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ĐỀ CƯƠNG CHI TIẾT
LESSON 1. PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM)
1. MỘT VÀI QUY TẮC VỀ TRỌNG ÂM (STRESS)
Quy tắc
1. Từ có 2 vần:
- Thường nhấn ở vần đầu
- Danh từ hoặc tính từ: nhấn ở vần đầu
- Động từ: nhấn ở vần cuối
2. Các từ tận cùng là: IC, ION, IA, IAL, IAN,
IAR, IENCE, IENCY, IENT, IANCE, IUM,
IOUS, EOUS, UOUS, trọng âm thường đặt
ngay trước những âm này
Ví dụ
Candy, really, active, carrot
Dictate, present, export, rebel
Dictate, present, export, rebel
Economic, revision, colonial,
magnesia, musician, familiar,
experience, efficient,
allegiance, gymnasium,
abstemious, continuous
3. Các từ tận cùng là: OUS, ATE, TUDE,
Adventurous, considerate,
ITY, ETY, AL, LOGY, GRAPHY, METRY,
altitude, capacity, variety,
NOMY, CY trọng âm thường từ âm thứ 3 từ
mechanical, astrology,
sau ra trước.
photography, calorimetry,
antinomy, democracy
4. Các từ tận cùng là: ADE, EE, ESE, EER,
Charade, referee, Vietnamese,
OO, OON, ETTE, ESQUE, trọng âm thường engineer, taboo, balloon,
nhấn ở vần cuối.
cigarette, burlesque
5. Danh từ kép, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đầu Blackbird, greenhouse
6. Tính từ kép, động từ kép, trọng âm rơi
Bad-tempered, old-fashioned
vào âm tiết thứ hai
understand, overflow
Ngoại lệ
Cadec, divine,
possess, guitar,
patrol, manure
Arithmetic, heretic,
appliance, reliance,
defiance
Incarnate,
disastrous
Centigrade,
committee,
overseer
2. PHÁT ÂM (PRONUNCIATION) : CÁCH PHÁT ÂM –S / ES VÀ -ED
Từ tận cùng là Thường phát âm là
-p, -pe
/p/
-t, -te
/t/
-k, -ke
/k/
-gh, -ph
/f/
-th, -the
/θ/
-x, -s, -ce, -se
/s/
-se
/z/
-sh
/∫/
-ge
/ dz /
-ch
/ʧ/
Trường hợp còn lại
Thêm –S/ES đọc là
Từ tận cùng là Thường phát âm là
-d, -de
/d/
-t, -te
/t/
-k, -ke
/k/
-gh, -ph
/f/
-x, -s, -ce, -se
/s/
-p, -pe
/p/
-sh
/∫/
-ch
/ t∫ /
Trường hợp còn lại
Thêm –ED đọc là
Exercise
1. A. proofs
2. A. asks
3. A. sees
4. A. tombs
B. books
B. breathes
B. sports
B. lamps
/s/
/ iz /
/z/
/ id /
/t/
/d/
C. points
C. breaths
C. pools
C. brakes
Ví dụ
Stops, hopes, develops, copes
Bats , hats, hates, writes
Books, looks, breaks, makes
Laughs, photographs
Lengths, bathes
Boxes, kisses, pieces, houses
Uses (v), browses
Washes, smashes
Languages, bridges, ranges
Watches, matches, catches
Pens, tables, disappears
Ví dụ
Decided, needed
Wanted, dedicated
Looked, caked,
Laughed, paragraphed
Mixed, missed, pronounced
Dropped, developed, roped
Established, finished
Scratched, stretched
Used (v), prepared, cleaned
D. days
D. hopes
D. trains
D. invites
5. A. books
B. floors
C. combs
D. drums
6. A. cats
B. tapes
C. rides
D. cooks
7. A. walks
B. begins
C. helps
D. cuts
8. A. shoots
B. grounds
C. concentrates
D. forests
9. A. helps
B. laughs
C. cooks
D. finds
10. A. hours
B. fathers
C. dreams
D. thinks
11. A. beds
B. doors
C. plays
D. students
12. A. arms
B. suits
C. chairs
D. boards
13. A. boxes
B. classes
C. potatoes
D. finishes
14. A. relieves
B. invents
C. buys
D. deals
15. A. dreams
B. heals
C. kills
D. tasks
16. A. resources
B. stages
C. preserves
D. focuses
17. A. carriages
B. whistles
C. assures
D. costumes
18. A. offers
B. mounts
C. pollens
D. swords
19. A. miles
B. words
C. accidents
D. names
20. A. sports
B. households
C. minds
D. plays
CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tenses và Past participle:
1. “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : .Ex: wanted; decided
2. “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫, h ,/ hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :.Ex: asked; stopped;
laughed...
3. “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên
: .Ex: moved; played; raised
Ngọai lệ: Đi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked,,...
Exercise
1. A. worked
2. A. kissed
3. A. confused
4. A. devoted
5. A. catched
6. A. agreed
7. A. measured
8. A. wounded
9. A. imprisoned
10. A. a.failed
11. A. invited
12. A removed
13. A. looked
14. A. wanted
15. A. laughed
16. A.believed
17. A.lifted
18. A. collected
19. A. walked
20. A.admired
B. stopped
B. helped
B. faced
B. suggested
B. crashed
B. missed
B. pleased
B. routed
B. pointed
B. reached
B. attended
B. washed
B. laughed
B.parked
B. passed
B. prepared
B. lasted
B. changed
B. entertained
B. looked
C. forced
C. forced
C. cried
C. provided
C. occupied
C. liked
C. distinguished
C. wasted
C. shouted
C. absored
C. celebrated
C. hoped
C. moved
C. stopped
C. suggested
C. involved
C. happened
C. formed
C. reached
C. missed
D. wanted
D. raised
D. defined
D. wished
D. coughed
D. watched
D. managed
D. risked
D. surrounded
D. solved
D. díplayed
D. missed
D.stepped
D.watched
D. placed
D. liked
D. decided
D. viewed
D. looked
D. hoped
BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A. heat
A. breakfast
A. thrilling
A. idea
A. face
A. Germany
A. scholarship
A. house
A. hundred
A. head
A. choir
A. charge
A. reason
A. motion
A. gather
B. scream
B. teacher
B. other
B. going
B. place
B. garden
B. Christ
B. harm
B. exhausted
B. ready
B. cheap
B. child
B. clear
B. question
B. good
C. meat
C. east
C. through
C. will
C. prepared
C. gate
C. school
C. hour
C. however
C. mean
C. child
C. teacher
C. mean
C. mention
C. large
D. dead
D. please
D. something
D. trip
D. days
D. gas
D. chicken
D. husband
D. heat
D. weather
D. chair
D. champagne
D. each
D. fiction
D. again
16. A. change
17. A. write
18. A. share
19. A. apply
20. A. choice
B. children
B. writer
B. rare
B. university
B. achieve
C. machine
C. writing
C. are
C. identity
C. each
D. church
D. written
D. declare
D. early
D. chemistry
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LESSON 2+3. TENSES (THÌ)
Thì
Dạng
Khẳng
định
Phủ định
Nghi vấn
Bị động
Nhận biết
Thì
Dạng
Khẳng
định
Phủ định
Nghi vấn
Bị động
SIMPLE PRESENT
(Hiện Tại đơn)
SIMPLE PAST
(Quá Khứ đơn)
S + V [-s/-es]
S + V-ed / 2
S + don’t / doesn’t + V(bare-inf)
Do / Does + S + V (bare- inf) …?
…am / is / are + V-ed/Vpp…
S + didn’t + V(bare-inf)
Did + S + V(bare-inf) …?
…was / were + V-ed/Vpp…
- yesterday
- last : last week, last Sunday…
- ago : two months ago, five years ago…
- in the past
- always, usually, occasionally, often, …
- every : every day, every year…
- once…, twice…, 3 times…
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(Hiện Tại tiếp diễn)
PAST CONTINUOUS
(Quá Khứ tiếp diễn)
S + am / is / are + V-ing
S + was / were + V-ing
S + am not / isn’t / aren’t + V-ing
Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing …?
S + wasn’t / weren’t + V-ing
Was / Were + S + V-ing …?
…am / is / are + being + V-ed/Vpp…
…was / were + being + V-ed/Vpp…
Nhận biết
Thì
Dạng
Khẳng
định
Phủ định
Nghi vấn
Bị động
Nhận biết
Thì
Dạng
Khẳng
định
Phủ định
Nghi vấn
Bị động
Nhận biết
- now, at present
- at the / this moment
- Sau câu mệnh lệnh :
Keep silent! The baby is sleeping
- At that moment
- When / As + (simple past):
When I came, she was crying.
- While :
A dog crossed the road while I was
driving.
PRESENT PERFECT
(Hiện Tại hoàn thành)
PAST PERFECT
(Qúa Khứ hoàn thành)
S + has / have + V-ed/Vpp
S + had + V-ed/Vpp
S + hasn’t / haven’t + V-ed/Vpp
Has / Have + S + V-ed/Vpp …?
…has / have + been + V-ed/Vpp…
- just, already, ever, yet, recent(ly), lately
- since, for : since 1995, for 9 years
- so far, up to now, from then
S + hadn’t + V-ed/Vpp
Had + S + V-ed/Vpp…?
…had been + V-ed/Vpp…
- after + (past perfect), (simple past)
- before + (simple past), (past perfect)
- by the time/when ( Vpast), Had + Vpp
SIMPLE FUTURE
(Tương Lai đơn)
FUTURE PERFECT
(Tương Lai hoàn thành)
S + will + V (inf)
S + will have+ V-ed/Vpp
S + won’t + V (inf)
Will + S + V (inf)…?
…will be + V-ed/Vpp…
- tomorrow
- next… : next week, next Monday
- in the future
S + won’t have + V-ed/Vpp
Will + S + have + V-ed/Vpp…?
…will be + V-ed/Vpp…
- by the end of this month
- by + (time in the future)
Khi chia động từ cần chú ý sự hòa hợp của chủ ngữ (S) và động từ (V):
* S1 + and + S2 => số nhiều.
Ví dụ : Tom and Mary were late yesterday.
* Each, every, no + noun => số ít.
Ví dụ : Each boy and girl has a textbook. No student is present
* (N)either + S1 + (n)or + S2 => chia theo S2. Ví dụ : He or you are the best student.
* S1, as well as + S2 => chia theo S1.
Ví dụ : John, as well as you, is responsible for that
report.
* Chủ ngữ là danh từ chỉ đo lường, giá cả, tiền => số ít. Ví dụ : 5,000 dollars is a big sum of
money.
* Đại từ bất định (everyone, something, nobody…) => số ít. Ví dụ : Everybody is in the room.
PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Choose the most correct answer:
1. I _______this film twice.
A. see
B. saw
C. will see
2. –Peter, please help me do the washing up. – Sorry, Mum. I ______ TV.
A. watch
B. am watching
C. had watched
3. The farmers _____ in the field now.
A. were working
B. have worked
C. worked
4. The war _____ out three years ago.
A. broke
B. had broken
C. has broken
5. He ______ a cup of coffee every morning.
A. drinks
B. drank
C. is drinking
6. She ______ a lot of new books.
A. had just bought
B. has just bought
C. buys
7. Up to the present, Nam_____ good work in his class.
A. does
B. has done
C. had done
8. At present, that author ______ a historical novel.
A. is writing
B. was writing
C. has written
D. have seen
D. watched
D. are working
D. was breaking
D. has drunk
D. bought
D. did
D. had written
9. By next month, I _____ my first novel.
A. will finish
B. am going to finish
C. finish
D. will have
finished
10. Phong ______ at the university so far.
A. had worked
B. was working
C. worked
D. has worked
11. How long _____ able to drive? – since 1990.
A. could you
B. have you been
C. were you
D. are you
12. They ______ since eight o’clock.
A. are talking
B. have been talking
C. talked
D. talk
13. My brother _______ in the army from 1990 to 1995.
A. served
B. has served
C. had served
D. is serving
14. At this moment, I _____ that we have a good chance of victory.
A. was feeling
B. am feeling
C. feel
D. had been
feeling
15. I _____ the money from him yet.
A. haven’t received
B. don’t receive
C. will receive
D. am receiving
16. This is the most interesting book _____ .
A. I’ve read
B. I had read
C. I’ve ever readed
D. I’ve ever read
17. I ____ him ten days ago.
A. see
B. saw
C. have seen
D. will see
18. It ______ a long time since I last saw him.
A. is
B. was
C. will be
D. had been
19. She _____ so hard this week that she doesn’t have time to go to the hairdresser’s.
A. works
B. worked
C. has been working
D. had worked
20. Mr. John_______ to Los Angeles in 1992.
A. had gone
B. has gone
C. went
D. was going
21. What ______ to you yesterday?
A. happened
B. did happen
C. had happened
D. has happened
22. I never go to Australia. I _____ to Australia yet.
A. will go
B. went
C. haven’t been
D. have been
23. What _____ do at 7:00 tomorrow morning.
A. will you
B. shall you
C. were you
D. did you
24. Why ______ you come yesterday?
A. couldn’t
B. can’t
C. didn’t
D. A and C
25. My mother ______ in this factory since 1990
A. works
B. worked
C. has worked
D. had worked
26. I _____ my hair before breakfast this morning.
A. washed
B. had washed
C. was washing
D. have washed
27. I _____ about him when he suddenly came in.
A. talk
B. talked
C. am talking
D. was talking
28. He will finish this work before you _______ here tomorrow.
A. leave
B. will leave
C. would leave
D. are going to
leave
29. Don’t make noise. My mother ______ with her friends.
A. is talking
B. was talking
C. talks
D. talked
30. He _____ in this office for ten years by next Monday.
A. will have been working
B. would be working
C. will work
D. will be working
Exercise 3: Find ONE mistake in each of the following sentences:
1. (A)Last year, my son (B)was lost (C)among the crowd when we (D)have gone shopping.
2. The problem (A)has turned out (B)to be more serious (C)than we (D)will have thought.
3. (A)Almost 300 million people (B)had visited (C)America’s national parks (D)every year.
4. They (A)have studied English(A) before they went (C)to London.
5. They (A)has got married (B)for 30 years (C)by the end of (D)this month.
6. They (A)will help you (B)whenever you (C)will ask (D)them.
7. (A)When Sam (B)will arrive, he will (C)open (D)the gift.
8. My father (A)has ever told (B)me honestychân thât (C)was (D)the best policy.
9. Did you say (A)that you (B)will have a lot of things (C)to do the (D)following week?
10. (A)When we arrived (B)at (C)the station, the train (D)has already left.
11. (A)Did your doctor (B)recommend you that you (C)will stop (D)smoking?
12. (A) Up to now, there (B)had been (C)no woman (D)being chosen the US president.
13. The neighbors (A)are having a party. They (B)are making so much noise (C)since 6 o’clock. I
(D)can’t sleep.
14. (A)Don’t (B)leave the house (C)until I (D)will get back.
15. I (A)was walking along the pavement(B) when I (C)realized that there (D)has been a man following
me.
16. Human (A)had struggled (B)against weeds (C)since the beginning (D)of agriculture.
17. Mary (A)said (B)that she (C)do jogging (D)every morning.
18. (A)At this time (B)next week, Peter (C)was working (D)in London.
19. Never I (A)have seen (B)such a (C)good film (D)before.
20. (A)Before the 1920s, (B)no women (C)will vote (D)in the US.
LESSON 4. REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)
Để biến đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần:
1. Đổi chủ ngữ và các đại từ nhân xưng khác trong câu trực tiếp theo chủ ngữ của thành phần thứ
nhất.
2. Lùi động từ ở mệnh đề 2 về một bậc so với lúc ban đầu.
3. Biến đổi các đại từ, phó từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm theo bảng qui định.
Bảng đổi động từ
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Simple present ( Hiện tại đơn)
Present progressive (H.tại tiếp diễn)
Present perfect (Progressive)
Simple past (Quá khứ đơn)
Will/Shall
Can/May
Simple past (Quá khứ đơn)
Past progressive
Past perfect(Progressive) (quá khứ hoàn
thành)
Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Would/ Should
Could/ Might
Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian
Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next + Time ( week, month, year….)
Last + Time ( week, month, year….)
Time + ago
This, these
Right now
Here, Overhere
That day
The day before
Two days before
The next/ the following day
In two days
The following + Time ( week, month,
year….)
The previous + Time ( week, month, year….)
Time + before
That, those
At once
There, Overthere
Ví dụ : - He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.”
He said that he had lost his pen that morning.
- She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.”
She told him that she would go with him the next day.
- He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.”
He said that he would come there to take that book.
- They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”
They told us that we had to do that work at once.
Lưu ý : Trong câu tường thuật, cần chú ý câu hỏi làm tân ngữ cho động từ tường thuật:
V (tường thuật) +
Ví dụ :
wh- / how…
if / whether (câu hỏi Y/N)
+
S
+ V
“What are you doing?” asked my father.
= My father asked me what I was doing.
“Have you seen that film?” John asked.
= John wanted to know if I had seen that film.
He asked them “How many children do you have?”
= He asked them how many children they had.
Exercise1: Choose the best option to complete the following sentences
1. Jack asked me _____.
A.where do you come from?
B.where I came from
C.where I am from
D.where did I come from?
2. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.
A.when
B.what
C.if
D.x
3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.
A.told
B.tell
C. have told
D. are telling
4. I wanted to know_____ return home.
A.when would she
B. when will she
C. when she will
D. when she
would
5. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.
A.owns
B.owned
C. owning
D. A and B
6. What did that man say ______?
A. at you
B. for you
C. to you
D. you
7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.
A. is
B. were
C. has been
D. was
8. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.
A. promised
B. promise
C. promises
D. promising
9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.
A. told
B. tell
C. have told
D. are telling
10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______
week.
A. ago
B. following
C. next
D. previous
11. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.
A. asked
B. is asking
C. ask
D. was asked
12. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.
A. admitting that
B. was admitted that
C. admitted that
D. admit that
13. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ day.
A. that
B. the
C. then
D. this
14. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what
B. when
C. where
D. whether
15. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.
A. has reminded
B. has reminded that
C. reminded
D. reminded that
16. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.
A. are
B. were
C. was
D. should be
17. Ann ______ and left.
A. said goodbye to me
B. says goodbye to me
C. tell me goodbye
D. told me
goodbye
18. I told you ______ to switch off the computer, didn’t I ?
A. don’t
B. not
C. not to
D. to not
19. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.
A. tell him
B. told him for
C. told to
D. told him to
20. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.
A. asked her
B. asked
C. ask
D.have asked her
21. Someone ______ me there’s been an accident on the motorway.
A. asked
B. said
C. spoke
D. told
22. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I advised her _____.
A. no worry
B. not worry
C. no to worry
D. not to worry
23. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I asked Tom_______.
A. giving a hand
B. gave a hand
C. to give a hand
D. give a hand
24. Tom said that New York _______ more lively than London.
A. is
B. be
C. was
D. were
25. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ______ use the phone.
A. can
B. could
C. may
D. must
26. George couldn’t help me. He ______ me to ask Kate.
A. tell
B. said
C. told
D. say
27. Judy ______ going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A.admitted
B. offered
C. promised
D. suggested
28. I said that I had met her ______ .
A. yesterday
B. the previous day
C. the day
D. the before
day.
29. The man asked the boys ______ .
A. why did they fight
B. why they were fighting
C. why they fight
D.why were they fighting
30. “______the door”, he said.
A. please open
B. open pleased
C. please to open
D. please,
opening
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences :
1. “Push as hard as you can” She said to me.
She told me
_____________________________________________________________________
2. “Don’t wait for me if I am late” He said to her.
He told her _____________________________________________________________________
3. “Where are you from, Nam?” said Mai.
Mai asked_______________________________________________________________________
4. Mary said “ I cannot go to the cinema with you, John”.
She ___________________________________________________________________________
5. Tom asked Mary “Did you phone me last night?”
Tom wanted to know_____________________________________________________________
6. He asked me “Why didn’t you go to school yesterday?”.
He asked me___________________________________________________________________
7. Why don’t you stop smoking?” the doctor said to him.
The doctor advised him ____________________________________________________________
8. “How many students are there in your class?”
The man asked me
________________________________________________________________
9. “Have you seen John recently?” said Ann.
Ann asked me ___________________________________________________________________
10. The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.”
The policeman ordered ____________________________________________________________
11. He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?”
He wanted to know _______________________________________________________________
12. He said : “Would you mind telling me the time ?”
He told
_________________________________________________________________________
13. I said to my friend : “When did you buy your new car ?
I asked
__________________________________________________________________________
14. My friend said to me : “We have known everything about that.”
My friend told
____________________________________________________________________
15. Helen said : “What did you say, Jack ?”
Helen asked Jack
__________________________________________________________________
16. 'You'd better look for a new job, Andrew.'
Jane advised
______________________________________________________________________
17. 'It was nice of you to invite me to your birthday party. Thanks very much.
Mike thanked
_______________________________________________________________________
18. 'I must. have made a mistake in the calculations.'
Mr Forest admitted
__________________________________________________________________
19. 'I'll pay for the meal.'
Sarah insisted
_____________________________________________________________________
20.Perhaps we can go to Paris for the weekend.'
Neil suggested
____________________________________________________________________
LESON 5. PASSIVE VOICE (THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG)
S
+ [aux] + Vm(động từ chính)
S
+ [aux]
+ Be + V-ed/Vpp
+
+
O
[by + O]
Ghi chú : - Động từ Be phải được chia cùng thì với câu chủ động hoặc cùng dạng với Vm.
- Trong câu bị động, bỏ [by + O] nếu O là me, you, us, them, him, her, it, someone,
somebody, people…
TENSES
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
1. The simple present ( Hiện tại đơn)
S + V (-s /es)
S + am/is /are + Vpp
2. The present. Continuous (H.tại tiếp
S + am/ is/ are + V-ing
S+ am/is / are/ + being + Vpp
diễn)
3. The present perfect ( H.tại hoàn thành) S + have/ has + Vpp
S + have/ has + been + Vpp
4. The simple past (Quá khứ đơn)
S + V2/ V-ed
S + was/ were + Vpp
5. The past continuous (Quá khứ tiếp
S + was/ were + V- ing
S + was/ were + being+ Vpp
diễn)
6. The past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) S + had + Vpp
S + had+ been + Vpp
7. The simple future ( tương lai đơn)
S + will/ shall + bare-V
S + will/ shall + be + Vpp
8
S + Model + V-bareInf
S + Model + be + Vpp
Model: can, could, must, may, might, should, am going to……….
Ví dụ :
They
are painting
the fence
= The pence is being painted by them
Tourists
buy
a lot of souvenirs today.
= A lot of souvenirs are bought by tourists
today.
The manager
should sign
these contracts.
= These contracts should be signed by the manager.
*Môtt số cấu trúc bị động đặc biệt:
1. Causative form: ( Thể nhờ bảo): “Have” or “Get”.
a. Have
* Chủ động : S + have + O.1(person) + bare -V + O.2 ( thing)
* Bị động : S + have + O.2 (thing) + Vpp
Ex: I had him repair the roof yesterday.
---- I had the roof repaired yesterday.
b. Get
* Chủ động : S + get + O.1(person) + to- inf + O.2 ( thing)
* Bị động : S + get + O.2 (thing) + Vpp
Ex: I will get her to cut my hair
---- I will get my hair cut.
2. Verbs of Opinion: Say, think, believe, know, report, declare, report, announce....
:
* Chư động: S1 + V of opinion + (that) + clause (S2 + V + O)
* Chủ động : It + be + V of opinion ( Vpp) + (that) + clause.
Hoặc: S2 + be + V of opinion (Vpp) + to - inf
Ex: - They said that John was the brightest student in class.
---- It was said that John was the brightest student in class.
----- John was said to be the brightest student in class.
Nếu Verbs of Opinion ở thì hiện tại, mệnh đề được tường thuật ở quá khứ, ta dùng cấu trúc
sau:
* Chủ động: S1 + V of opinion + (that) + clause (S2+ V + O)
* Bị động : It + be + V of opinion ( Vpp) + (that) + clause.
or: S2 + be + V of opinion (Vpp) + to have Vpp
Ex: They know that Mary won the competition.
---- It is known that Mary won the competition
---- Mary is known to have won the competition.
3. S (thing) + need + to be V pp
Ex: These trees need to be watered every day
or : S (thing) + need + V-ing
These trees need watering every day
Exercise 1:Change into passive voice:
1. The teacher always welcomes new students.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. The police found two children in the forest.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. They will send your order as soon as possible.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. The scientists are studying the problem carefully.
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. Pat Murphy was riding the horse.
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. The police have just arrested the robbers.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. They can use this room after 5p.m.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. They have to repair the engine of the car.
→ _______________________________________________________________________________
10.. People must repair that old building.
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time.
___________________________________________________________________________________
12. Did Henry write that book years ago ?
___________________________________________________________________________________
13. I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests.
___________________________________________________________________________________
14. You should place matches out of reach of children.
___________________________________________________________________________________
15. People say that inflation is getting out of control.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Choose the most correct answer:
1. The boy_____ by the teacher yesterday.
A. punish
B. punished
C. punishing
D. was punished
2. “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already ______,sir. They’re on your
desk.”
A. typed
B. been being typed
C. being typed
D. been typed
3. Today, many serious childhood diseases _____ by early immunization.
A. are preventing
B. can prevent
C. prevent
4. They had a boy _______ that yesterday.
A. done
B. to do
C. did
5. We get our mail ______ yesterday.
A. been delivered
B. delivered
C. delivering
6. My wedding ring ______ yellow and white gold.
A. is made
B. is making
C. made
7. If your brother _______ , he would come.
A. invited
B. were invited
C. were inviting
8. Mr. Wilson is _______ as Willie to his friend.
A. known
B. knew
C. is known
9. References _____ in the examination room.
A. not are used
B. is not used
C. didn’t used
10. Laura ______ in Boston.
A. are born
B. were born
C. was born
11. His car needs ________.
A. be fixed
B. fixing
C. to be fixing
12. Her watch needs _______.
A. repairing
B. to be repaired
C. repaired
13. My mother is going _____ this house.
A. sold
B. sell
C. to be sold
14. There’s somebody behind us. I think we are _______.
A. being followed
B. are followed
C. follow
15. Have you _____ by a dog?
A. bite
B. bit
C. ever been bitten
16. The room is being _____ at the moment.
A. was cleaned
B. cleaned
C. cleaning
17. It _____ that the strike will end soon.
A. is expected
B. expected
C. are expected
18. It is _____ that many people are homeless after the floods.
A. was reported
B. reports
C. reported
19. He was said _____ this building.
A. designing
B. to have designed
C. to designs
20. Ted ______ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
A. got sting
B. got stung
C. get stung
D. can be prevented
D. do
D. to deliver
D. make
D. invite
D. know
D. are not used
D. born
D. fixed
D. A and B
D. to sell
D. following
D. ever been bit
D. clean
D. was expected
D. reporting
D. designed
D. gets stung
LESON 6. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)
1. Điều kiện loại 1 :
IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If)
MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)
Simple Present
S + V[-e/es]
S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf)
Simple Future
S + will + V(inf)
S + will not + V(inf)
Will + S + V(inf)…?
Unless = if…….not
Ví dụ:
Study hard
or you will fail the exam.
= Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam.
= If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam.
Ghi chú :
- Sau mệnh đề If hoặc mệnh đề Unless phải có dấu phẩy (,)
- Sau Unless không được dùng dạng phủ định (Ví dụ : khơng được viết Unless you don’t write)
2. Điều kiện loại 2, loại 3 :
TYPE
IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If)
II
Simple Past
Be were (was)
S + V-ed/2
S + didn’t + V(inf)
III
Past Perfect
S + had + V-ed/Vpp
S + hadn’t + V-ed/Vpp
MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)
S + would / could + V(inf)
S + wouldn’t / couldn’t +V(inf)
Would / Could + S + V(inf)… ?
S + would / could have + V-ed/3
S + wouldn’t / couldn’t have + V-ed/3
Would / Could + S + have + V-ed/3…?
Điều kiện loại 2 : diễn tả một sự việc khơng có thật ở hiện tại
Điều kiện loại 3 : diễn tả một sự việc khơng có thật ở q khứ
Dạng bài tập : Biến đổi câu. Dựa vào tình huống (thường có 2 câu hoặc 2 mệnh đề) để xác định
+ 1 câu hoặc mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân
+ 1 câu hoặc mệnh đề chỉ kết quả
So
Because
Therefore
+ nguyên nhân
+ kết quả
Because of
As a result
That’s why
=> Áp dụng trong câu điều kiện :
If + (nguyên nhân) , (kết quả)
Lưu ý :
+ Nếu tình huống được cho ở thì hiện tại đơn, ta áp dụng câu điều kiện loại 2
+ Nếu tình huống được cho ở thì quá khứ đơn, ta áp dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
+ Câu điều kiện loại 2, loại 3 là khơng có thật ở hiện tại nên cả hai mệnh đề trong câu
điều kiện phải ở dạng phủ định của câu hoặc mệnh đề ban đầu.
Ví dụ :
He doesn’t hurry, so he misses the train (tình huống hiện tại loại 2)
= If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the train
They don’t go camping because the weather is bad. (tình huống hiện tại loại 2)
= If the weather weren’t bad, they would go camping.
She stayed up late. That’s why she was ill. (tình huống quá khứ loại 3)
= If she hadn’t stayed up late, she wouldn’t have been ill.
________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngc:
1. I (be)_________ angry if it turns out that you are wrong.
2. If he (finish)__________ with the computer, I will put it away.
3. If you leave now, you (be) _________ home in 2 hours.
4. You (have to) ___________ finish writing it if you want to leave now.
5. If it (not rain)__________ we will have the party outside.
6. If I (live)__________ out of town, I would take up the garden.
7. I (not mind) ________________ living in Sapa if the weather were better.
8. If Mr. Hai (be) _____________ still a teacher, he wouldn’t permit such a bad behavior.
9. We would be fine if we (leave) _________________ in the next ten minutes.
10. I’m homeless. If I (have)_________ money now, I (buy) ______________ a big house.
11. If we had missed the train yesterday, we (be) ________________ late for the meeting.
12. It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s birthday. I (forget) ____________if you hadn’t reminded
me.
13. The accident was your fault. If you had driven more carefully, it (not happen)________________.
14. The view was wonderful. If I (have)_____________ a camera, I would have taken some photographs.
15. If you had told me you needed money, I (lend)_____________ you some.
16. If it (be) _______ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock.
17. If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) ___________ him.
18. He (come) ___________ if you waited.
19. If she had had your address, she (write) ___________ to you.
20. We lost the match. If you (play) ______________ for us, we (win) __________.
21. He (not, have) _______________ an accident if he had not been driving so fast.
22. Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) ___________ her.
23. If today (be) ___________ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work.
24. If I became very rich, I (build ) ___________ a hospital for the poor.
25. If you (ring) _______________ the bell, the servant would come.
Exercise 2: Chọn phơng án tốt nhất để hoàn thành các câu sau
1. If I ______ the bus this afternoon, I will get a taxi instead.
A. miss
B. will miss
C. missed
D. had missed
2. `We’ll have to go without John if he ______ soon.
A. won’t arrive
B. will arrive
C. arrives
D. doesn’t arrive
3. If I make some coffee, _____ the cake?
A. do you cut
B. will you cut
C. are you cutting
D. don’t you cut
4. If you ______ your homework, I _____ you watch TV.
A. won’t do/ let
B. did/ won’t let
C. don’t do/ won’t let D. won’t do/ don’t
let
5. If you _____ this switch, the computer _____ on.
A. press/ comes
B. will press/ comes
C. press/ can come
D. have pressed/ will comes
6. ____ you, I would think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move.
A. If I am
B. should I be
C. were I
D. if I had been
7. “Would you like some cake?”- “no thanks. If I ________ cake, I ______ fat.”
A. ate/ will get
B. ate/ would get
C. would eat/could get
D. am eating/ will get
8. Pam broke her arm in the accident. It____ much worse if she hadn’t been wearing her seat belt.
A. will be
B. would have been
C. was
D. were
9. “My boss made me work overtime again.”_ “if I _____ you, I _____ my job.”
A. were/ would have quit B. am/ will quit
C. was/ must quit
D. were/ would quit
10. “John went to the hospital alone.”- “Did he? If he_____ me with him.”
A. told/ would go
B. told/ might have gone
C. had told/ could go
D. had told/ would have gone
11. “My car broke down when I was leaving London ”. – “_____, we’d _____ you up.”
A. if we had known/ pick
B. had we known/ have picked
C. if we’d known/ picked
D. if we knew/ pick
12. “I don’t know whether to take that job or not”- “_____ you, I _____ it. ”
A. if I had been/ would have taken
B. should I be/ will take
C. if I were/would have taken
D. were I/ would take
13. “ You look tired ”- “well, if you ____ me up in the middle of the night, I _____ so tired.”
A. didn’t wake/ wouldn’t have been
B. hadn’t woken/ wouldn’t be
C. hadn’t woken/ wouldn’t have been
D. don’t wake/ won’t be
14. ____ resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.
A. Had he not
B. Hadn’t he
C. He had not
D. He not had
15. If you _____ me about the bad service, we’d have eaten there.
A. didn’t tell
B. wouldn’t have told
C. hadn’t told
D. had told
16. The teacher was absent today, so class was canceled. If she _____ absent again tomorrow, class____
tomorrow, too.
A. is/ will cancel
B. is/ will be canceled
C. was/ would be canceled
D. was/ would cancel
17. If you ______ to my advice in the first place, you______ in this mess right now.
A. listen/ won’t be
B. had listened/ wouldn’t have been
C. will listened/ wouldn’t be
D. had listened/ wouldn’t be
18. If he ____ me, I’ll be ready to help him.
A. ask
B. will ask
C. asks
D. to ask
19. When winter comes, I ____ a new coat.
A. buying
B. buy
C. will buy
D. buys
20. What would Tom do if he ____ the truth?
A. would know
B. has know
C. knows
D. knew
Exercise 3:Chọn một lỗi sai trong các c©u sau:
1. (A)Unless there (B)had been a (C)heavy storm, the climber (D)will not have died.
2. What (A)would happen (B)if there (C)was (D)no water?
3. A)If forests (B)had not been destroyed, there (C)will have been (D)no floods
4. (A)They spent money (B)as if (C)they (D)were very rich.
5. (A)What (B)would you have do (D)if you (D)were in my position?
6. (A)If I (B)had knew the time (C)when the match started, I (D)would have told you.
7. If (A)had I known you (B)were (C)in financial difficulty, I (D)would have helped you.
8. (A)If she (B)had listened (C)to my direction she (D)will not turn down the wrong street.
9. My children (A)won’t go to bed (B)unless they (C)don’t have (D)some money.
10. If you (A)keep on (B)playing games (C)on the computer, I (D)would sell it.
11. (A)Unless it (B)rains, we (C)will stay (D)at home.
12. (A)If I (B)am (C)a director, I (D)would make more film about children.
13. We (A)will go (B)to see the film “Titanic” (C)if the weather (D)is fine or not.
14. (A)Had he planned (B)on going, he (C)will have let us (D)know.
15. If you hadn’t (A) left the car(B) unlocked, it (C) wouldn’t have(D) be stolen.
LESON 7. RELATIVE CLAUSE (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ )
1. Chức năng của các đại từ quan hệ :
WHO
: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người (làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ)
WHOM
: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người (làm tân ngữ)
WHICH
: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật (làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ)
WHOSE
: thay thế cho một hình thức sở hữu (sở hữu cách, tính từ sở hữu, of
…)
WHERE
: thay thế cho một cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn = (giới từ) + WHICH
WHEN
: thay thế cho một cụm giới từ chỉ thời gian = (giới từ) + WHICH
WHY
: thay thế cho một cụm giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân, lí do ( for + reason)
2. Quy tắt :
+ S
(Danh từ chỉ người)
+ WHO
+ S + V…
(Danh từ chỉ người)
+ WHOM
+ S + V…
+ S + V…
(Danh từ chỉ vật)
+ WHICH
+ V…
+ V…
(Danh từ)
+ WHOSE
+ noun
+ S + V…
(Danh từ chỉ nơi chốn) + WHERE
+ S + V…
(Danh từ chỉ thời gian) + WHEN
+ S + V…
Ví dụ :
- The man gave me the money. He met me at the airport.
The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.
- This is the man. We saw him at the party yesreday.
This is the man whom/ who we saw at the party yesterday.
- The pencil belongs to me. It is in your pocket.
The pencil which is in your pocket belongs to me.
- The car is very expensive. He bought it.
The car which he bought is very expensive.
- There is the man. His wallet was stolen.
There is the man whose wallet was stolen.
- The tree should be cut down. The branches of the tree are dead.
The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down.
- That is the village. I live in the village.
That is the village where I live.
Lưu ý : Có 02 loại mệnh đề quan hệ:
* Defining clause (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định) : đối với loại mệnh đề này, ta có thể dùng
THAT thay thế cho WHO, WHOM hoặc WHICH
- The man who/ that met me at the airport gave me the money.
- The pencil which/ that is in your pocket belongs to me.
* Non-defining clause (mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định) : loại mệnh đề này thường đứng
sau một danh từ riêng và phải có dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính, khơng được sử
dụng THAT để thay thế
- Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616.
- Vietnam, which lies in Southeast Asia, is rich in coal.
Exercise 1: Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành các câu sau:
1) Whats the name of the man________?
A. you borrowed his car
B. which car you borrowed
C. whose car you borrowed
D. his car you borrowed
2) Colin told me about his job,_______ very much.
A. that he’s enjoying
B. which he’s enjoying
C. he’s enjoying
D. he’s enjoying
it
3) Sheila couldn’t come to the party, _______ was a pity.
A. that
B. it
C. what
D. which
4) Some of the people ______ to the party can’t come.
A. inviting
B. invited
C. who invited
D. they were
invited
5) Do you know the woman ______ lives next door?
A. she
B. who
C. whom
D. her
6) They are never on time, can’t be explained
A. who
B. that
C. what
D. which
7) A pensioner is someone _____ no longer works and gets money from the state.
A. whom
B. whose
C. which
D. that
8) The man _____ answered the telephone told me you were away.
A. whom
B. he
C. who
D. what
9) Some people ______ were arrested, have now been released.
A. that
B. which
C. whom
D. X
10) They give their children everything _____ they want.
A. what
B. x
C. who
D. how
11) Tell me _____ you want and I’ll try to get it for you.
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. A and C
12) The women ______ he fell in love left him after a few weeks.
A. with whom
B. who
C. to whom
D. for whom
13) Do you still remember the day ______ we first met?
A. where
B. whom
C. which
D. when
14) I don’t know the name of the woman _______ I spoke on the phone.
A. whom
B. who
C. to whom
D. to that
15) This school is often for children _____ first language is not English.
A. who
B. that
C. whose
D. X
16) Fortunately we had a map, _____we would have got lost.
A. no which
B. without which
C. none that
D. without that
17) They asked me a lot of questions, _____ I couldn’t answer.
A. all of whom
B. that
C. all of which
D. who
18) The secretary was the only people _____ by the traffic chaos.
A. delay
B. delayed
C. who delayed
D. whom
delayed
19) An obstacle is something, ______ your way.
A. blocked
B. to block
C. that is blocked
D. which is
blocking
20) _____ I really need is a long holiday.
A. That
B. What
C. Which
D. Who
Exercise 2 : Write who, that, which, where, when, or why or nothing to complete these sentences :
1/ Have you got the money ___________ I lent you yesterday ?
2/ Peter, ___________ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party.
3/ This is the machine ___________ cost half a million pounds.
4/ Mary, ___________ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry.
5/ Have you read the book ___________ I gave you ?
6/ The house, ___________ they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
7/ Mrs.Jackson, ___________ had been very ill, died yesterday.
8/ Is this the person ___________ stole your handbag ?
9/ The dog, ___________ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking.
10/ I didn’t receive the letters ___________ she sent me.
11/ My mother, ___________ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised.
12/ The old man, ___________ had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the
building.
13/ The horse, ___________ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened.
14/ We didn’t like the secetary ___________ the agency sent.
15/ I didn’t find the money ___________ you said you’d left.
16/ We visited the school ___________ my father taught.
17/ I met her last month, ___________ she came to our house.
18/ We all looked at the place ___________ the fire had started.
19/ Did they tell you the reason ___________ they were late?
20/ The cat sat on the wall ___________ it had a good view of the birds.
Exercise 3: Chọn một lỗi sai trong các câu sau:
1. On the way home, we saw a lot of men, women, and dogs which were playing in the park.
A
B
C
D
2. The man whom remained in the office was the manager.
A
B
C
D
3. This novel, which written by a well known writer, should be read.
A
B
C
D
4. My friend George, that arrived late, was not permitted to enter the class.
A
B
C
D
5. This is the only place which we can obtain scientific information.
A
B
C
D
6. Chemistry is one branch of science on that most of the industries depend.
A
B
C
D
7. 1975 is the year in when the revolution took place.
A
B
C
D
8. Mr. Brown, that teaches me English, is coming today.
A
B
C
D
9. The hotel where we stay in last year was excellent.
A
B
C
D
10. At last they found the woman and her cat which were badly injured by the fire.
A
B
C
D
LESON 8: PREPOSITIONS- ARTICLES
I. Prepositions
- Giíi tõ lµ tõ dïng để chỉ mối quan hệ giữa danh từ hoặc đại từ với một từ khác trong câu.
- Giới từ luôn đi trớc một danh từ hoặc đại từ và các danh từ hoặc đại từ đó gọi là tân ngữ của giới từ.
- Đại từ nằm sau giới từ luôn phải ở hình thức tân ngữ: him, her......
- Động từ đứng sau giới từ luôn ở hình thức Danh động tõ( Ving)
A. Prepositions used for Time and for Places.
1. AT:
a. For time:
- at 4 o’clock, at 5 pm
- at last/ first
- at night/ noon/ midnight
- at the moment
- at Christmas, at Easter
- at present
- at once
- at the age of
- at sunset/ sunrise
b. For places:
- at home/ school/ work
- at the corner of the street
- at weekends
- at the same time
- at the theatre
- at the grocer’
- at the seaside
s, at the doctor’s
- at the shop
- at the top
- at the bottom
- at the foot of the page
- at the biginning of/ at the end of: vào lúc đầu/ cuối
- ( To arrive) at the airport/ rainway station.
2. IN:
a. For time:
- In đợc dùng trớc năm, tháng, mùa, buổi ( trừ at night, at noon).
eg. in 1990, in August, in Spring, in the morning.
- In time: ®óng giê.
b. For places:
- In: ë trong in the living room/ in the box.
- In đợc dùng trớc các thành phố, đất nớc, miền, phơng hớng: in London, in Hanoi, in France, in the
east ..........
- in the street/ sky
- in my opinion
- in good/ bad weather
- in the newspaper
- in the middle of
- in English/ German
- in the rain/ sun
- in the dark
- in + time( in 2 days)
- in the water/ river/ sea
- in a line/ queue
- in a picture/ mirror/ photo
- in bed/ hospital/ prison
- in the end:( cuèi cïng)
- in love with
3. ON.
a. For time:
- On đợc dùng trớc thứ ( ngày trong tuần) eg. on Sunday
- On đợc dùng trớc ngày tháng eg. on August 12th
- On time : đúng giờ( chính xác)
- On Christmas day
- On holiday/ on a trip/ on a tour
- On the occasion of: nhân dịp
b. For places:
- On : ë trªn eg. on the table
- on the phone
- On horseback: trªn lng ngùa
- on a diet
- On foot : bằng chân( đi bộ)
- on fire
- On TV / on radio
- on the left/ right
- On the beach
- on the 1st floor
4. BY.
- By đợc dùng trong câu bị động nghĩa là bởi.
- By đợc dùng để chỉ phơng tiện đi lại( by bike, by car.....)
- By the time : tríc khi
- By chance : t×nh cê
- Learn by heart: học thuộc lòng
5. TO:
- TO thờng đợc dùng sau ®éng tõ GO( go to the cinema..... nhng GO HOME).
- TO thờng đợc dùng để chỉ sự di chuyển : My father takes me to the cinema.
Marry invited me to her birthday party.
6. INTO:
- INTO cã nghÜa lµ vµo trong, đợc dùng sau các động từ : GO, PUT, GET, FALL( rơi ngÃ),
JUMP( nhảy),
COME ......
eg. go into the room, get into the train, put the pen into the bag, fall into the river, jump into the river
and swim, come into the house.....
- INTO còn đợc dùng để chỉ sự thay đổi của điều kiện hoặc kết quả:
The rain changed into snow.
7. OUT OF: ra khái.
eg. He came out of the house. / He is looking out of the window.
8. WITH:
- With: cã nghÜa lµ cã, mang, cïng: eg. A girl with blue eyes./ a coat with two pockets.
- With đợc dùng để chỉ một công cụ, phơng tiện.
Hes writing with a pen
- With đợc dùng để chỉ sự liên hệ hoặc đồng hành, có nghĩa cùng với
Im living with my parents.
- With còn có nghĩa là với Do you agree with me?
9. UNDER:
- Under: cã nghÜa lµ ë dới, để chỉ vị trí phía dới một vật.
eg. The cat is under the table.
- Under còn có nghĩa là Ýt h¬n, thÊp h¬n.
- Children under fourteen years of age shouldn’t see such a film.
II. Articles MẠO TỪ
A, An, The: Mạo tõ a (an) vµ the
1- a vΜ an
an - ®ỵc dïng:
- Tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®ỵc bắt đầu bằng 4 nguyên âm (vowel) a, e, i, o
- Hai bán nguyên âm u, y
- Các danh từ bắt đầu bằng h câm.
ví dụ: u : an uncle.
h : an hour
- Hoặc trớc các danh từ viết tắt đợc đọc nh 1 nguyên âm.
Ví dụ: an L- plate, an SOS, an MP
a : đợc dùng:
- trớc 1 danh từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm (consonant).
- dùng trớc một danh từ bắt đầu bằng uni : a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.
- tríc 1 danh tõ sè ít đếm đợc, trớc 1 danh từ không xác định cụ thể về mặt đặc điểm, tính chất, vị
trí
hoặc đợc nhắc đến lần đầu trong câu.
- đợc dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ số lợng nhất định.
Ví dụ : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.
- dùng trớc những số đếm nhất định, đặc biệt là chỉ hàng trăm, hàng ngàn.
Ví dụ: a hundred, a thousand.
- tríc half khi nã theo sau 1 đơn vị nguyên vẹn.
Ví dụ: a kilo and a half và cũng có thể đọc là one and a half kilos.
Chó ý: 1/2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tríc half).
- dïng tríc half khi nã ®i với 1 danh từ khác tạo thành từ ghép.
Ví dụ : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cổ phần.
- dùng trớc các tỷ số nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one
fifth .
- Dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ giá cả, tốc độ, tỷ lệ.
Ví dụ: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dïng trong c¸c thành ngữ trớc các danh từ số ít đếm đợc, dùng trong câu cảm thán.
