A. OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS (LƯỢC BỎ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN
HỆ)
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) xác định (definite relative clauses), chúng ta thường
lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ (object relative pronouns: which, who(m), that),
nhất là trong lối văn thân mật (informal style).
Ex: What did you think of the wine we drank last night?
(Anh nghỉ sao về loại rượu chúng ta uống tối qua?)
Don is a friend I stayed with in Australia.
(Don là người bạn mà tôi sống cùng ở úc)
- Các trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) when, where và why cũng có thể được lược
bỏ trong lối văn thân mật
+ When thường được lược bỏ sau các danh từ chung chỉ thời gian.
Ex: Come and see us any time you’re in town. (Khi nào lên thành phố nhớ đến thăm
chúng tối nhé)
I’ll never forget the day we met. (Tôi sẽ không bao giờ quên ngày chúng ta gặp
nhau.)
+ Where thường được lược bỏ sau somewhere, anywhere, nowhere và place.
Ex: We need a place we can stay for a few days.
( Chúng tôi cần một nơi để ở trong vài ngày.)
Have you got somewhere I can lie down for an hour.
(Bạn có chỗ nào cho tơi ngã lưng trong một giờ không?)
+ Why thường được lược bỏ sau reason.
Ex: The reason she doesn’t like me is that I make her nervous. (Lý do cơ ấy khơng
thích tơi là vì tơi làm cơ ấy căng thẳng.)
Ä Khơng lược bỏ đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định (nondefinite relative clauses)
Ex: Professor Johnson, who(m) I’ve long admired, is to visit the University next
week.
(Giáo sư Johnson, người mà tôi ngưỡng mộ bấy lâu, sẽ đến thăm trường vào tuần tới.)
[NOT Professor Johnson, I’ve long admired,…]
B. RELATIVE CLAUSE WITH PREPOSITIONS (GIỚI TỪ TRONG MỆNH
ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

Trong MĐQH, khi đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH) làm tân ngữ của giới từ thì giới từ thường
có hai vị trí: trước các ĐTQH (whom, which, whose) hoặc sau động từ.
- Trong lối văn trang trọng (formal style), giới từ thường được đặt trước ĐTQH
whom, which và whose.
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked. (Ông ấy được những
người cùng làm việc kính trọng.)
Was that the restaurant to which you normally go?
(Đó có phải là nhà hàng mà bạn thường đến không?)
Mr Marks, across whose farm the stream flow, is unhappy about the plans for the
new dam. (Ông Marks, chủ của nơng trại nơi dịng suối chảy qua, khơng hài lòng về
kế hoạch xây dựng đập nước mới.)
- Trong lối nói thân mật (informal style), giới từ thường được đặt ở cuối mệnh đề. Hay
ĐTQH có thê là bổ ngữ của giới từ có thể bỏ đi được nhưng giới từ phải giữ lại và
đứng cuối mệnh đề
Ex: He was respected by the people (who/that) whom he worked with.
Was that the restaurant (which/that) which you normally go to?


Mr Marks, whose farm the stream flow across, is unhappy about the plans for the new
dam.
Ex: She is the woman. I told you about her.
She is the woman
about whom
I told you.
She is the woman
whom
I told you about
She is the woman
that
I told you about.

She is the woman
Ø
I told you about.
Ex: The music was wonderful. We listened to it last night.
The music to which
we listened last night was wonderful.
The music which
we listened to last night was wonderful.
The music that
we listened to last night was wonderful.
The music Ø
we listened to last night was wonderful.
: Lưu ý
- Giới từ không đặt trước THAT hoặc WHO.
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked.
[NOT … the people with who/ that he worked.]
- Với cụm động từ (Phrasal Verbs: look after, come across, fill in, take on, v.v) thì
giới từ khơng được dùng trước ĐTQH.
Ex: The Roman coins, which a local farmer came across in a field, are now on display
in the National Museum. (Những đồng tiền La Mã, vốn được một nông dân địa
phương tìm thấy trên cánh đồng, đang được trưng bày trong Viện bảo tàng quốc gia.)
[NOT …coins, across which a local farmer came in a field, are..]
Here’s the book that you were looking for . (Cuốn sách bạn đang tìm đây nè.)
[NOT…for that you were looking.]
- Các giới từ without, during và since thường không được đặt cuối MĐQH.
Ex: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane. (Người phụ nữ mà tơi khơng thể
sống thiếu cơ ấy chính là Jane.) [NOT the woman whom I can’t live without…]
During which period did it happen? (Việc đó xảy ra vào khoảng thời gian nào?)
[NOT Which period did it happen during?]
Since when have you been working for her? (Bạn bắt đầu làm việc cho bà ta từ

lúc nào?)
[NOT when have you been working for her since ?]
- Of which, of whom, of whose được dùng sau các từ chỉ số lượng (all, both, each,
many, most neither, none, some,…) và dạng so sánh nhất (the best, the biggest,…)
Ex: Jane have three brothers, all of whom are married. (Jane có 3 anh trai, tất cả đều
đã lập gia đình.) [NOT …, all whom/ all of who …]
Exercise 1:For question 1- 36, choose from the four options given (marked A,
B,C, and D) one best answer to complete each sentence.
1. She had been assisted by a stranger …….. her motor and drove her safety.
A. Who started
b. whom starting
c. starting
d. that will start
2. With our senses, we perceive everything ………
A. Is around us
c. whom is around us
B. That is around us
d. whose is around us
3. The volunteers, ……… enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
A. Who
b. whom
c. whose
d. that
4. The musicians ………. yesterday have played together for many years.
A. To who we listened
c. to that we listened
B. Who we listened to
d. to whom we listened



5. Many scientists have claimed that ……… like music are often good at
mathematics.
A. Children
b. children who
c. children whom
d. whose
children
6. The student …….. had an impressive record.
A. The prize was awarded
c. to whom the prize was awarded
B. That the prize was awarded
d. who the prize was awarded
7. Those …….. have used our services for more than one year can enter the
competition.
A. Who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
8. I think it was your Dad ……….
A. Phoned
b. phoning
c. that phoned
d. which
phoned
9. That man is a newcomer in our company. Do you know him?
A. That man is a newcomer in our company. Do you know whom?
B. That man who is a newcomer in our company. Do you know him?
C. Do you know him that man is a newcomer in our company?
D. Do you know that man who is a newcomer in our company?
10. Yesterday I went to ……… I had never been to before.

A. Thanh Ba Post Office, that
c. Thanh Ba Post Office which
B. Thanh Ba Post Office where
d. Thanh Ba Post Office, which
11. She has two grown children, both of …….. live aboard.
A. Who
b. whom
c. that
d. whose
12. The class treasurer, ………, announced the balance of the account.
A. To whom we gave the money
c. whose we gave the money to
B. To that we gave the money
d. whom we gave the money
13. The engineers ………. designed the building received an award.
A. Which
b. whom
c. who
d. whose
14. ….……. is one of the most important capitals in the world.
A. London, that the place I was born
c. London, I was born,
B. London, which I was born
d. London, where I was born,
15. Express Money Transfer is one of the quickest ways ……….. helps us to send
money.
A. Who
b. whose
c. when
d. that

16. Do you remember the time ………. we first visited London?
A. Which
b. when
c. that
d. on that
17. Sunday is the day ………. few people go to work.
A. That
b. which
c. when
d. why
18. Do you know the reason ………. she quit her job?
A. That
b. which
c. when
d. why
19. The government sent money and food to the people ………. houses were
destroyed by the storm last week.
A. Which
b. that
c. whom
d. whose
20. I will never forget ………. he said he loved me.
A. The moment
c. the moment when
B. The moment which
d. the moment in that
21. It is very difficult to integrate yourself into a community …….. quite different
form yours.
A. Whose culture
b. the culture that

c. which culture
d. that culture
22. He often finds fault with ………. he describes as having no talent.


A. John Smith, whom
c. John Smith, whose
B. John Smith, that
d. John Smith who
23. The scheme is designed to help children ………. have fallen on hard times.
A. That parents
b. which parents
c. parents of which d. whose
parents
24. Opening the present ………, she was trembling with excitement.
A. Her sweetheart had sent her that
c. to that her sweetheart and sent her
B. Her sweetheart had sent her
d. whose her sweetheart had sent her
25. My friend, ……… I visited last week, is taking on holiday soon.
A. That
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
26. My brother who lives aboard ……….
A. Returns to see us
c. that returns to see us
B. Returning to see us
d. where returns to see us
27. He bought the present ……… from a souvenir shop in Paris.

A. That he gave me
c. that he gave it to me
B. That he gave me it
d. he gave me it
28. The doctor are examining a patient ……… was taken to hospital last night.
A. Which
b. who
c. whom
d. whose
29. The park ……… I used to jog in has been demolished.
A. Which
b. where
c. in which
d. in where
30. Finding a cure for cancer is one of the biggest challenges …….. medical
researchers face.
A. Who
b. when
c. why
d. that
31. Money is all …….. many people consider to be the aim of their life.
A. Whose
b. which
c. that
d. whom
32. I have to leave for London tomorrow, ……… means I cannot go to the party with
you.
A. That
b. which
c. when

d. why
33. The film was about three young girls, ………. are policewomen.
A. Whom all
b. all of who
c. all of whom
d. all of that
34. ….….. has just won an international scholarship.
A. David Pike, whose parents are both teachers,
B. David Pike whose parents are both teachers
C. David Pike parents of who are both teachers
D. David Pike, whom parents are both teachers
35. Is there anything ………?
A. I can do to help you that
c. that I can do to help you with it
B. With that I can do to help you
d. I can do to help you
36. Money is not really ……… they have often quarreled.
A. a reason which
b. a reason that
c. a reason, why
d. a reason why
Exercise 2. For question 1- 36, choose from the four options given (marked A,
B,C, and D) one best answer to complete each sentence.
1. It is automobile industry …….. contributes the most greenhouse gas emissions
into the atmosphere.
A. Where
b. in which
c. that
d. whom
2. ….…… many species of animals have become extinct.

A. There are many reasons for which c. the reasons for that
B. Many reasons for which
d. for which reasons
3. We should do something to save those animals ………. hunted for their fur or for
other valuable parts of their bodies.


A. Those are
b. which are
c. which is
d. that is
4. Farmers use more and more ………. them to grow better crops but harm the
environment.
A. Powerful chemicals who help
c. powerful chemicals which help
B. Which powerful chemicals help
d. powerful chemicals help
5. Water is one of the most precious resources ………. for our life.
A. We depend on which
c. on which we depend
B. Which we depend
d. on that we depend
6. ….…… are very dense, warm, and wet, are havens for millions of plants and
animals.
A. Rain forests
c. Rain forests, where
B. Rain forests, that
d. Rain forests, which
7. The farmers and their cattle …….. had been trapped in the storm were fortunately
rescued.

A. Who
b. whom
c. which
d. that
8. Nowadays, city dwellers, …….. enjoy a lot from the modern material life, have to
suffer from pollution the most.
A. Who
b. whom
c. that
d. which
9. Do you know that environmentalist ……….?
A. With whom I used to work
c. with I used to work
B. With that I used to work
d. with who I used to work
10. Rain forests influence the Greenhouse effect, ……… traps heat inside the Earth’s
atmosphere.
A. That
b. which
c. where
d. whose
11. The local authority banned us from going near the forest ……… there is a serious
fire.
A. For which
b. in that
c. that
d. where
12. ….……. once roamed the jungles in vast numbers, were estimated to become
extinct by the year 2025.
A. Bengal tigers

c. Bengal tigers, that
B. Bengal tigers, which
d. Bengal tigers which
13. I personally think that it is easy to understand………. time is relative.
A. The reason
c. for which reason
B. The reason for that
d. the reason why
14. ….…… concerns about wildlife never keeps a wild animal as pest.
A. Anyone that
b. anyone which
c. anyone for whom d. anyone those
15. Did you listen to the lecture on the environment by Dr. Pike, ………
A. Whom I have ever told you about
c. I have ever told you
B. About that I have ever told you
d. that I have ever told you
16. ….…… want to use rain forests are cutting them down without any hesitation.
A. People who
b. people which
c. people whom
d. who
17. The man showed us the cage ……… he kept a fierce lion.
A. Which
b. that
c. in which
d. in that
18. Those villagers ……… near the forest chop down hardwoods to sell for high
prices.
A. Live

b. who live
c. whom live
d. for whom to live
19. We have just had an exploration through that forest ……….
A. Which some pandas survive
B. Where there are some pandas surviving
C. In which there are some pandas survive


D. That some pandas survive
20. By cutting down the trees, people destroy the ecosystem of the rain forest ……….
A. On which they depend
c. which they depend
B. Where they depend on
d. where they depend
21. ….….. come from thousands of factories has caused enormous increases in air
pollution levels.
A. Smoke
b. smoke for which c. smoke that
d. smoke whose
22. The areas ……… are destroyed suffer a lot from oil erosion.
A. Which trees
b. whose trees
c. that trees
d. trees which
23. I will never forget the time …….. I first visit Cat Tien National Park.
A. When
b. why
c. where
d. on that

24. Those scientists are doing research on the period ……… the Earth formed.
A. Where
b. on that
c. when
d. why
25. It is many rich countries ……… have dealt the problem of extinction in various
ways.
A. Where
b. that
c. in which
d. in that
26. ….…… was very kind of him.
A. That
b. which
c. whose
d. on which
27. Some countries ………. try to reduce extinction depend on the world organization
for support.
A. Which
b. in which
c. where
d. whose
28. The National Parks, ……… certain animal species survive, are protected strictly
from the poaching of hunters.
A. That
b. where
c. which
d. in that
29. Some parts of the world, ………, were cleared for farms and now land is a desert.
A. Which like the Bragantina of Brazil

B. Where like the Bragantina of Brazil
C. like the Bragantina of Brazil
D. Whose like the Bragantina of Brazil
30. Smoke from factories is polluting the air, ………, rain forests cannot clean fast
enough.
A. In which
b. where
c. that
d. which
31. Everyone must protect the ecosystem of planet Earth,……..
A. That a planet in danger
c. where is a planet in danger
B. Which a planet in danger
d. a planet in danger
32. Do you think that we are using up the resources ………. for our survival?
A. Are necessary
c. which necessary
B. That are necessary
d. that necessary
33. Areas ……… in Africa, South America, and Asia are dense with trees, insects,
birds, and animals.
A. Where are
b. which are
c. are
d. are that
34. Rain forests are places …….. people harvest wood, delicious fruits, and powerful
medicine.
A. In which
b. in that
c. in where

d. which
35. I wonder about ………. human beings are destroying the environment so
seriously.
A. The reason that
c. the reason in which
B. That reason
d. the reason for which
36. The authority gathered those villagers ……… they explained the importance of
forests.


A. Who
b. whom
c. to whom
d. to that
Exercise 3: Combine these sentences using relative clauses
1. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
→ There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box which I was phoning from
2. This novel is written by Shakespeare. I am looking for this novel.
→ This novel, which I am looking for , is written by Shakespeare.
3. I often spend weekends in the school library. I can find a lot of books in this
library.
→ I often spend weekends in the school library in which/ where I can find a lot of
books.
4. I saw several rooms in the hotel. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
→ Most of room that I saw in the hotel were quite unsuitable.
5. Royal hotel was very expensive. We stayed at that hotel last winter.
→ Royal hotel, where we stayed last winter, was very expensive.
6. Deforestation can damage the natural environment. Most animals live in that
environment.

→ Deforestation can damage the natural environment in which most animals live.
7. A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation. It may cause
offense.
→ A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation which may cause
offense.
8. They are journeying across Africa. Cheetahs are only found in Africa.
→ They are journeying across Africa in which Cheetahs are only found .
9. Vedan company is discharging pollutants into Thi Vai river. We invested in that
company.
→ Vedan company, which we invested in, is discharging pollutants into Thi Vai river.
10. This film was shot in South Dakota. A dinosaur skeleton was found in that place.
→ This film was shot in South Dakota where/ in which a dinosaur skeleton was
found.
Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentence for the same meaning as the given sentence.
1. These are photographs of our relatives with whom I spent on summer vacation.
→ These are photographs of our relatives whom I spent on summer vacation with.
2. The customer has changed the address to which the furniture to be delivered.
→ The customer has changed the address which the furniture to be delivered to.
3. He is one of the few people who Susan is writing to.
→ He is one of the few people to whom Susan is writing .
4. My dad is the only person whom I want to talk to.
→ My dad is the only person to whom I want to talk .
5. That novel is loved by teenagers as well as adults, for whom it was primarily
written.
→ That novel is loved by teenagers as well as adults, whom it was primarily written
for.
6. My grandmother was the person I had a great love for.
→ My grandmother was the person for whom I had a great love.
7. My friend was left the money by her father, with whom she’s never stayed.
→ My friend was left the money by her father, whom she’s never stayed with.

8. Steve wants to sell the apartment, which he and his late wife used to live in.
→ Steve wants to sell the apartment, in which he and his late wife used to live .
9. There are several harmfulness of which the farmers should be aware.
→ There are several harmfulness which the farmers should be aware of.


10. I have no idea whom I should give this present to.
→ I have no idea to whom I should give this present.
Exercise 5. For question 1- 18, study the situations and then decide whether the
following relative clauses are defining or non-defining. Circle the appropriate
letter A or B which can best describe the situation.
1. I have three brothers.
A. My brother who lives in Sydney came to see me last month
B. My brother, who lives in Sydney, came to see me last month
2. I have one sister.
A. My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
B. My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
3. Bob’s mum has lost her keys.
A. Bob’s mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.
B. Bob’s mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.
A. My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.
B. My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.
5. I am a shoe fanatic.
A. The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
B. The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.
6. Mr. Robinson is very famous.
A. Mr. Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
B. Mr. Robinson,whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.
7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.

A. Tamara’s two cats which can play outside are black.
B. Tamara’s two cats, which can play outside, are black.
8. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
A. The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
B. The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
9. Use the computer which is in the living room.
A. There is only one computer.
B. There is more than one computer.
10. The student, who attend class for five hours per day, have become quite proficient
in their new language.
A. All of the students attend class for five hours per day.
B. Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day.
11. I put the vase on the top of the TV set that is in the living room.
A. I have more than one TV set
B. I have only one TV set.
12. Press the red button, which is on the right.
A. There is some red button.
B. There is only one red button.
13. Trees which lose their leaves in winter are called deciduous trees.
A. All trees lose their leaves in winter.
B. Only some trees lose their leaves in winter.
14. My sister who fixes computers lives in Texas.
A. I have more than one sister.
B. I have only one sister.
15. My stereo, which worked yesterday, doesn’t work today.
A. It’s likely that I have only one stereo.


B. It’s likely that I have another stereo I can use.
16. A cell phone which remembers numbers is very convenient.

A. All cell phones can remember numbers.
B. Only some cell phones can remember numbers.
17. My roommate, who is afraid of computers, has never been on the Internet.
A. I probably have more than one roommate.
B. I have only one roommate.
18. The orchestra conductor signaled the violists who were to begin playing.
A. All of the violists were to begin playing.
B. Only some of the violists were to begin playing.
Exercise 6. Combine the sentences, changing the second sentences into adjective
clauses and pay attention to the use of the prepositions
1. I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation. My travel agent had told me
about it.
→ I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation (that/ which) my travel agent had told
me about.
→ I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation about which my travel agent had told
me .
2. Money is a commodity. We can’t live without it.
→ Money is a commodity without which we can’t live .
→Money is a commodity (that/ which) we can’t live without .
3. My brother has a pen pal. He has been writing to him for 20 years.
→My brother has a pen pal to whom he has been writing for 20 years.
→My brother has a pen pal (whom) he has been writing to for 20 years.
4. The student wrote an outstanding paper. She was awarded a prize for it.
→ The student wrote an outstanding paper (that/which) she was awarded a prize for.
→ The student wrote an outstanding paper for which she was awarded a prize .
5. The bus boycott was in Montgomery,Alabama. Martin Luther King was jailed for
it.
→ The bus boycott (that/ which) Martin Luther King was jailed for was in
Montgomery, Alabama.
→ The bus boycott for which Martin Luther King was jailed was in Montgomery,

Alabama.
6. King believed in Christian principle. He combined nonviolent passive resistance
with them.
→ King believed in Christian principle, with which he combined nonviolent passive
resistance .
→ King believed in Christian principle, which he combined with nonviolent passive
resistance .
7. The speech was given in 1963 to 250,000 people. Martin Luther King was famous
for it.
→ The speech (that/which) Martin Luther King was famous for was given in 1963 to
250,000 people.
→ The speech for which Martin Luther King was famous was given in 1963 to
250,000 people.
8. My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter. Ray Kroc of MacDonald’s
paid for the shelter.
→ My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter (that/which) Ray Kroc of
MacDonald’s paid for.


→ My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter for which Ray Kroc of
MacDonald’s paid.
9. The local AIDS organization started a food service. Many sick people benefit from
it.
→ The local AIDS organization started a food service (that/which) many sick people
benefit from.
→ The local AIDS organization started a food service from which many sick people
benefit.
10. Many blacks helped slaves escape in the south in the 19th century. We know very
little about them.
→ Many blacks (whom) we know very little about helped slaves escape in the south

in the 19th century.
→ Many blacks about whom we know very little helped slaves escape in the south in
the 19th century.