7. CẤU TẠO TỪ (WORD FORMATION)
7.1. Cách cấu tạo của danh từ
STT

Quy tắc

Ví dụ

1

V + ment => N

2

V + ance => N

3

V + ion/ation =>N

4

V + age => N

5

V + al => N

6

V + ing => N

7

V + er => N

8

V + or => N

9

V + ress => N

10

V + ant => N

11

V + ee => N

12

V + ledge => N

13

V + ist => N

type (v) + 1st = typist (n): người đánh máy


14

V + ar => N

lie (v) + ar = liar (n): kẻ nói dối

15

V + ence =>N

16

Adj + ness => N

17

Adj + ity => N

develop (v) +ment = development (n): sự phát triển
entertain (v)+ ment = entertainment (n): sự giải trí
Attend (v) + ance = attendance (n): sự tham dự
Perform (v) + ance = performance (n): sự thực hiện, sự biểu diễn
invent (v) + ion = invention (n): sự phát minh
inform (v)+ ion = information (n): thông tin
many (v) + age = marriage (n): hôn nhân
carry (v)+ age = carriage (n): sự chuyên chở hàng hóa, xe ngựa
survive (v) + al = survival (n): sự sống sót
arrive (v) + al = arrival (n): sự đến, tới
teach (v) + ing = teaching (n): công việc dạy học

train(v)+ing = training (n): công việc đào tạo
work (v)+ er = worker (n): công nhân
employ (v) + er = employer (n): ông chủ
act (v) + or = actor (n): diễn viên
survive (v)+ or = survival (n): người sống sót
act (v) + ress = actress (n): nữ diễn viên
wait (v) + ress = waitress (n): nữ bồi bàn
assist (v)+ ant = assistant (n): trợ lí
depend (v) + ant = dependant (n): người phụ thuộc
employ (v)+ ee = employee (n): công nhân
interview (v) + ee = interviewee (n): người đi phỏng vấn
know (v)+ ledge = knowledge (n): sự hiểu biết, kiến thức

depend (v) + ence = dependence (n): sự phụ thuộc
rich (a) + ness = richness (n): sự giàu có
polite (a)+ ness = politeness (n): sự lịch sự
able (a) + ity = ability (n): khả năng, năng lực
responsible(a) + ity = responsibility (n): trách nhiệm


18

Adj + y => N

honest (a) + y = honesty (n): sự thật thà

19

Adj + ty => N


certain (a) + ty = certainty (n): sự chắc chắn

20

Adj + age => N

short (a) + age = shortage (n): sự thiếu hụt

21

Adj + cy => N

proficient (a) + cy = proficiency (n): sự giỏi, sự thành thạo

22

Adj + dom => N

free (a) + dom = freedom (n): sự tự do

Adj + ism => N

social (a) + ism = socialism (n): chủ nghĩa xã hội

N1 + ism => N2

terror (n) + ism = terrorism (n): chủ nghĩa khủng bố

23


24

Adj + th => N

25

N1 + hood => N2

26

N1 + ship => N2

warm (a) + th = warmth (n): sự ấm áp, sự niềm nở
wide (a)+ th = width (n): bề rộng, bề ngang
child (n) + hood = childhood (n): thời thơ ấu
neighbor (n) + hood = neighborhood (n): vùng lân cận
friend (n) + ship = friendship (n): tình bạn
member (n)+ ship = membership (n): tư cách hội viên, số hội viên

7.2. Cách cấu tạo của động từ
STT

Quy tắc

1

Adj + en => V

2


En + Adj => V

3

N + en => V

4

Adj + ise/ize => V

5

N + fy =>V

Ví dụ
wide (a) + en = widen (v): mở rộng
short (a)+ en = shorten (v): thu ngắn, rút ngắn
en + rich [a] = enrich (v): làm giàu
en + large (a) = enlarge (v): tăng lên, phóng to
length (n) + en = lengthen (v): làm dài ra, kéo dài ra
social (a) + ise/ize = socialize (v): xã hội hóa, hịa nhập
industrial (a) + ise/ize = industrialize (v): cơng nghiệp hóa
beauty (n) + fy = beautify (v): làm đẹp

7.3. Cách cấu tạo của tính từ
STT

Quy tắc

1


N + ly => Adj

2

N + ful => Adj

3

N + less => Adj

Ví dụ
friend (n) + ly = friendly (adj): thân thiện
love (n) + ly = lovely (a): đáng yêu
care (n) + ful = careful (a): cẩn thận
success (n) + ful = successful (a): thành công
home (n) + less = homeless (a): vô gia cư
hope (n) + less = hopeless (a): vô vọng


economy (n) + ic = economic (a): thuộc về kinh tế

4

N + ic => Adj

5

N + able => Adj


6

N + OUS => Adj

7

N + some => Adj

8

N + al => Adj

9

N + ing/ed => Adj

10

N + ern = Adj

11

N + y = Adj

12

N + ible = Adj

response (n) + ible = responsible (a): có trách nhiệm


13

V + ent => Adj

depend (v) + ent = dependent (a): phụ thuộc

14

V + ive => Adj
N + ive => Adj

15

N + like => Adj

16

N + ish => Adj

history (n) + ic = historic (a): có tính chất lịch sử
reason (n) + able = reasonable (a): có lí, hợp lí
comfort (n) + able = comfortable (a): thoải mái
danger (n) + OUS = dangerous (a): nguy hiểm
industry (n) + OUS = industrious (a): chăm chỉ
trouble (n) + some = troublesome (a): gây rắc rối, khó chịu
hand (n) + some = handsome (a): đẹp trai
nation (n) + al = national (a): thuộc quốc gia
nature (n) + al = natural (a): thuộc về tự nhiên
interest (n) + ing/ed = interesting /interested (a): thú vị/thích thú
bore (n) + ing/ed = boring/ bored (a): tẻ nhạt/buồn chán

West (n) + ern = Western (a): về phía tây, ở phía tây
South (n) + ern = Southern (a): về phía nam, ở phía nam
rain (n) + y = rainy (a): có mưa
sun (n) + y = sunny (a): có nhiều ánh nắng

impress (v) + ive = impressive (a): ấn tượng
invent (v)+ ive = inventive (a): có tài phát minh, có óc sáng tạo
expense (n) + ive = expensive (a): đắt
child (n) + like = childlike (a): như trẻ con, ngây thơ, thật thà
god (n) + like = godlike (n): như thần, như thánh
fool (n) + ish = foolish (a): dại dột, ngu xuẩn
self (n) + ish = selfish (a): ích kỉ

7.4. Cách cấu tạo của trạng từ
STT
1

Quy tắc
Adj + ly => Adv

Ví dụ
slow (a) + ly = slowly (adv): một cách chậm chạp
rapid (a) + ly = rapidly (adv): một cách nhanh chóng

* Lưu ý:
STT

Quy tắc

Ví dụ



1

2

3

4

N + ly => Adj

like + ly = likely (a)

Adj + ly => Adv

quick + ly =quickly (adv)

V + al = N

arrive + al = arrival (n)

N + al = Adj

nation + al =national (a)

V + ing = N

teach + ing = teaching (n)


N + ing = Adj

bore + ing = boring (a)

Adj + y = N

honest + y = honesty (n)

N + y = Adj

wind + y = windy (a)

7.5. Trật tự từ
STT

Quy tắc

Ví dụ

1

Sau tobe (am/is/are/was/were) là tính từ

The book is so interesting that I can’t put
it down.

2

Sau động từ là trạng từ.


He runs more quickly than me.

3

Sau V(tri giác) + adj

The food tastes delicious.

* V (trigiác): hear, see, smell, taste, feel....
4

Sau look, seem, get, become, find, make,... +
adj

She looks happier than yesterday.

5

Sau mạo từ (a/an/the) + N

The development of industry causes air
pollution.

6

Sau tính từ sở hữu
(my/your/our/his/her/their/its) là danh từ

He failed the exam because of his
laziness.


7

Sau sở hữu cách là danh từ

Mail’s house is very nice.

8

Sau đại từ chỉ định (this/that/these/those) +
N

This machine has been out of order.

9

Sau some/any/many/much + N

There are many people waiting for the
last bus.

10

Sau giới từ + N

My parents are celebrating 30 years of
marriage next week.

11


Trước danh từ là tính từ

Copperheads are poisonous snakes.

12

Trước tính từ là trạng từ

The matter is comparatively complicated
and sensitive.

13

Đứng đầu câu, ngăn cách với phần trong
câu bằng dấu phẩy (,) là trạng từ.

Traditionally, the positions of the women
were in the kitchen.

14

Sau danh từ là danh từ

This firm is known for its high quality


products.
15

Sau bring/take/have/buy/sell.... + N


Money doesn’t bring happiness to man.

16

Giữa hai động từ là trạng từ

He will certainly die If you don’t call a
doctor.

17

Khi có “and/or/but” thì hai vế cân nhau
(cùng chức năng từ loại/ngữ pháp/ngữ
nghĩa)

The International Red Cross helps people
in need without any discrimination based
on nationality, race, religion, class or
political opinions.

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 7
1. The issue of climate change has received a lot of _______ recently.
A. attentive
B. attention
C. attend
D. attentively
2. Swimming produces both _______ and physical benefits.
A. psychology
B. psychological

C. psychologist
D. psychologically
3. My friend is a good story writer; he has a rich _______.
A. imaginatively
B. imagination
C. imagine
D. imaginative
4. The _______ of electronic books has changed the way many people read.
A. Invent
B. invention
C. inventively
D. inventive
5. When James was in Vietnam, he tried a _______ of Vietnamese dishes.
A. variety
B. variously
C. various
D. vary
6. According to present law, the authorities can give poachers a severe _______.
A. punishing
B. punish
C. punishable
D. punishment
7. The new song has _______ been selected for Euro 2016.
A. officially
B. official
C. office
D. officer
8. Many species of plants and animals are in _______ of extinction.
A. dangerous
B. endangered

C. danger
D. dangerously
9. The wedding day was _______ chosen by the parents of the groom.
A. careless
B. careful
C. carefully
D. carelessly
10. To Americans, it is impolite to ask someone about age, _______ and salary.
A. marry
B. married
C. marrying
D. marriage
11. Despite the plan’s emphasis on agricultural _______, the industrial sector received a larger share of
state investment.
A. developing
B. developer
C. development
D. developed
12. _______ have announced that a major breakthrough in medicine has been made.
A. Research
B. Researchers
C. Researches
D. Researching
13. This restaurant is _______ with those who like Vietnamese food.
A. popular
B. popularly
C. popularize
D. popularity
14. The jobs give you lots of chances to travel abroad; it’s certainly a very _______ offer.
A. attractive

B. attract
C. attractively
D. attraction
15. It's necessary to listen to opinions that are _______ from ours.
A. difference
B. differently
C. differ
D. different
16. One _______ method for keeping our mind active is doing crossword puzzles.
A. popularity
B. popular
C. popularize
D. popularly
17. Sometimes it can be really _______ to go hiking alone in the forest.
A. endanger
B. danger
C. dangerous
D. dangerously


18. In the past people believed that women’s _______ roles were as mothers and wives.
A. nature
B. natural
C. naturism
D. naturalist
19. Although David was _______ after a day's work in the office, he tried to help his wife the
household chores.
A. exhaustion
B. exhausted
C. exhaust

D. exhaustively
20. A _______ party was prepared to welcome the honored guests.
A. special
B. specialize
C. specially
D. specialization
21. How many means of _______ do you use on a regular basis?
A. communication
B. communicating
C. communicate
D. communicative
22. Janice made some useful _______ for the class extra-curricular activities.
A. suggest
B. suggested
C. suggestions
D. suggesting
23. Jack put on his best suit to make a good _______ on his future in-laws.
A. impression
B. impressive
C. impress
D. impressively
24. The more _______ you look, the better impression you will make on your interviewer.
A. confine
B. confident
C. confidently
D. confidence
25. Josh's ambition is to become a _______ businessman like his father.
A. success
B. succeed
C. successfully

D. successful
26. Many twelfth graders find it hard to _______ what university to apply to.
A. decide
B. decision
C. decisive
D. decisively
27. I think mobile phones are _______ for people of all ages.
A. usage
B. use
C. usefully
D. useful
28. Such characters as fairies or witches in Walt Disney animated cartoons are purely _______
A. imaginary
B. imagination
C. imagine
D. imaginatively
29. The Covid-19 pandemic has taken a heavy toll on the country's aviation _______ due to
international travel restrictions.
A. industry
B. industrialize
C. industrious
D. industriously
30. According to most professors, mature students are ideal students because they are hard-working
and become _______ involved in all aspects of the learning process.
A. active
B. action
C. act
D. actively
31. Tom is getting ever keener on doing research on _______.
A. biology

B. biological
C. biologist
D. biologically
32. They are always _______ of what their children do.
A. support
B. supporting
C. supportive
D. supportively
33. It is not always easy to make a good _______ at the last minute.
A. decide
B. decision
C. decisive
D. decisively
34. Cultural _______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift.
A. differences
B. different
C. differently
D. differ
35. Travelling to _______ countries in the world enables me to learn many interesting things.
A. differ
B. difference
C. differently
D. different
36. The job market is constantly changing due to innovative technology and new _______.
A. competition
B. competitively
C. competitive
D. compete
37. In Vietnam, children begin their primary _______ at the age of six.
A. educational

B. educationally
C. educate
D. education
38. Many librarians and teachers are now accepting graphic novels as proper literature for children as
they _______ young people and motivate them to read.
A. attract
B. attractively
C. attraction
D. attractive
39. The success of the company in such a _______ market is remarkable.
A. compete
B. competitively
C. competitive
D. competition


40. People tend to be unaware of the messages they are sending to others. So, it is _______ to consider
your own body language before dealing with people from other cultures.
A. usefully
B. use
C. usefulness
D. useful
41. Project-based learning provides wonderful opportunities for students to develop their _______.
A. creative
B. creativity
C. create
D. creatively
42. Candidates are advised to dress formally to make a good _______ on job interviewers.
A. impress
B. impressively

C. impression
D. impressive
43. It is believed that travelling is a good way to expand our _______ of the world
A. knowledgeable
B. knowledgeably
C. knowledge
D. know
44. Susan has achieved great _______ in her career thanks to her hard work.
A. success
B. succeed
C. successful
D. successfully
45. Participating in teamwork activities helps students develop their _______ skills.
A. social
B. society
C. socially
D. socialize
46. You should turn off the lights before going out to save _______.
A. electricity
B. electrify
C. electric
D. electrically
47. The study also found that social networks allow us to have discussions with a much more diverse
set of people than in the real world, so we share knowledge with people from a wide _______ of
backgrounds.
A. vary
B. variety
C. various
D. variously
48. Laura came to _______ me for taking care of her dog when she was away.

A. thank
B. thankfully
C. thankfulness
D. thankful
49. The candidates took a _______ breath before he walked into the interview room.
A. deeply
B. deep
C. deepen
D. depth
50. With his good sense of humour, Martin is quite _______ with the students.
A. popularly
B. popular
C. popularise
D. popularity