

255

A. CARMELE, M-R. DACHNER, J. KABUSS, M. RICHTER, F. MILDE and
A. KNORR, Technical University Berlin, Germany

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8

8.9
8.10
8.11
9

Introduction
Incoherently driven emission: phonon-assisted single
quantum dot luminescence
Entanglement analysis of a quantum dot biexciton cascade
Coherently driven emission
Equations of motion
Emission dynamics
Emission from strongly coupled quantum dot cavity
quantum electrodynamics
Phonon-assisted polariton signatures
Phonon-enhanced antibunching
Conclusions
References

255

Luminescence spectra of quantum dots in microcavities

293

258
264
269
272
275

279
283
285
289
289

F. P. LAUSSY, Walter Schottky Institut, Germany, E. DEL VALLE,
TU München, Germany, A. LAUCHT, Walter Schottky Institut, Germany,
A. GONZALEZ-TUDELA, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain,
M. KANIBER and J. J. FINLEY, Walter Schottky Institut, Germany and
C. TEJEDOR, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8

Introduction
The Jaynes–Cummings model
Luminescence spectra
Experimental implementations and observations
Luminescence spectra in the nonlinear regime
Effects of pure dephasing
Lasing
Conclusions and future trends


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293
295
300
309
315
319
322
325


Contents

ix

9.9
9.10

Acknowledgements
References

326
326

10

Photoluminescence from a quantum dot-cavity system


332

G. TAREL and V. SAVONA, École Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, M. WINGER, T. VOLZ and
A. IMAMOGLU, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule
Zürich (ETHZ), Switzerland

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11

Introduction: solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics
(CQED) systems with quantum dots (QDs)
Cavity feeding: influence of multiexcitonic states
at large detuning
Model for a QD-cavity system
Radiative processes revisited
Cavity feeding: Monte Carlo model
Cavity feeding: influence of acoustic phonons
at small detuning
Conclusions
Acknowledgements

References
Quantum optics with quantum-dot and quantum-well
systems

332
337
340
348
350
357
363
364
364

369

L. SCHNEEBELI, University of Arizona, USA, M. KIRA and
S.W. KOCH, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6

Introduction
Quantum-optical correlations
Quantum emission of strong-coupling quantum dots
Quantum-optical spectroscopy

Future trends and conclusions
References

Part IV Semiconductor cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED)
12

All-solid-state quantum optics employing quantum
dots in photonic crystals

369
370
377
384
390
390

393

395

P. LODAHL, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

12.1
12.2
12.3

Introduction
Light-matter interaction in photonic crystals
Disordered photonic crystal waveguides


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395
396
409


x

Contents

12.4

Cavity quantum electrodynamics in disordered
photonic crystal waveguides
Future trends and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

413
417
418
418

One-dimensional photonic crystal nanobeam cavities

421


12.5
12.6
12.7
13

J. HENDRICKSON, Air Force Research Laboratory, USA,
A. HOMYK and A. SCHERER, California Institute of Technology,
USA, T. ALASAARELA, A. SÄYNÄTJOKI, and S. HONKANEN,
Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Finland,
B. C. RICHARDS, Emcore Photovoltaics, USA, J-Y. KIM and
Y-H. LEE, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
Korea, R. GIBSON, M. GEHL, J. D. OLITZKY, S. ZANDBERGEN,
H. M. GIBBS and G. KHITROVA, University of Arizona, USA

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14

Introduction
Design, fabrication and computation
Passive photonic crystal cavity measurement technique
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique and history
Experimental results of ALD coated photonic

crystal nanobeam cavities
Conclusions
Future trends
Acknowledgments
References
Growth of II–VI and III-nitride quantum-dot
microcavity systems

421
426
429
432
436
441
441
442
442

447

C. KRUSE, S. FIGGE and D. HOMMEL, University of Bremen,
Germany

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7

14.8
14.9
14.10

Introduction
Growth of II–VI quantum dots: CdSe and CdTe
II–VI Bragg reflectors lattice matched to GaAs and ZnTe
Microcavities containing CdSe or CdTe quantum dots
Formation of InGaN quantum dots
Nitride-based Bragg reflectors
Microcavities containing InGaN quantum dots
Preparation of micropillars employing focused
ion beam etching
Conclusions
References

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447
450
456
463
465
471
473
475
477
478



Contents
Part V Ultrafast phenomena
15

Femtosecond quantum optics with semiconductor
nanostructures

xi
485

487

R. BRATSCHITSCH, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany,
R. HUBER, University of Regensburg, Germany and
A. LEITENSTORFER, University of Konstanz, Germany

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
16

Introduction
Few-fermion dynamics and single-photon gain
in a semiconductor quantum dot

Nanophotonic structures for increased light-matter
interaction
Ultrastrong light-matter coupling and sub-cycle
switching: towards non-adiabatic quantum electrodynamics
Ultrabroadband terahertz technology – watching
light oscillate
Intersubband-cavity polaritons – non-adiabatic
switching of ultrastrong coupling
References

487

Coherent optoelectronics with quantum dots

528

490
497
506
508
514
522

S. MICHAELIS DE VASCONCELLOS, S. GORDON, D. MANTEI,
Y. A. LEIER, M. AL-HMOUD, W. QUIRING and A. ZRENNER,
Universität Paderborn, Germany

16.1
16.2
16.3

16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

Introduction
Single quantum dot photodiodes
Exciton qubits in photodiodes
Coherent manipulation of the exciton
Ramsey fringes: control of the qubit phase
Coherent control by optoelectronic manipulation
Future trends and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

528
529
533
536
543
548
554
555
555

Index

561


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Editor
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University of Bremen
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Arka Majumdar, Michal Bajcsy,
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Englund, and Jelena Vucˇkovic´*
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Chapter 3

Sven M. Ulrich*, Ata Ulhaq, and
Peter Michler
Institut für Halbleiteroptik und
Funktionelle Grenzflächen,
University of Stuttgart,
Allmandring 3,
70569 Stuttgart
Germany

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Florian, Paul Gartner, and Frank
Jahnke
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Chapter 4

Chapter 7

Stephan Reitzenstein* and Alfred
Forchel
Technical University Berlin
Hardenbergstrasse 36
D-10623 Berlin
Germany

Jeong-Bo Shim, Alexander

Eberspächer and Jan Wiersig*
Institut für Theoretische Physik
Universität Magdeburg
Postfach 4120
D-39016 Magdeburg
Germany

Email: stephan.reitzenstein@
physik.tu-berlin.de

Email:
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OEC AG
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A. Forchel
Technische Physik
University of Würzburg
Am Hubland
D-97074 Würzburg
Germany

Email:

Chapter 5
Marc Aßmann* and Manfred Bayer
Fakultät für Physik
Experimentelle Physik 2
Technische Universität Dortmund

Otto-Hahn-Straße 4
44227 Dortmund
Germany
Email:
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Chapter 6

Qinghai Song
National Key Laboratory of
Tunable Laser Technology
Institute of Opto-Electronics,
Harbin Institute of Technology
Harbin 150080, China
Email:
Li Ge
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Email:

Stefan Strauf
Department of Physics and
Engineering Physics
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken NJ 07030
USA


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Department of Applied Physics
Yale University
New Haven, CT 06520-8482, USA
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Chapter 10

Alexander Carmele, MatthiasRené Dachner, Julia Kabuss,
Marten Richter, Frank Milde, and
Andreas Knorr*
Technical University Berlin
Hardenbergstrasse 36
D-10623 Berlin
Germany

Guillaume Tarel

Formerly of Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Switzerland

Email: ;


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Chapter 9
Fabrice P. Laussy*, Arne Laucht,
Michael Kaniber, and Jonathan J.
Finley
Walter Schottky Institut
Am Coulombwall 4
D-85748 Garching
Germany
Email:
Elena del Valle
TU München
James Franck Strasse
D-85748 Garching
Germany
Alejandro Gonzalez-Tudela and
Carlos Tejedor
Facultad de Ciencias
Campus de Cantoblanco
C/ Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7
28049 Madrid
Spain


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Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne
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Technische Hochschule Zürich
(ETHZ)
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Swiss Federal Institute of
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Lukas Schneebeli*
Formerly of the University of
Arizona, USA
Department of Physics and
Material Sciences Center
Philipps-University
35032 Marburg
Germany
Email: lukas.schneebeli@physik.
uni-marburg.de
Mackillo Kira and Stephan W. Koch

Philipps-Universität Marburg
Fachbereich Physik und
Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für
Materialwissenschaften
Renthof 5
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Germany

Chapter 12
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Niels Bohr Institute
University of Copenhagen
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DK-2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
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Chapter 13
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Air Force Research Laboratory
Sensors Directorate
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Andrew Homyk and Axel Scherer
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Nanoscience Institute
California Institute of Technology
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Chemnitz University of Technology
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Edited by C.-U. Kim

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In situ characterization of thin film growth
Edited by G. Koster and G. Rijnders

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Silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanostructures: Production, properties and
applications in electronics
Edited by Y. Shiraki and N. Usami

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High-temperature superconductors
Edited by X. G. Qiu

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Introduction to the physics of nanoelectronics

S. G. Tan and M. B. A. Jalil

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Printed films: Materials science and applications in sensors, electronics and
photonics
Edited by M. Prudenziati and J. Hormadaly

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Laser growth and processing of photonic devices
Edited by N. A. Vainos

28

Quantum optics with semiconductor nanostructures
Edited by F. Jahnke

29

Ultrasonic transducers: Materials and design for sensors, actuators and
medical applications
Edited by K. Nakamura

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook
Edited by V. Goodship and A. Stevels

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Applications of ATILA FEM software to smart materials: Case studies in
designing devices
Edited by K. Uchino and J.-C. Debus

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MEMS for automotive and aerospace applications
Edited by M. Kraft and N. M. White

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Semiconductor lasers: Fundamentals and applications
Edited by A. Baranov and E. Tournie

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Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing, and communications
Edited by D. Saeedkia

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Handbook of solid-state lasers: Materials, systems and applications
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Organic light-emitting diodes and displays
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Lasers for medical applications: Diagnostics, therapy and surgery
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Semiconductor gas sensors
Edited by R. Jaaniso and O. K. Tan

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Handbook of organic materials for optical and optoelectronic devices:
Properties and applications
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Metallic films for electronic, optical and magnetic applications: Structure,
processing and properties
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Handbook of laser welding technologies
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Nanolithography for fabricating nanoelectronics, nanophotonics and
nanobiology devices and systems
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Laser spectroscopy for sensing: Fundamentals, techniques and applications
Edited by M. Baudelet

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Chalcogenide glasses: Preparation, properties and applications
Edited by J.-L. Adam and X. Zhang

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Handbook of MEMS for wireless and mobile applications
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Subsea optics and imaging

Edited by J. Watson and O. Zielinski

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Carbon nanotubes and graphene for photonic applications
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Preface

The rapidly developing field of quantum optics with semiconductor nanostructures represents the recent merging of two formerly independent
research areas, which have been very successful on their own. Originally
quantum optics was solely performed with atomic and molecular systems.
Effects of altered spontaneous emission in semiconductor systems, radiatively coupled quantum wells, and strong coupling of exciton polaritons in
microcavities have been clear indications that novel effects of light-matter
interaction in semiconductors are waiting to be discovered and utilized. It
was the availability of high-quality active materials consisting of quantum
wells and quantum dots on the one hand, and semiconductor based optical microcavities for efficient photon confinement on the other hand, that
jump-started the new merger. At present, the mature semiconductor technology allows the realization of high brightness single-photon sources, the
generation of entangled photons, as well as strong coupling on the singlephoton level in semiconductor systems.
This book covers the essential ingredients on which the recent progress
in the field is based. This includes the growth of the active material and
the utilization of new material systems. The fabrication and characterization

of optical microresonators with quantum dots as active material is another
focus point. New results for highly efficient micropillars with optical and
electrical pumping, photonic crystal devices, as well as deformed microdisks
are presented. Of central importance is the characterization of fundamental
interaction processes in these systems. Here the regime of cavity quantum
electrodynamics is explored with key experiments such as resonance fluorescence and photon blockade using single quantum-dot emitters. Furthermore,
interfaces between photonic and electronic quantum states are studied, and
novel effects in the photon statistics of the emission from quantum-dot
microcavity systems are presented. The broad range of relevant topics is
completed by contributions addressing the coherent manipulation of quantum states, the coupling of quantum dots to metal nanoantennas, and the
regime of ultrastrong light-matter coupling.
The close theory–experiment collaboration has a long tradition in semiconductor optics. Of particular importance in semiconductor systems
is the interplay of carrier many-body effects and the interaction with the
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Preface

quantized light field. Several groups present their progress in the application of microscopic models to study the emission properties in the regime of
strong light-matter coupling, and to uncover signatures of nonclassical light
effects. Of direct relevance for the interpretation of recent experiments is
the physics behind nonresonant quantum-dot cavity-mode coupling and the
understanding of how interaction-induced effects can dominate the emission properties.
I was overwhelmed by the interest shown by researchers in this field in
participating in this book. We are delighted to now be able to summarize the

current state-of-the-art in quantum optics with semiconductor nanostructures through this collection of contributions from leading groups. I would
like to thank all the authors for their efficient and fast communication in the
course of outlining the book and editing their chapters.
My special thanks go to Laura Pugh and Rachel Cox for their perfect support in all aspects of the preparation of this book.
F. Jahnke,
University of Bremen, Germany

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