www.elsolucionario.org

www.SolutionManual.info


A R C H I T E C T U R A L

A C O U S T I C S


www.SolutionManual.info
This page
intentionally left blank


www.elsolucionario.org

A R C H I T E C T U R A L

A C O U S T I C S

by Marshall Long
from the
Applications of Modern Acoustics Series
Edited by Moises Levy and Richard Stern

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford
Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo


Elsevier Academic Press

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

www.SolutionManual.info

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333,
E-mail: You may also complete your request on-line
via the Elsevier homepage (), by selecting “Customer Support”
and then “Obtaining Permissions.”

Cover image: The cover shows Grosser Musikvereinssaal in Vienna, Austria. The photograph
was provided by AKG Acoustics, U.S., and is reproduced with permission.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application submitted
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 13: 978-0-12-455551-8
ISBN 10: 0-12-455551-9
For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our
Web site at www.books.elsevier.com


Printed in the United States of America
05 06 07 08 09 10
9 8 7

6

5

4

3

2

1


The preparation of this book, which spanned more than ten years, took place in snatches of
time – a few hours every evening and several more each weekend. It was time that was taken
from commitments to family, home maintenance projects, teaching, and other activities forgone, of
a pleasurable and useful nature. During that time our two older sons grew through their teens and
went off to college. Our youngest son cannot remember a time when his father did not go upstairs to
work every evening. So it is to my wife Marilyn and our sons Jamie, Scott, and Kevin that I dedicate
this work. I am grateful for the time. I hope it was worth it. And to my environmentally conscious
children, I hope it is worth the trees.


www.elsolucionario.org

www.SolutionManual.info

This page
intentionally left blank


CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxv
xxvii

1

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD (650 bc–ad 400)
Early Cultures
Greeks
Romans
Vitruvius Pollio
1.2 EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (ad 400–800)
Rome and the West
Eastern Roman Empire
1.3 ROMANESQUE PERIOD (800–1100)
1.4 GOTHIC PERIOD (1100–1400)
Gothic Cathedrals
1.5 RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400–1600)
Renaissance Churches
Renaissance Theaters
1.6 BAROQUE PERIOD (1600–1750)
Baroque Churches

Baroque Theaters
Italian Opera Houses
Baroque Music
Protestant Music
1.7 ORIGINS OF SOUND THEORY
1.8 CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750–1825)
1.9 ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825–1900)
Shoebox Halls
1.10 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN ACOUSTICS
1.11 TWENTIETH CENTURY

1
1
1
2
4
5
7
7
8
10
11
11
14
14
15
16
16
17
17

18
19
20
21
23
26
30
33

2

FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS
2.1 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
Frequency
Wavelength

37
37
37
37


viii

Architectural Acoustics
Frequency Spectrum
Filters
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Vector Representation
The Complex Plane

The Complex Exponential
Radial Frequency
Changes in Phase
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Linear Superposition
Beats
SOUND WAVES
Pressure Fluctuations
Sound Generation
Wavelength of Sound
Velocity of Sound
Waves in Other Materials
ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES
Impedance
Intensity
Energy Density
LEVELS
Sound Levels — Decibels
Sound Pressure Level
Sound Power Level
SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION
Point Sources and Spherical Spreading
Sensitivity
Directionality, Directivity, and Directivity Index
Line Sources
Planar Sources

40
40
40

43
43
44
45
46
46
46
48
50
50
50
51
51
55
55
55
57
59
59
59
61
62
65
65
67
68
70
71

HUMAN PERCEPTION AND REACTION TO SOUND

3.1 HUMAN HEARING MECHANISMS
Physiology of the Ear
3.2 PITCH
Critical Bands
Consonance and Dissonance
Tone Scales
Pitch
3.3 LOUDNESS
Comparative Loudness
Loudness Levels
Relative Loudness

73
73
73
77
77
78
79
81
81
81
82
83

2.2

2.3

2.4


2.5

2.6

2.7

3

www.SolutionManual.info


www.elsolucionario.org

Contents

3.4

3.5

3.6
3.7

4

Electrical Weighting Networks
Noise Criteria Curves (NC and RC)
Just Noticeable Difference
Environmental Impact
INTELLIGIBILITY

Masking
Speech Intelligibility
Speech Interference Level
Articulation Index
ALCONS
Privacy
ANNOYANCE
Noisiness
Time Averaging – Leq
Twenty-Four Hour Metrics – Ldn and CNEL
Annoyance
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Hearing Loss
OTHER EFFECTS
Precedence Effect and the Perception of Echoes
Perception of Direction
Binaural Sound

ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND NOISE METRICS
4.1 MICROPHONES
Frequency Response
Directional Microphones
Sound Field Considerations
4.2 SOUND LEVEL METERS
Meter Calibration
Meter Ballistics
Meter Range
Detectors
Filters
4.3 FIELD MEASUREMENTS

Background Noise
Time-Varying Sources
Diurnal (24-Hour) Traffic Measurements
4.4 BROADBAND NOISE METRICS
Bandwidth Corrections
Duration Corrections
Variability Corrections
Sound Exposure Levels
Single Event Noise Exposure Level

ix
84
85
88
90
91
91
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
100
101
101
105
105
107

107
110
113

115
115
118
118
120
121
122
124
125
125
125
125
127
129
130
132
133
135
135
136
137


x

Architectural Acoustics

4.5

4.6

5

BAND LIMITED NOISE METRICS
Preferred Noise Criterion (PNC) Curves
Balanced Noise Criterion (NCB) Curves (Beranek, 1989)
Other Octave-Band Metrics
Octave-Band Calculations
Third-Octave Bandwidth Metrics
Aircraft Noise Rating Systems
Narrow-Band Analysis
SPECIALIZED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Time-Delay Spectrometry
Energy-Time Curves
Sound Intensity Measurements
Modulation Transfer Function and RASTI
Speech Transmission Index
RASTI

ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
5.1 NOISE CHARACTERIZATION
Fixed Sources
Moving Sources
Partial Line Sources
5.2 BARRIERS
Point Source Barriers
Practical Barrier Constraints

Line Source Barriers
Barrier Materials
Roadway Barriers
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Air Attenuation
Attenuation Due to Ground Cover
Grazing Attenuation
Focusing and Refraction Effects
Combined Effects
Doppler Effect
5.4 TRAFFIC NOISE MODELING
Soft Ground Approximation
Geometrical Mean Distance
Barrier Calculations
Roadway Computer Modeling
Traffic Noise Spectra
5.5 RAILROAD NOISE
5.6 AIRCRAFT NOISE

157
157
157
158
159
161
161
162
163
165
166

167
168
175
175
177
181
182
183
184
186
186
188
189
189
194

WAVE ACOUSTICS
6.1 RESONANCE
Simple Oscillators

199
199
199

www.SolutionManual.info

6

137
138

139
140
141
142
142
143
145
145
146
148
149
151
154


Contents

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

7

Air Spring Oscillators
Helmholtz Resonators
Neckless Helmholtz Resonators

WAVE EQUATION
One-Dimensional Wave Equation
Three-Dimensional Wave Equation
SIMPLE SOURCES
Monopole Sources
Doublet Sources
Dipole Sources and Noise Cancellation
Arrays of Simple Sources
Continuous Line Arrays
Curved Arrays
Phased Arrays
Source Alignment and Comb Filtering
Comb Filtering and Critical Bands
COHERENT PLANAR SOURCES
Piston in a Baffle
Coverage Angle and Directivity
Loudspeaker Arrays and the Product Theorem
Rectangular Pistons
Force on a Piston in a Baffle
LOUDSPEAKERS
Cone Loudspeakers
Horn Loudspeakers
Constant-Directivity Horns
Cabinet Arrays
Baffled Low-Frequency Systems

SOUND AND SOLID SURFACES
7.1 PERFECTLY REFLECTING INFINITE SURFACES
Incoherent Reflections
Coherent Reflections—Normal Incidence

Coherent Reflections—Oblique Incidence
Coherent Reflections—Random Incidence
Coherent Reflections—Random Incidence, Finite Bandwidth
7.2 REFLECTIONS FROM FINITE OBJECTS
Scattering from Finite Planes
Panel Arrays
Bragg Imaging
Scattering from Curved Surfaces
Combined Effects
Whispering Galleries
7.3 ABSORPTION
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

xi
201
203
203
205
205
207
208
208
208
210
211
213
214
217
217
218

219
219
222
222
224
225
226
226
228
230
233
233

235
235
235
236
238
239
239
240
240
244
245
247
248
249
249
249



www.elsolucionario.org

xii

Architectural Acoustics

7.4

7.5

7.6

8

Impedance Tube Measurements
Oblique Incidence Reflections—Finite Impedance
Calculated Diffuse Field Absorption Coefficients
Measurement of Diffuse Field Absorption Coefficients
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
Absorption Data
Layering Absorptive Materials
ABSORPTION MECHANISMS
Porous Absorbers
Spaced Porous Absorbers—Normal Incidence, Finite Impedance
Porous Absorbers with Internal Losses—Normal Incidence
Empirical Formulas for the Impedance of Porous Materials
Thick Porous Materials with an Air Cavity Backing
Practical Considerations in Porous Absorbers
Screened Porous Absorbers

ABSORPTION BY NONPOROUS ABSORBERS
Unbacked Panel Absorbers
Air Backed Panel Absorbers
Perforated Panel Absorbers
Perforated Metal Grilles
Air Backed Perforated Panels
ABSORPTION BY RESONANT ABSORBERS
Helmholtz Resonator Absorbers
Mass-Air-Mass Resonators
Quarter-Wave Resonators
Absorption by Seats
Quadratic-Residue Diffusers

www.SolutionManual.info

SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES
8.1 STANDING WAVES IN PIPES AND TUBES
Resonances in Closed Tubes
Standing Waves in Closed Tubes
Standing Waves in Open Tubes
Combined Open and Closed Tubes
8.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN DUCTS
Rectangular Ducts
Changes in Duct Area
Expansion Chambers and Mufflers
8.3 SOUND IN ROOMS
Normal Modes in Rectangular Rooms
Preferred Room Dimensions
8.4 DIFFUSE-FIELD MODEL OF ROOMS
Schroeder Frequency

Mean Free Path

250
251
254
255
255
255
256
261
261
263
265
266
267
268
269
271
271
272
274
276
276
277
277
278
279
282
282


285
285
285
286
287
288
289
289
291
292
293
294
297
298
298
299


Contents

8.5

9

Decay Rate of Sound in a Room
Sabine Reverberation Time
Norris Eyring Reverberation Time
Derivation of the Sabine Equation
Millington Sette Equation
Highly Absorptive Rooms

Air Attenuation in Rooms
Laboratory Measurement of the Absorption Coefficient
REVERBERANT FIELD EFFECTS
Energy Density and Intensity
Semireverberant Fields
Room Effect
Radiation from Large Sources
Departure from Diffuse Field Behavior
Reverberant Falloff in Long Narrow Rooms
Reverberant Energy Balance in Long Narrow Rooms
Fine Structure of the Sound Decay

SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS
9.1 TRANSMISSION LOSS
Sound Transmission Between Reverberant Spaces
Measurement of the Transmission Loss
Sound Transmission Class (STC)
Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC)
Noise Reduction and Noise Isolation Class (NIC)
9.2 SINGLE PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY
Free Single Panels
Mass Law
Large Panels—Bending and Shear
Thin Panels—Bending Waves and the Coincidence Effect
Thick Panels
Finite Panels—Resonance and Stiffness Considerations
Design of Single Panels
Spot Laminating
9.3 DOUBLE PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY
Free Double Panels

Cavity Insulation
Double-Panel Design Techniques
9.4 TRIPLE-PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY
Free Triple Panels
Comparison of Double and Triple-Panel Partitions
9.5 STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
Point and Line Connections
Transmission Loss of Apertures

xiii
299
300
301
301
302
302
302
303
304
304
305
305
307
307
309
310
312

315
315

315
316
317
318
318
319
319
320
322
323
326
330
330
332
333
333
335
338
342
342
343
345
345
347


xiv
10

Architectural Acoustics

SOUND TRANSMISSION IN BUILDINGS
10.1 DIFFUSE FIELD SOUND TRANSMISSION
Reverberant Source Room
Sound Propagation through Multiple Partitions
Composite Transmission Loss with Leaks
Transmission into Absorptive Spaces
Transmission through Large Openings
Noise Transmission Calculations
10.2 STC RATINGS OF VARIOUS WALL TYPES
Laboratory vs Field Measurements
Single Wood Stud Partitions
Single Metal Stud Partitions
Resilient Channel
Staggered-Stud Construction
Double-Stud Construction
High-Mass Constructions
High Transmission Loss Constructions
10.3 DIRECT FIELD SOUND TRANSMISSION
Direct Field Sources
Direct Field Transmission Loss
Free Field—Normal Incidence
Free Field—Non-normal Incidence
Line Source—Exposed Surface Parallel to It
Self Shielding and G Factor Corrections
10.4 EXTERIOR TO INTERIOR NOISE TRANSMISSION
Exterior Walls
Windows
Doors
Electrical Boxes
Aircraft Noise Isolation

Traffic Noise Isolation

351
351
351
353
353
353
355
356
357
357
357
357
358
361
362
363
364
365
365
366
367
367
367
368
369
369
369
372

375
378
378

VIBRATION AND VIBRATION ISOLATION
11.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Units of Vibration
11.2 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS
Free Oscillators
Damped Oscillators
Damping Properties of Materials
Driven Oscillators and Resonance
Vibration Isolation
Isolation of Sensitive Equipment
Summary of the Principles of Isolation

381
381
381
382
382
383
385
386
387
391
392

www.SolutionManual.info


11


www.elsolucionario.org

Contents

12

xv

11.3 VIBRATION ISOLATORS
Isolation Pads (Type W, WSW)
Neoprene Mounts (Type N, ND)
Steel Springs (Type V, O, OR)
Hanger Isolators (Type HN, HS, HSN)
Air Mounts (AS)
Support Frames (Type IS, CI, R)
Isolator Selection
11.4 SUPPORT OF VIBRATING EQUIPMENT
Structural Support
Inertial Bases
Earthquake Restraints
Pipe Isolation
Electrical Connections
Duct Isolation
11.5 TWO DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS
Two Undamped Oscillators
Two Damped Oscillators
11.6 FLOOR VIBRATIONS

Sensitivity to Steady Floor Vibrations
Sensitivity to Transient Floor Vibrations
Vibrational Response to an Impulsive Force
Response to an Arbitrary Force
Response to a Step Function
Vibrational Response of a Floor to Footfall
Control of Floor Vibrations

392
393
393
393
394
394
394
395
395
395
399
400
401
402
402
404
404
405
407
407
407
409

410
411
412
413

NOISE TRANSMISSION IN FLOOR SYSTEMS
12.1 TYPES OF NOISE TRANSMISSION
Airborne Noise Isolation
Footfall
Structural Deflection
Squeak
12.2 AIRBORNE NOISE TRANSMISSION
Concrete Floor Slabs
Concrete on Metal Pans
Wood Floor Construction
Resiliently Supported Ceilings
Floating Floors
12.3 FOOTFALL NOISE
Impact Insulation Class—IIC
Impact Insulation Class Ratings
Vibrationally Induced Noise
Mechanical Impedance of a Spring Mass System

417
417
417
417
418
418
418

418
419
420
420
423
424
424
427
427
430


xvi

13

Architectural Acoustics
Driving Point Impedance
Power Transmitted through a Plate
Impact Generated Noise
Improvement Due to Soft Surfaces
Improvement Due to Locally Reacting Floating Floors
Improvement Due to Resonantly Reacting Floating Floors
12.4 STRUCTURAL DEFLECTION
Floor Deflection
Low-Frequency Tests
Structural Isolation of Floors
12.5 FLOOR SQUEAK
Shiners
Uneven Joists

Hangers
Nailing

432
433
434
437
440
440
441
441
444
446
447
447
449
449
449

NOISE IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
13.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Manufacturer Supplied Data
Airborne Calculations
13.2 NOISE GENERATED BY HVAC EQUIPMENT
Refrigeration Equipment
Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers
Air Cooled Condensers
Pumps
13.3 NOISE GENERATION IN FANS
Fans

Fan Coil Units and Heat Pumps
VAV Units and Mixing Boxes
13.4 NOISE GENERATION IN DUCTS
Flow Noise in Straight Ducts
Noise Generated by Transitions
Air Generated Noise in Junctions and Turns
Air Generated Noise in Dampers
Air Noise Generated by Elbows with Turning Vanes
Grilles, Diffusers, and Integral Dampers
13.5 NOISE FROM OTHER MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Air Compressors
Transformers
Reciprocating Engines and Emergency Generators

451
451
453
453
453
454
454
456
456
457
458
462
464
466
466
469

469
472
473
474
476
476
477
478

SOUND ATTENUATION IN DUCTS
14.1 SOUND PROPAGATION THROUGH DUCTS
Theory of Propagation in Ducts with Losses

481
481
481

www.SolutionManual.info

14


Contents

14.2

14.3

14.4


14.5
14.6

15

Attenuation in Unlined Rectangular Ducts
Attenuation in Unlined Circular Ducts
Attenuation in Lined Rectangular Ducts
Attenuation of Lined Circular Ducts
Flexible and Fiberglass Ductwork
End Effect in Ducts
Split Losses
Elbows
SOUND PROPAGATION THROUGH PLENUMS
Plenum Attenuation—Low-Frequency Case
Plenum Attenuation—High Frequency Case
SILENCERS
Dynamic Insertion Loss
Self Noise
Back Pressure
BREAKOUT
Transmission Theory
Transmission Loss of Rectangular Ducts
Transmission Loss of Round Ducts
Transmission Loss of Flat Oval Ducts
BREAK-IN
Theoretical Approach
CONTROL OF DUCT BORNE NOISE
Duct Borne Calculations


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS
15.1 CODES AND STANDARDS
Sound Transmission Class—STC
Reasonable Expectation of the Buyer
Impact Insulation Class—IIC
Property Line Ordinances
Exterior to Interior Noise Standards
15.2 PARTY WALL CONSTRUCTION
General Principles
Party Walls
Structural Floor Connections
Flanking Paths
Electrical Boxes
Wall Penetrations
Holes
15.3 PARTY FLOOR-CEILING SEPARATIONS
Airborne Noise Isolation
Structural Stiffness
Structural Decoupling

xvii
486
486
487
487
488
488
490
490
492

492
493
495
496
496
497
497
498
500
501
502
503
503
504
504

509
510
510
512
513
514
515
515
515
516
518
519
519
520

521
522
522
523
524


www.elsolucionario.org

xviii

16

Architectural Acoustics
Floor Squeak
Floor Coverings
15.4 PLUMBING AND PIPING NOISE
Supply Pipe
Water Hammer
Waste Stacks
Tubs, Toilets, and Showers
Pump and Piping Vibrations
Fluid Pulsations
15.5 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Split Systems
Packaged Units
15.6 APPLIANCES AND OTHER SOURCES OF NOISE
Stairways
Appliances
Jacuzzis

Trash Chutes
Elevator Shafts and Equipment Rooms
Garage Doors

527
528
529
529
534
535
535
536
537
537
537
538
540
540
540
540
541
541
541

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OFFICE BUILDINGS
16.1 SPEECH PRIVACY IN OPEN OFFICES
Privacy
Privacy Calculations
Articulation Weighted Ratings
Speech Reduction Rating and Privacy

Source Control
Partial Height Panels
Absorptive and Reflective Surfaces
Open-Plan Ceilings
Masking Sound
Degrees of Privacy
16.2 SPEECH PRIVACY IN CLOSED OFFICES
Private Offices
Full-Height Walls
Plenum Flanking
Duct Flanking
Exterior Curtain Walls
Divisible Rooms
Masking in Closed Offices
16.3 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
System Layout
Mechanical Equipment Rooms
Roof-Mounted Air Handlers

543
543
543
544
548
550
551
553
556
558
560

562
563
563
563
564
567
567
569
569
571
571
572
574

www.SolutionManual.info


Contents
Fan Coil and Heat Pump Units
Emergency Generators

xix
576
577

17

DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR SPEECH
17.1 GENERAL ACOUSTICAL REQUIREMENTS
General Considerations

Adequate Loudness
Floor Slope
Sound Distribution
Reverberation
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Acoustical Defects
17.2 SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY
Speech-Intelligibility Tests
Energy Buildup in a Room
Room Impulse Response
Speech-Intelligibility Metrics—Articulation Index (AI)
Articulation Loss of Consonants (ALcons )
Speech Transmission Index (STI)
Signal-to-Noise Ratios (Ct and Ut )
Weighted Signal-to-Noise Ratios (Cαt and Utα )
A-Weighted Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Comparison of Speech-Intelligibility Metrics
17.3 DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY
The Cocktail Party Effect
Restaurant Design
Conference Rooms
Classrooms
Small Lecture Halls
Large Lecture Halls
17.4 MOTION PICTURE THEATERS
Reverberation Times

579
579
579

579
580
583
585
587
587
588
588
589
590
592
593
596
599
600
602
602
603
603
604
606
606
607
607
609
610

18

SOUND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS

18.1 LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS
Loudspeaker Types
Loudness
Bandwidth
Low-Frequency Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker Systems
Distributed Loudspeaker Systems
Single Clusters
Multiple Clusters
Other Configurations

611
611
611
612
614
615
615
615
617
617
618


xx

Architectural Acoustics
18.2 SOUND SYSTEM DESIGN
Coverage
Intelligibility

Amplifier Power Handling
Electrical Power Requirements
Heat Load
Time Coincidence
Imaging
Feedback
Multiple Open Microphones
Equalization
Architectural Sensitivity
18.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSDUCERS
Microphone Characterization
Loudspeaker Characterization
The Calculation of the On-axis Directivity
18.4 COMPUTER MODELING OF SOUND SYSTEMS
Coordinate Systems and Transformation Matrices
Determination of the Loudspeaker Coordinate System
Directivity Angles in Loudspeaker Coordinates
Multiple Loudspeaker Contributions

618
619
619
621
622
623
624
625
627
631
631

634
635
635
638
642
644
644
646
649
650

www.SolutionManual.info
19

DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR MUSIC
19.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The Language of Music
The Influence of Recording
Concert Halls
Opera Houses
19.2 GENERAL DESIGN PARAMETERS
The Listening Environment
Hall Size
Hall Shape
Hall Volume
Surface Materials
Balconies and Overhangs
Seating
Platforms
Orchestra Shells

Pits
19.3 QUANTIFIABLE ACOUSTICAL ATTRIBUTES
Studies of Subjective Preference
Modeling Subjective Preferences
Early Reflections, Intimacy, and Clarity
Liveness, Reverberation Time, and Early Decay Time

653
653
653
653
655
656
657
657
658
658
658
659
660
661
663
664
665
666
667
670
671
674



www.elsolucionario.org

Contents

20

xxi

Envelopment, Lateral Reflections, and Interaural Cross-correlation
Loudness, Gmid , Volume, and Volume per Seat
Warmth and Bass Response
Diffusion, SDI
Ensemble, Blend, and Platform Acoustics
19.4 CONCERT HALLS
Grosser Musikvereinssaal, Vienna, Austria
Boston Symphony Hall, Boston, MA, USA
Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Philharmonie Hall, Berlin, Germany
Eugene McDermott Concert Hall in the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony
Center, Dallas, TX, USA
19.5 OPERA HALLS
Theatro Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Theatro Alla Scala, Milan, Italy

675
678
678
681
681

682
682
684
685
687

DESIGN OF MULTIPURPOSE AUDITORIA AND SANCTUARIES
20.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Program
Room Shape
Seating
Room Volume
Reverberation Time
Absorption
Balconies
Ceiling Design
Audio Visual Considerations
20.2 DESIGN OF SPECIFIC ROOM TYPES
Small Auditoria
Mid-Sized Theaters
Large Auditoria
Traditional Churches
Large Churches
Synagogues
20.3 SPECIALIZED DESIGN PROBLEMS
Wall and Ceiling Design
Shell Design
Platform Risers
Pit Design
Diffusion

Variable Absorption
Variable Volume
Coupled Chambers
Sound System Integration
Electronic Augmentation

697
697
698
698
700
701
701
701
702
703
705
706
706
710
711
712
715
719
720
720
720
724
725
725

728
729
730
734
736

688
691
691
692


xxii
21

Architectural Acoustics
DESIGN OF STUDIOS AND LISTENING ROOMS
21.1 SOUND RECORDING
Early Sound Recording
Recording Process
Recording Formats
21.2 PRINCIPLES OF ROOM DESIGN
Standing Waves
Bass Control
Audible Reflections
Flutter Echo
Reverberation
Diffusion
Imaging
Noise Control

Noise Isolation
Flanking
HVAC Noise
21.3 ROOMS FOR LISTENING
Music Practice Rooms
Listening Rooms
Screening Rooms
Video Post Production
21.4 ROOMS FOR RECORDING
Home Studios
Sound Stages
Scoring Stages
Recording Studios
Foley and ADR
21.5 ROOMS FOR MIXING
Dubbing Stages
Control Rooms
21.6 DESIGN DETAILS IN STUDIOS
Noise Isolation
Symmetry
Loudspeaker Placement
Bass Control
Studio Window Design
Diffusion

741
741
741
742
744

745
745
746
749
753
753
754
756
758
759
761
762
764
764
765
766
767
768
768
769
770
771
772
774
774
774
776
776
777
777

777
778
779

ACOUSTIC MODELING, RAY TRACING, AND AURALIZATION
22.1 ACOUSTIC MODELING
Testing Scale Models
Spark Testing
Ray Casting

781
781
782
782
784

www.SolutionManual.info

22


Contents

22.2

22.3

22.4

22.5


Image Source Method
Hybrid Models
RAY TRACING
Rays
Surfaces and Intersections
Planar Surfaces
Ray-Plane Intersection
Ray-Polygon Intersections
Ray-Sphere Intersection
Ray-Cylinder Intersection
Ray-Quadric Intersections
Ray-Cone Intersection
Ray-Paraboloid Intersection
SPECULAR REFLECTION OF RAYS FROM SURFACES
Specular Reflections
Specular Reflections with Absorption
Specular Absorption by Seats
DIFFUSE REFLECTION OF RAYS FROM SURFACES
Measurement of the Scattering Coefficient
Diffuse Reflections
Multiple Reflections
Edge Effects
Hybrid Models and the Reverberant Tail
AURALIZATION
Convolution
Directional Sound Perception
Directional Reproduction

xxiii

786
786
787
787
788
789
789
790
791
792
793
794
794
795
795
796
797
798
799
799
801
802
803
804
804
807
808

REFERENCES


813

INDEX

829


www.elsolucionario.org

www.SolutionManual.info
This page
intentionally left blank