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OỚ QÇK NJÂFJ
Q_ƤộF@ ėầK JỉN QÇK NJÂFJ „ BL_ECQKF@
EJDL BL_ECQKF@

QJỷN JầFJ F@J F@JKW <
QầK

WJẽF QNJ NJKF IN BL_ECQKF@ BKZ
AòF@ ^ắF WJẨB FƤờN AửL NDND ZKB NỨL
NÑF@ Q[ OCQ_KBCZ
@XJA = Qj^. Q_ọFJ QJọ JởF@ BKFJ
^XQJ = IÍ XŪ JắK F@ÏF
B^^X = <:?<77?77>
IờW

= NINT<:ABL7<
= NINT<:ABL7<

JỈ

= NJạQ IƤữF@ NLD

Qjỗfj pj J Njõ Bkfj, tjỡf` <<, fb ?7?7
1

2

OỚ QÇK NJÂFJ
Q_ƤộF@ ėầK JỉN QÇK NJÂFJ „ BL_ECQKF@
EJDL BL_ECQKF@

QJỷN JầFJ F@J F@JKW <
QầK

WJẽF QNJ NJKF IN BL_ECQKF@ BKZ
AòF@ ^ắF WJẨB FƤờN AửL NDNDZKB NỨL
NÑF@ Q[ OCQ_KBCZ

@XJA = Qj^. Q_ọFJ QJọ JởF@ BKFJ
^XQJ = IÍ XŪ JắK F@ÏF
B^^X = <:?<77?77>
IờW

= NINT<:ABL7<
= NINT<:ABL7<

JỈ

= NJạQ IƤữF@ NLD

3

IộK NắB ƧF
QrƷổn tkíf, cb xkf `Ợk iỒk nẮb Ƭf ĜẴf nìn `kìd vkíf Ĝỵ `kẮf` aẬy cb trdf` q trộfj
jn tp tk Qrf` J Qỗk njõfj Blrectkf`. n ot iỗ nủ Qjs.Qrfj Qj Jf`
Bkfj ợ tf tộfj jf` af cb trdf` quỡ trộfj jdỗf tjỗfj oỗk Qjn jỗfj f`j
f`jkp <. ùy iỗ if u tkớf iỗb oỗk fớf nf rt fjku slk sỵt vỗ fjku ku bk b
cb njl tf` trk qul. Fj nỵ nủ ợ oớf nẬfj `kýp ĜỬ, `kẮk tjânj njd cb fjỤf` njỐ
tjẤn bẤn jủb fly cb nỵ tj jdỗf tjỗfj oỗk bt nỡnj jdỗf njfj.
Bn aỷ cb ợ n `f` jdỗf tjỗfj jt fjf` `ộ cb nỵ tj iỗb. Fjf` vộ ekf tjn
nf jf jp vỗ tb fjộf nf jf nj fớf s nỵ bt vỗk slk sỵt trdf` quỡ trộfj iỗb
oỗk. _ảt bdf`
bdf` fjẢf ĜƷ
ĜƷỮn
Ữn sỼ pjẮf
pjẮf jỞk nỠl nñ ĜỎ cb nỵ tj jdỗf tjkf
tjkf oỗk ttt
t jf vỗ
rýt ekfj f`jkb njd fjf` if e tkp.
Nuk nỷf`, cb njùf tjỗfj nb f nủ ợ `kýp cb trdf` fjf` f`ỗy vụl qul!

^KFJ XKÍF QJỷN JKỈF

IÍ XŪ JắK F@ÏF

4

FJẩF ZËQ NỨL @KÌD XKÍF JƤờF@ AậF

...........................
.............
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
...................
.....

@KắF@ XKÍF JƤờF@ AậF
Qj^. Qrễfj Qjễ JỞf` Bkfj

5

BN IN
WJF B S
Iũ ad njf tỗk...........................................................................................................;
Bn tkớu f`jkớf nừu....................................................................................................<7
ėỜk tƷỮf` f`jkíf nừu..................................................................................................<7
WjẬb vk f`jkíf nừu.....................................................................................................<7
WjƷƬf` pjìp f`jkíf nừu.............................................................................................<<
EẴt nu tỗk...............................................................................................................<<
WJF FK ASF@
NJF@ <= N ^ I ISF Xệ BL_ECQKF@..................................................
BL_ECQKF@....................................................<>

..<>
<.<. EJÌK FKỈB BL_ECQKF@=............................................................................<>
<.<.<. Ejìk fkỀb Blrectkf`=.................................................................................<>
<.<.?. F`uf tẤn vỗ bn tkớu nl blrectkf`.........................................
blrectkf`........................................................
...............<1
<1
<.?. \Sè Q_ẫFJ BL_ECQKF@=...........................................................................<8
<.?.<. _ (_csclnj ) = F`jkíf nừu tjđf`
tjđf` tkf Blrectkf`.................................
Blrectkf`.........................................
.........<8
.<8
<.?.?. ^QW ( ^c`bcftltkdf, tlr`ctkf`, pdsktkdfkf` ) Wjïf ejýn, njỂf tjễ trƷỒf`
bợn tkíu, Ĝễfj vễ....................................................................................................
vễ....................................................................................................<0
<0
<.?.>. BB (Blrectkf` Bkx) Zïy aỼf` njkẴf iƷỮn Blrectkf` Bkx.....................
Bkx.......................<0
..<0
<.?.1. K ( Kbpicbcftltkdf
Kbpicbcftltkdf ) QrkỎf
QrkỎf ejlk tjỼn
tjỼn jkỀf nj
njkẴf
kẴf iƷỮn blrectkf`............
blrectkf`................
....<0
<0
<.?.3. N ( Ndftrdi ) EkỎb trl, Ĝìfj `kì njkẴf

njkẴf in blrectkf`
blrectkf`.........
.................
.................
..............<0
.....<0
<.>. XLK Q_ò Xầ NJN FF@
FF@ NL JDQ F@ BL
BL_ECQKF@=.........
_ECQKF@=..............
.......<0
..<0
<.>.<. Xlk trÿ jdẬt Ĝớf` blrectkf`=.......................................................................
blrectkf`=.......................................................................<0
<0
<.>.? Njừn fĎf` jdẬt Ĝớf` blrectkf`=..........................
blrectkf`=..................................................................<:
........................................<:
<.1. Qồf` qulf vỌ Blrectkf` Bkx............................................................................<;
<.1.< Ejìk fkỀb vỌ Blrectkf` Bkx.......................................................................<;
NJƤƧF@ ?= WJÏF QÂNJ NJKẶF IƤữN BL_ECQKF@ BKZ NỨL FƤờN AửL
NDNDZKB QJSỚN NÑF@ Q[ OCQ_KBCZ QầK XKỈQ FLB.................................>8
?.<. Qồf` qulf tj trf` fn al ỵf` njlk nl Xkt Flb `f Ĝïy=....................>8
?.<.<. Bñk trƷỒf` vī bñ=.......................................................................................>8
?.<.?. Bñk trƷỒf` vk bñ=.......................................................................................>0
?.?. Qồf` qulf vỌ nñf` ty Octrkbcx=........................................................................
Octrkbcx=........................................................................>:
>:
?.?.<. ^Ƭ iƷỮn vỌ nñf` ty=......................................................................................
ty=......................................................................................>:

>:
?.>. Qjỗfj tu t n............................................................................................
n............................................................................................1?
1?
?.1. Njkf in Blrectkf`
Blrectkf` Bkx nl nủf` ty................................................
ty.........................................................
.............
....1>
1>
?.1.<. NjkẴf iƷỮn
iƷỮn sẮf pjẫb..............................................................................
pjẫb...................................................................................
.....1>
1>

6

?.1.?. NjkẴf iƷỮn `kì.............................................................................................10
?.1.>. NjkẴf iƷỮn pjïf pjỜk..................................................................................1:
?.1.1. NjkẴf iƷỮn njkíu tjễ....................................................................................37
NJƤƧF@ >= ėệ ZSạQ @KắK WJÌW FJặB JDÇF QJKỈF JDầQ ėỚF@
BL_ECQKF@ BKZ Xệ ^ắF WJẪB FƤờN AửL NDNDZKB NỨL OCQ_KBCZ
XKỈQ FLB, EẶQ ISẩF............................................................................................3?
>.<. Wjïf tânj ^PDQ......................................................................
^PDQ................................................................................................
.......................... 3?

>.?. FjẢf xët, Ĝìfj `kì aỼl tjcd pjïf tânj ^PƧQ...................................................3?
>.>. ėƷl rl `kẮk pjìp ejẤn pjợn...............................................................................3?
>.1. EẴt iuẢf.............................................................................................................3?
QÇK IKỈS QJLB EJắD...........................................................................................3?
ALFJ BỡN NJÝ QJÂNJ, EÒ JKỈS, NJỦ XKẶQ QẦQ...................................
QẦQ........................... ...........3?
...3?
ALFJ BỡN JÉFJ ắFJ...........................................................................................3?

7

WJẨF BỖ ėẨS
QốF@ \SLF Xệ ėệ QÇK F@JKÍF NỪS

8

Iũ ad njf tỗk
Fjf tjy n trdf` ok nfj jkf
jkf fly, f`
f`k
k aùf f`ỗy
f`ỗy nỗf` nnỵỵ yớu nu v
v njảt
iƷỮf` ĜỒk sỜf` nld jƬf qul bỐk fĎb. XkỀn sỢ aợf` nìn idẬk fƷổn uỜf` `kẮk ejìt tỜt

njd sừn ejỄc nūf` ĜƷỮn bỂk f`ƷỒk iỼl njỂf fjkỌu jƬf nìn idẬk tjn uf` ejỡn. Fn
al iỗ bt idk tjn uf` `kk ejỡt t fjkớf, lf tdỗf bỗ ik n pj okf rf` rợk.
Zut tjùf iỗ bt qun `kl tjun vỷf` fjkt Ĝổk, fjkỌu idẬk trìk nïy ĜẰn sẤn. Xổk akỀf
tânj trỞf` aụl Ĝừf` tjừ 8 tríf tjẴ `kổk, XkỀt Flb Ĝl aẬf` nìn `kỜf` aụl ejìn fjlu=
aụl aừl, aụl xkíb, aụl sìp,… ėẰn okỀt Ổ OẴf Qrc, vổk akỀf tânj trỞf` aụl njkẴb jƬf
17% akỀf tânj trỞf` aụl nẮ fƷổn, njd rl njt if` f`df vỗ ff` sut tt. Fjộf tjy
n tkb ff` tkớu aỷf` xlfj nl tjỗfj pjb t trỡk aụl XkỀt Flb, Nñf` ty
Octrkbcx slu fjkỌu fĎb jdẬt Ĝớf`, s af` nỡn tjỗfj pjb nl trỡk al fj Nb
al, fƷổn aụl, vỄ aụl, sƬ aụl… F`jkíf nừu sïu jƬf, t fjf` fb ?7<3-?7<8, fn
al tr tjỗfj xu jf` fn `kk ejỡt nl tj `kk vỗ Xkt Flb vộ nỵ f`uf `n tjkớf
fjkớf vỗ jf` v f`t bỡt vỗ tt njd sn ejc. Fjf` ejủf` pjk tj trf` fỗd
nf` nỵ ej ff` trf` trt vỗ ejlk tjỡn al iy fn, vộ tj, t bt tj pj pjb,
fn al nỵ tkb ff` tr tjỗfj tj fn uf` nld np, ejủf` nj pjn v njd fju
nu trdf` fn bỗ nf iỗ xut eju rl tj `kk.
Qjcd f`jkớf nu Qdỗf nfj f`ỗfj tjn pjẫb - ĜỞ uỜf` XkỀt Flb fĎb ?7<: nỠl
Xkctflb _cpdrt, f`ỗfj tjn pjb vỗ uf` jkf njkb ejdf` <3% @AW vỗ nỵ xu
jf` tf` iớf5 f` tjk lf` njkb t i nld fjt trdf` n nu njk tkớu jỗf` tjìf`
nỠl f`ƷỒk tkíu ảf` (njkẴb ejdẮf` >3% bừn njk tkíu).
Aấf sỜ ikỀu tụ Qồf` nợn QjỜf` , d nìd njd okt nj s tkớu tj nl f`ỗfj nj okf
tjn pjb vỗ sf xut uf` trdf` ; tjỡf` u fb ?7<: tf` if it :,<% vỗ
<7,?% sd vk nỷf` e fb trn.Qrdf` ejk ỵ tjcd a oỡd nl OBK - bt t njn
f`jkớf nu, ỡfj `kỡ v ekfj t, tỗk njõfj jỗf` u nỵ tr s tk Idfadf, Lfj - f`ỗfj
tjn pjb vỗ uf` s nld jf trdf` `klk df ?7<8 - ?7<;, Xkớ
Xkớt Flb nỵ tj f`
vễ trâ tjừ ol njïu Ì.
d nìd njị rl ol xu tjẴ njỠ ĜẬd trdf` pjdf` nìnj tkíu ảf` tjỼn pjb - uf` bk.
ỵ f`k tkớu aỷf` nỵ xu jf` il njf nỡn tjn pjb snj, nỵ f`uf `n ju n
vỗ tjùf tjkf vk bủk trf`, vỗ sf sỗf` njk tr ejdf tkf nld jf njd ol f jỗf`
f`ỗy. F`ỗy nỗf` nỵ fjku ejỡnj jỗf` nỵ xu jf` iỗ s af` tjn pjb tkf ik vỗ

9

uf` vk fjf` `ỵk trf` if` fj, a blf` tjcd ejk Ĝk ĜƷỒf` ad sỜ iƷỮf` f`ƷỒk
trdf` bớt `kl ộfj tjf` nj nỵ 1-3 f`k, t i f`k sf` Ĝớn tjïf tĎf`.
Quy fjkíf, ejđf` pjẮk Ĝcb bớt sẮf pjẫb bk rl tj trf` iỗ bt ku a aỗf`.
blf` fn al ỵf` jp f `f jf vk f`k tkớu aûf`, Octrkbcx nẠf pjẮk ’`Ử rỜk"
fjỤf` fju nẠu pjừn tẬp= bt sf pjb nỵ f`uf `n jdỗf tdỗf t fjkớf, jf` v
tjb f`df, b od lf tdỗf tjn pjb vỗ pjû jỮp vổk iỜk sỜf` oẢf rớf, nẠf ĜẴf sỼ
tkỀf ik. Xỗ nùu tr ik njõfj iỗ l fn al nỵ f`uf `n t fjkớf vỗd nỡn jp ỵf`
sf.
f` trn tj trf` tkb ff` fj Xkt Flb vỗ bdf` n blf` sẮf pjẫb Ĝk ejẤp
tjẴ `kổk, Octrkbcx Ĝỵ ejđf` f`Ạf f`k u t vỗd s pjỡt trkf of vf`. Xỗ et qu iỗ
f`ỗy fly Ndndxkb ejủf` nj pj sỵf` tdỗf qun bỗ nf nỵ bt tk jf 17 qun `kl,
trdf` ỵ nỵ nỡn tj trf` if fj B, Lfj, n, Fcw ]clilfa, Jỗf \un, Fjt Of,
Qruf` ủf` Bt tjf` jku sẬnj, bớt xu jƷổf` bổk, bớt pjdf` nìnj sỜf` bổk sẲ
blf` ĜẴf njd tjễ trƷỒf` XkỀt Flb ĜẠy tkỌb fĎf` iỗ bt ku tuyt vk trdf` nun
sf` iỗ fjf` iũ ad iỗb tủk il njf Af` sf pjb fn al ỵf` njlk NDNDZKB
nl Octrkbcx njd oỗk f`jkớf nu nl bộfj.

Bn tkớu f`jkớf nu
nỵ fjf` fj jf` `kýp njd quỡ trộfj f`jkớf nu tỗk n rú rỗf` njõfj xỡn,
trf` tùb, trf` kb jf tjộ tỗk t rl fjf` bn tkớu pjk iỗb fj J tjf` ik
ekf tjn v njkf in blrectkf` bkx, Bủ t tf` qulf f`ỗfj fn al ỵf` njlk.
^lu ỵ tộb jku tộfj jộfj tjn jkf njkf in blrectkf` bkx bỗ Octrkbcx ợ vỗ lf`
ỡp af` njd aÿf` sẮf pjẫb NDNDZKB. NuỜk nûf`, ĜƷl rl bớt sỜ fjẢf xët, Ĝìfj `kì
nūf` fjƷ ĜỌ xuảt bớt sỜ okf pjỡp fjb jdỗf tjkf vỗ fùf` nld jf fl jkỀu quẮ
jdẬt Ĝớf` blrectkf` ĜỜk vổk sẮf pjẫb NDNDZKB.

ėỜk tƷỮf` f`jkíf nừu
f` sẮf pjẫb fƷổn aụl NDNDZKB nỠl Nđf` ty Octrkbcx.

WjẬb vk f`jkíf nừu
XỌ iīfj vỼn sẮf pjẫb `Ởb jlk vf iỗ= Ifj vn f`jkớf nu (Fn al ỵf` njlk)
vỗ ^f pjb f`jkớf nu (Fn al Ndndxkb nl Octrkbcx).
X ejủf` `klf f`jkớf nu iỗ tk tj trf` Xkt Flb.
10

X tjk `klf f`jkớf nu iỗ t fb ?7<8-?7?7 (pjùf tõnj tjn trf`) slu ỵ l `kk
pjỡp f fb ?7?3.

Wjf` pjỡp f`jkớf nu
Qrdf` quỡ trộfj tjn jkf tỗk ợ tjỼn jkỀf bớt sỜ pjƷƬf` pjìp f`jkíf nừu
fjƷ= Qju tjẢp tjủf` tkf t oỡd ỗk, nỡn pjf` tkf truyf tjủf`, kftcrfct...5 WjƷƬf`
pjìp tju tjẢp tjđf
tjđf`` tkf= tju
tju tjẢp tjđf`
tjđf` tkf sƬ nảp, f`jkíf
f`jkíf nừu, qulf
qulf
sìt5 WjƷƬf` pjìp tồf` jỮp, tjỜf` eớ, sd sỡfj, pjùf tõnj nỡn tỗk iku tju tjp ĜƷỮn5
WjƷƬf` pjìp suy iuẢf, id`kn jỂn, auy vẢt okỀf njừf` l rl fjf xởt vỗ ekf f`j.

Et nu tỗk
O nn tỗk `b ? pjf.

Wjf b u=@kk
u=@kk tjku v tỗk, bn tkớu f`jkớf nu, k tf`, ejỡnj tj, pjb
vk, pjf` pjỡp f`jkớf nu vỗ o nn nl tỗk.
Wjf fk auf`=
auf`=
N s iũ iuf v blrectkf`
<. Wjùf tânj njkẴf iƷỮn blrectkf` bkx nỠl nñf` ty Octrkbcx njd aÿf` sẮf pjẫb fƷổn
aụl NDNDZKB.
?. FjẢf xët, Ĝìfj `kì, ĜƷl rl `kẮk pjìp njd nđf` ty.

11

WJẨF FỚK ASF@

12

NJƤƧF@ <= NƧ ^Ỗ IÂ ISẩF Xệ BL_ECQKF@
<.<. EJÌK FKỈB BL_ECQKF@=
<.<.<. Ejỡk fkb Blrectkf`=
Qjcd bt s tỗk iku tjộ tjut f` Blrectkf` xut jkf if u tkớf tk B vỗd u tj
e ?7 vỗ n l vỗd Q kf tkf` Lfj fĎb <;11. Zët vỌ bẰt nảu trýn
tụ Blrectkf` `Ởb `n "blrect" trdf` tkf` lfj nỵ f`jl iỗ "nỡk nj" jly "tj trf`"
vỗ ju t "kf`" iỗ akf t s vf f` vỗ quỡ trộfj lf` akf rl nl tj trf`, fớf
tjủf` tjf` jly o jku fjb iỗ tkp tj. Ak ùy iỗ bt s qulf kb vỗ ejỡk fkb

Blrectkf` jkf k nl nỡn t njn, jkp jk vỗ nỡn fjỗ f`jkớf nu v nỡn fjỗ
Blrectkf` trớf tj `kk n njp fjf vỗ pj okf nỵ tj jku rú jf=
Qjcd Wjkikp Edticr njl nl f`ỗfj Blrectkf` tjộ Nỵ tj xcb fj blrectkf` iỗ
quỡ trộfj bỗ fjf` nỡ fjïf jdẰn tẢp tjỎ ĜẬt ĜƷỮn fjỤf` `é jỂ nẫf vỗ buf tjủf` qul
vkn td ip, nf` jkf, vỗ trld k t ad `kỡ tr nl nỡn sf pjb vỗ aễnj vợ vổk fjlu‒
Qjcd Pkekpcakl =
Pkekpcakl = ’ Blrectkf` jdẰn tkẴp tjễ iỗ vkn fjf af` rl n fjf` `ộ bỗ ndf
f`k vỗ xợ jk nf. Bt sf pjb fu n td rl bỗ ejủf` lk nỵ fju nu aỷf` vỗ
bul tjộ s ejủf` oỡf rl n, t ỵ s ejủf` nỵ iợk. Bỗ fu vy, tj sf xut s tr
tjỗfj ejủf` skfj ik. Ad ỵ, fj f`jl f`f fjt bỗ tl nỵ n ỵ iỗ fjf af` n
fju nu bt nỡnj nỵ ik.
Jkp jk Blrectkf` B (Lbcrk
(Lbcrknlf
nlf Blrect
Blrectkf`
kf` Lssdnkltkdf,
Lssdnkltkdf, LB
LB ) njd fj f`jl slu=
Blrectkf` iỗ bt fjkb v trdf` n nu t njn vỗ iỗ bt tp jp nỡn tkf tréfj ĜỎ
fjẼb tẬd rl, trld Ĝồk, truyỌf tẮk nìn `kì tr f nỡn ejỡnj jỗf`, vỗ fjb quf iũ qulf
j ejỡnj jỗf` of` fjf` nỡnj ejỡn fjlu blf` v ik õnj njd t njn vỗ nỡn
tjỗfj vkớf trdf` jk ĜỞf` nồ Ĝñf`.‒
LBL „ Lbcrknlf
Lbcrknlf Blrectkf`
Blrectkf` L
Lssdnkltkd
ssdnkltkdf,
f, <;:3
<;:3 - ’ Blrectkf` iỗ tkf trộfj jdnj fj
vỗ tjn jkf s sỡf` td ỡfj `kỡ, truyf tjủf` vỗ pjùf pjk fjf` ũ tf`, jỗf` jỵl

vỗ anj v td rl s trld k vỗ tjl bợf fjf` bn tkớu nl nỡ fjùf vỗ tồ njừn ‒
N KB - SE's Njlrtcrca
Njlrtcrca Kfstktuac
Kfstktuac ddhh Blrectkf`
Blrectkf` - ’ Blrectkf` iỗ quỡ trộfj quf tr fjf
okt, a dỡf
dỡf vỗ ỡp f` fju nu
nu nl ejỡnj jỗf` bt nnỡnj
ỡnj nỵ jku qu vỗ nỵ ik
13

Fjf` f`uyớf iũ tkp tj , Wjkikp Edticr vỗ @lry Lbstrdf`, <;;1<;;1 - Blrectkf` iỗ
tkf trộfj qul ỵ nỡn nỡ fjùf vỗ nỡn fjỵb nỵ tj t n fju nu vỗ bdf` buf
of` vkn
vkn sỡf` td, trld k ssf
f pjb vỗ ``kỡ
kỡ tr `k
`kll nỡn oớf.
Qjc Mlfplf Blrectkf` Lssdnklftkdf MBLBlrectkf`
MBLBlrectkf` iỗ bt jdt f` tf` jp bỗ
qul ỵ nỡn adlfj f`jkp jly t njn ejỡn nỵ tb fjộf njkf in vỗ tju jku
ejỡnj jỗf` s td rl tjễ trƷỒf` njd béfj oẼf` pjƷƬf` tjừn nẬfj trlfj nñf` of`
Qjcd sỡnj Blrectkf` nf of=
of= Blrectkf` iỗ jdt f` nl ndf f`ƷỒk fjẼb Ĝìp ừf`
jly tjỄl bỵf nìn fju nẠu vỗ bdf` buf tjủf` qul tkf trkfj trld k jỗf` jỵl.
Qjcd fj f`jl aỗfj njd nỡn fjỗ quf iũ tjộ Blrectkf` n võ fj f`j
tjut oỡf jỗf`, fjf` ejỡ f`n fjkíf rẼf` yẴu tỜ qulf trỂf` fjảt nỠl blrectkf`

ejđf` fẼb sf pjb. Qjcd Wctcr Arunecr, fjỗ iũ tjuyt jỗf` u njd okt= Bn
õnj nl blrectkf` iỗ iỗb sld okt vỗ jku rú ejỡnj jỗf` tjt tt sld njd sf pjb
jdn anj v tjõnj jp vk f`k ỵ vỗ t fỵ s oỡf n fỵ. Iũ tf` fjt,
Blrectkf` fớf iỗ et qu t s sf slf` bul sb. Q ỵ, vkn jộfj tjỗfj fớf sf
pjb jdn anj v b
bk
k tr fớf nf tjkt td rl fỵ
fỵ..
<.<.?. F`uyớf tn vỗ bn tkớu nl blrectkf`
<.<.?.<. F`uyớf tn nl Blrectkf`
Blrectkf` nỵ rảt fjkỌu f`uf tẤn, Nlpdfa & Juiocrt (trdf` tìn pjẫb Blrectkf`
Blfl`cbcft kf tjc ?< ncftury „ ?77<) Ĝỵ ĜƷl rl nìn f`uf tẤn nƬ oẮf fjảt nỠl
Blrectkf` fjƷ slu=
F`uf tẤn
tẤn <= F`uyíf ttẤn
Ấn njỂf iỂn
iỂn (prkfnkp
(prkfnkpic
ic dh scicntkvkty)
scicntkvkty)
F`uyíf tẤn njỂf in iỗ f`uyớf tn blf` tõfj nj d trdf` Blrectkf`. Adlfj f`jkp
nf xỡn fj tj trf` fỗd bộfj s jf` vỗd ekfj adlfj nj ejủf` pjk tdỗf o tj
trf`.
F`uyớf tn
tn ?= F`uyớf ttn
n tp truf`
truf` (prkf
(prkfnkpic
nkpic dh ndfncftrltk
ndfncftrltkdf)

df)
F`uyớf tn fỗy jƷổf`
jƷổf` aấf adlfj f`jkỀp
f`jkỀp tẢp truf` bỂk fỐ iỼn Ĝìp ừf` tjễ
tjễ trƷỒf` bợn
tkíu Ĝỵ njỂf.

14

F`uyớf tn
tn >= F`uyớf ttn
n `kỡ tr
tr ejỡnj jỗ
jỗf`
f` (prkfnk
(prkfnkpic
pic dh nd
ndfsubcr)
fsubcr)
Oku tj s tjỗfj nủf` nl bt adlfj f`jkp trdf` tj trf` bn tkớu ejk fỵ nỵ tj
tjl bợf fju nu nl ejỡnj jỗf` n v njn ff` nf` fj nb xýn, f`jl iỗ ejỡnj
jỗf` nb fjf n `kỡ tr bỗ sf pjb/anj v nuf` f` njd j (nld jdẰn tỜt jƬf
ĜỜk tjỠ nẬfj trlfj)
F`uyíf tẤn
tẤn 1= F`uyíf ttẤn
Ấn iỮk tjẴ ejìn okỀt/aễ
okỀt/aễ okỀt (p

(prknkpic
rknkpic dh akhhcrrcftkli
akhhcrrcftkli lavl
lavlftl`c)
ftl`c)
F`uf tẤn fỗy t ff bỵf` njd Blrectkf`. Fỵk f Blrectkf` iỗ fỵk f s ejỡn
okt jỵl. ^ ejỡn
ejỡn okt iỗb nj
njdd ejỡnj jỗf` nỵ
nỵ f tf` vvỗỗ njý ũ sf pjb
pjb nỠl béfj sd
vổk f`ƷỒk ejìn.
F`uf tẤn
tẤn 3= F`uf ttẤn
Ấn pjỜk jp
jp (prkfnk
(prkfnkpic
pic dh kft
kftcr`rltkd
cr`rltkdf)
f)
Fỵk iớf nỡnj tjn tjn jkf Blrectkf` ĜỎ ĜẬt ĜƷỮn fjỤf` f`uf tẤn Ĝỵ fíu.
Blrectkf` ejđf` pjẮk iỗ nủf` vkn rkớf` nl o pjf Blrectkf` bỗ iỗ nủf` vkn nl
tt n nỡn tjỗfj vkớf trdf` t njn, nỷf` fjlu td rl ejỡnj jỗf` tjủf` qul vkn td
rl `kỡ tr jdỗf jd njd j.
F`uyớf tn
tn 8= F`uyớf ttn
n quỡ trộfj
trộfj (prkf
(prkfnkpic

nkpic dh prdncss)
prdncss)
^ tjly k fjlfj njỵf` nl bủk trf` Blrectkf`
Blrectkf` vỗ ejỡnj jỗf` bn tkớu (fju nu,
qulf kb, fjf tjn v `kỡ tr) s iỗb njd fjf` ik tj jkf tk nl adlfj f`jkp
ejỵ of vf`. Qjễ trƷỒf` if okẴf Ĝớf`, fjỤf` `é tẬd fíf `kì tr nld njd ejỡnj jỗf`
jủb fly nỵ tj s tjly k trdf` f`ỗy blk. Xộ vy, pjk xỡn fj Blrectkf` iỗ bt
quỡ trộfj (prdncss) nj ejủf` pjk iỗ bt okf nỜ, sỼ ekỀf.
Nìn f`uf tẤn tríf nẠf ĜƷỮn nìn adlfj f`jkp vf af` vỗ pjk jp trdf` quỡ trộfj
tộb jku vỗ ỡp f` fju nu. Qrdf` ỵ, f`uyớf tn `kỡ tr ejỡnj jỗf` iuủf iỗ trf`
tùb.
<.<.?.?. Bn tkớu nl Blrectkf`
Blrectkf`
Qk l jỵl tkớu tj

15

Bn tkớu Blrectkf` iỗ td ku ekf a aỗf` eõnj tjõnj ejỡnj jỗf`, tk l jỵl vkn
tkớu aỷf`, ku fỗy aấf ĜẴf `kl tĎf` fĎf` suảt sẮf xuảt, `kýp adlfj f`jkp pjỡt trkf
sf xut vỗ xợ jk nỵ fjku jỗf` jỵl, anj v.
Qk l jỵl s tjl bợf nl ejỡnj jỗf`
Qk l jỵl tkớu tj iỗ bn tkớu u tkớf, fjf` bn tkớu qulf trf` nl Blrectkf` iỗ
tk l jỵl s tjl bợf nl ejỡnj jỗf`. ^ tjl bợf iỗ tkf f njd vkn bul ip ik
vỗ s truf` tjỗfj nl ejỡnj jỗf` k vk fjợf jku, s tkf ny, tõf fjkb k vk fjỗ
sf xut.
Qk l jỵl s il njf nl ejỡnj jỗf`
Nuf` np njd EJ s l af`, pjdf` pjý vỌ njỠf` idẬk, vỌ njảt iƷỮf`, `kì trễ nỠl sẮf

pjẫb jly aễnj vợ, pjû jỮp vổk fju nẠu nỡ okt, tjf` xuyớf tjly k nl ejỡnj
jỗf`, fj vy j nỵ tj tjl bợf fju nu nl bộfj
Qk l jỵl njt if` nun sf`
Qjủf` qul vkn nuf` np njd xợ jk fjf` sf pjb, anj v nỵ `kỡ tr, `kýp f`k
tkớu aỷf` vỗ xợ jk tjl bợf f`ỗy nỗf` y , nld np jf vỗ jf` tk bn tkớu
nuk nỷf` iỗ tk l jỵl njt if` nun sf`.
<.?. \Sè Q_ẫFJ BL_ECQKF@=
Blrectkf` iy ejỡnj jỗf` iỗb truf` tùb, of njt nl blrectkf` iỗ tjl bợf
tk l fju nu nl ejỡnj jỗf`, buf tjn jkf ku fỗy quỡ trộfj blrectkf` trdff`
adlfj f`jkỀp pjẮk tjỼn jkỀf fĎb oƷổn nƬ oẮf slu.
_ ↟ ^QW ↟ BB + K + N.
<.?.<. _ (_csclnj ) = F`jkớf nu tjủf` tkf Blrectkf`.
F`jkớf nu
nu blrectkf`
blrectkf` iỗ kb ej
ejk
k u blre
blrectkf`
ctkf` iỗ quỡ trộ
trộfj
fj tju tjp x iũ vỗ ppjùf
jùf
tõnj tjủf` tkf blrectkf` fj tjủf` tkf v tj trf`, f`k tkớu aỷf`, bủk trf`
Ejủf` nỵ jdt f` f`jkớf nu nỡn adlfj f`jkp tjlb `kl vỗd tj trf` `kf` fj
iỗ fjf` f`k bỷ. F`jkớf nu `kýp adlfj f`jkp xỡn Ĝễfj ĜƷỮn tjễ jkẴu tkíu ảf`,
16

n jk tj trf`, njuf o fjf` ku ekf vỗ njkf in tjõnj jp tjlb `kl vỗd
tj trf`.
<.?.?. ^QW ( ^c`bcftltkdf, tlr`ctkf`, pdsktkdfkf` ) Wjïf ejýn, njỂf tjễ
trƷỒf` bợn tkíu, Ĝễfj vễ.
F`jkíf nừu
nừu `kýp adlfj
adlfj f`jkỀp
f`jkỀp ejìb pjì fjkỌu pjùf
pjùf ejýn / ffjỵb
jỵb ejỡnj jỗf`, adlfj
adlfj
f`jkp pjk quyt fj, pjùf ejýn fỗd, fjỵb ejỡnj jỗf` fỗd iỗ bn tkớu sẲ tjcd Ĝuồk,
sẲ nuf` nảp `kì trễ vƷỮt trớk njd j. quyt fj njõfj xỡn tj trf` fỗd iỗ tjễ
trƷỒf` bợn tkíu, adlfj f`jkỀp pjẮk pjïf ĜdẬf, Ĝìfj `kì nỡn df tj trf`, njf tj
trf` fỗd pjỷ jp vk ejẮ fĎf` nỠl béfj. Adlfj f`jkỀp nÿf pjẮk Ĝễfj vễ sf pjb
nl bộfj ejỡnj jỗf` nỵ tj fjf okt ik õnj tjcf njt nl sf pjb vỗ td rl sỼ
ejìn okỀt sd vổk sẮf pjẫb nẬfj trlfj ejìn tríf tj trf` (njf` jf Zc Xdivd fj v
iỗ xc lf tdỗf fjt). fj v iỗ fjf` f in td ip fjf tjn, ejỡn okt trdf` tùb trõ
ejỡnj jỗf` v sf pjẫb/aễnj vợ.
<.?.>. BB (Blrectkf` Bkx) Zïy aỼf` njkẴf iƷỮn Blrectkf` Bkx
Qríf nƬ sỔ tjễ trƷỒf` bợn tkíu ĜƷỮn iỼl njỂf, adlfj f`jkỀp sẲ tjkẴt eẴ bớt njkẴf iƷỮn
Blrectkf`-bkx ĜỎ Ĝễfj jf` vỗ pjn v tj trf` bn tkớu ỵ.

<.?.1. K ( Kbpicbcftltkdf
Kbpicbcftltkdf ) QrkỎf ejlk tjỼn jk
jkỀf
Ềf njkẴf iƷỮn blrectk
blrectkf`
f`
\uì trộfj okf fjf` njkf in, e jdnj blrectkf` tjỗfj jỗfj f`. njkf in

blrectkf` k vỗd tjn t nỡn adlfj f`jkỀp sẲ tồ njừn, tjỼn jkỀf njkẴf iƷỮn tjñf` qul
vkỀn xùy af` nỡn njf` trộfj jỗfj f` n tj, t njn f`uf fjùf in tjn jkf
fỵ.
<.?.3. N ( Ndftrdi ) EkỎb trl, Ĝìfj `kì njkẴf iƷỮn blrectkf`.
OƷổn nuỜk nûf` nỠl quỡ trộfj blrectkf` iỗ ekb sdỡt. Bt adlfj f`jkp tjỗfj nñf`
ejñf` f`ụf` jỂn jỄk, rýt ekfj f`jkỀb. JỂ pjẮk tju tjẢp tjđf` tkf pjẮf jỞk tụ tjễ
trƷỒf`, Ĝìfj `kì, Ĝd if` et qu jdt f` blrectkf` nỵ t n bn tkớu t rl
jly ejủf`, vỗ fu adlfj f`jkp tjt ok trdf` vkỀn tjỼn jkỀf bợn tkíu nỠl béfj, jỂ
nẠf pjẮk okt f`uyớf fjùf fỗd fb slu tjt ok ỵ, t ỵ tjkt e jỗfj f` ku
njfj.

17

<.>. XLK Q_ò Xầ NJN FF@ NL JDQ F@ BL_ECQKF@=
<.>.<. Xlk tr jdt f` blrectkf`=
Blrectkf` nỵ vlk tr iỗ nu fk truf` `klf `kl jdt f` nl adlfj f`jkp vỗ tjễ
trƷỒf`, ĜẮb oẮd njd jdẬt Ĝớf` nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp jƷổf` f tj trf`, iy tj trf`
iỗb bn tkớu ekfj adlfj. Fỵk nỡnj ejỡn, Blrectkf` nỵ fjkb v td rl ejỡnj jỗf`
njd adlfj f`jkp. ^ af` Blrectkf` trdf` nủf` tỡn e iẢp jdẬnj ekfj adlfj sẲ `kýp
njd adlfj f`jkỀp tjỼn jkỀf pjƷƬf` njïb eẴ jdẬnj pjẮk xuảt pjìt tụ tjễ trƷỒf`, nợ tjỎ
fjƷ slu=
ėẠu tkíf, Blrectkf` jƷổf` aấf adlfj f`jkỀp f`jỀ tjut pjỡt jkf fju nu ejỡnj jỗf`
nf` fj f`j tjut iỗb jỗk if` ejỡnj jỗf`. Blrectkf` fj jf` njd jdt f`
ekfj adlfj vỗ td tj nj f` njd adlfj f`jkp, okt iy tj trf`, fju nu vỗ n
buf nl ejỡnj jỗf` iỗb nj al vf` njn fjt njd bk quyt fj ekfj adlfj.
Qj jlk, Blrectkf` iỗ nu fk `kýp adlfj f`jkp `kk quyt tt nỡn bk qulf j vỗ
aỷf` jl iỮk ânj nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp béfj vổk iỮk ânj f`ƷỒk tkớu aỷf` vỗ ik õnj xợ jk

Qj ol, Blrectkf` iỗ bớt nđf` nợ nẬfj trlfj `kýp adlfj f`jkỀp xìn iẢp vễ trâ, uy tâf
nỠl béfj tríf tjễ trƷỒf`.
Qjừ tƷ, Blrectkf` tr tjỗfj trỡk tkb nl bk jdt f` adlfj f`jkp, nỡn quyt
fj ejỡn v nủf` f`j, tỗk njõfj, fjùf in u pj tjun pjf if vỗd nỡn quyt Ĝễfj
Blrectkf` fjƷ = ^Ắf xuảt sẮf pjẫb `é4 Njd tjễ trf` fỗd4 ^f xut fj tj fỗd4
Xk s if` old fjkíu4

<.>.? Njừn fĎf` jdẬt Ĝớf` blrectkf`=
Njừn fĎf` nƬ oẮf nỠl Blrectkf` iỗ al trớf s pjùf tõnj bủk trf` quf tr
Blrectkf`, n tj iỗ=
Wjùf tõnj bủk trf` vỗ f`jkớf nu Blrectkf`= A oỡd vỗ tjõnj f` vk fjf` yu
t bủk trf` fj jf` f s tjỗfj nủf` jly tjt oẬk5 QẢp jỮp nìn tjđf` tkf ĜỎ
quyẴt Ĝễfj nìn vảf ĜỌ vỌ Blrectkf`.
BỔ rớf` pjẬb
BỔ
pjẬb vk jdẬt
jdẬt Ĝớf` = IỼl njỂf vỗ l rl nỡnj tjn tjùb fjp fjf` tj
trf` bk. Wjùf tõnj f`k tkớu tj= xcb xởt vỗ ỡfj `kỡ fjỤf` ĜẰn tâfj, yíu nẠu,
tkẴf tréfj bul nỠl f`ƷỒk tkíu tj. Il njf fjỵb f`k tkớu tj jf` nỡn f in
Blrectkf` vỗd.
18

Jdnj fj sf pjb=
pjb= Wjỡt trkf vỗ auy trộ sf pjb, af` vỗ tp jp sf pjb, jộfj
fj sf pjb, fjỵf jkỀu, old , idẬk oỄ sẮf pjẫb yẴu b
JdẬnj Ĝễfj
Ĝễfj pjïf ppjỜk

jỜk== Zïy aỼf` bỜk ikíf jỀ vổk truf` `klf pjïf pjỜk, quẮf iò aỼ
trỤ, tỞf ejd, vẢf njuyỎf vỗ pjùf pjk jỗf` jdỡ vỗ anj v, oỡf s vỗ oỡf i
Jdnj fj
fj xýn tkf
tkf== Qjủf` t vk ejỡnj jỗf`, vk nủf` njýf` vỗ nỡn fjỵb ejỡn
tjủf` qul nỡn jéfj tjừn nỠl quẮf` nìd, qulf jỀ nđf` njýf`, f jỗf` nỡ fjùf vỗ
ejuyf bk.
Jdnj fj `kỡ=
`kỡ= Zỡn fj nỡn bừn `kì, eỻ tjuẢt Ĝễfj `kì, nìn ĜkỌu ejdẮf oìf jỗf`,
ku njfj `kỡ vỗ s af` `kỡ fj bt yu t tõnj nn jly tj f`.
Qjn jkf ekb sdỡt vỗ ỡfj `kỡ Blrectkf`= Jdnj fj, tjn jkf vỗ ekb sdỡt nìn
njƷƬf` tréfj, njkẴf iƷỮn Blrectkf`, Ĝìfj `kì nìn rỠk rd vỗ ik õnj nl nỡn quyt fj
vỗ tp truf` vỗd njt if` tdỗf akf.
<.1. Qf` qulf v Blrectkf` Bkx
<.1.< Ejỡk fkb v Blrectkf` Bkx
Blrectkf`` bkxjly
bkxjly nf `k iỗ Blrectkf` jf jp tj jkf bt o nủf` n aỗfj njd
Blrectkf
nỡn fjỗ quẮf trễ ảf` ĜỎ tìn Ĝớf` iíf jdẬt Ĝớf` adlfj tju. Qjcd C. Mcrdbc BnNlrtjy,
fb <;87 bt fjỗ tkp tjễ fồk tkẴf`, ĜỌ f`jễ pjïf idẬk tjcd 1W „ ad vkt tt nl 1 nj
u nỡn tjỗfj t (Wrdaunc „ ^Ắf pjẫb, Wrknc „ @kì nẮ, Wilnc „ Xễ trõ, Wrdbdtkdf
Njkớu tj), bỗ fly ợ n s af` rf` rợk.Fu
rợk.Fu nỡn tjỗfj
tjỗfj pjf trớf
trớf n pjk
pjk jp
fjp fjỗf` vỗ f` o tjõnj f` vk tộfj jộfj tj trf` Ĝlf` akểf rl tjé nñf` nuớn
ekfj adlfj nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp s trủk njy, jf nj n fjf` rk rd vỗ ad ỵ, bn
tkớu s jỗk if` ejỡnj jỗf` vỗ fj ỵ t n ik fjuf tk l,pjỡt trkf ekfj adlfj
of vf`.

vf`.
<.1.<.< W_DASNQ ^F WJB
Ejỡk fkb sf pjb vỗ Njkf iƷỮn sẮf pjẫb
^ắF WJẪB.
^Ắf pjẫb tjcd
pjẫb tjcd qulf fkỀb nồ ĜkỎf sẮf pjb iỗ tf` tj nỡn n tõfj vt njt, fjf`
yu t nỵ tj qulf sỡt, n tp jp trdf` bt jộfj tjn f` fjt iỗ vt blf` `kỡ tr
19

sỢ aợf` . FjƷf` f`ƷỒk tkíu ảf` bul sẮf pjẫb ejđf` ĜƬf tjuẠf vé `kì trễ sỢ aợf`
jly bợn Ĝânj s af` tjuf týy nl sf pjb ỵ .
Qrớf qulf ĜkỎb Blrectkf`, ejìk fkỀb sẮf pjẫb sẲ ĜƷỮn jkỎu sïu jf.
Qrn jt, sf pjb iỗ fjf` `ộ bỗ adlfj f`jkp nuf` np, `f ikf vk vkn tjl
bợf fju nu vỗ n buf nl ejỡnj jỗf` fjb tju jýt s njý ò, bul sẤb sỢ aợf`
njýf`.
Qjừ jlk, sẮf pjẫb nỠl bỐk adlfj f`jkp tjf` nỵ fjf` kb ejỡn okt v nỡn yu
t vt njt jdn tùb iũ (tỷy tjun vỗd n kb nl f`ỗfj jỗf`, qulf kb nl bk
adlfj f`jkp bỗ j tp truf` vỗd nỡn yu t fỗy tjcd fjf` nỡnj tjn ejỡn fjlu). Nỵ
tj xcb xởt sf pjb ol nảp Ĝớ=
NỜt iók sẮf pjẫb ( ndrc prdaunt ) = Njõfj iỗ fjf` ik õnj bỗ ejỡnj jỗf` tộb ekẴb sẮf
pjẫb.
^Ắf pjẫb nợ tjỎ ( lntuli prdaunt ) = njõfj iỗ fjf` sf pjb tjn s bỗ ejỡnj jỗf`
s aợf` ĜỎ tjỄl bỵf iỮk ânj nỠl béfj . ^Ắf pjẫb nợ tjỎ old `Ởb nìn yẴu tỜ = fjỵf
jkỀu, eku aỡf` vỗ fjf` bu bợ ejỡn fjlu, old oộ vỗ bt s n tõfj ejỡn . Ejỡnj
jỗf` s pjf tõnj, ỡfj `kỡ fjf` yu t fỗy njf sf pjẫb tỜt fjảt njd jỂ.
^Ắf pjẫb tĎf` tjíb ( lu`bcftca prdaunt ) = `kl tf` s jỗk if` nl ejỡnj jỗf` v
sf pjb, adlfj f`jkp tjf` nuf` np njuf` njd ejỡnj jỗf` fjf` anj v ik õnj

o suf` fj od jỗfj,
jỗfj, ip t
t ... Njýf` `ỵp pjf jdỗf tjkf sf pjb.
NJKF IN ^F WJB
Njkf in sf pjbiỗ
pjbiỗ fj jf` vỗ quyt fj ikớf qulf f sf xut vỗ ekfj
adlfj sẮf pjẫb tríf nƬ sỔ oẮd ĜẮb tjỄl bỵf fju nu ejỡnj jỗf. Xk pjf` tjn
ekfj adlfj jku qu, al tríf nƬ sỔ oẮd ĜẮb, tjỄl bỵf fju nẠu nỠl tj trf` vỗ tj
jku nl ejỡnj jỗf` trdf` tf` tjk eé jdẬt Ĝớf` sẮf xuảt ekfj adlfj f`jkỀp. NjkẴf
iƷỮn sẮf pjb nỵ bt vlk tr vỗ v trõ n okt qulf trf` . Fỵ iỗ ff tf`, iỗ xf`
sf` nl njkf in njuf` blrecttkf`. Njkf in sf pjb iỗ bt vū ejâ sẤn oëf
fjảt trdf` nẬfj trlfj tríf tjễ trƷỒf`. NjkẴf iƷỮn sẮf pjẫb `kýp adlfj f`jkỀp xìn

20

Ĝễfj pjƷƬf` jƷổf` ĜẠu tƷ, tjkẴt eẴ sẮf pjẫb pjû jỮp tjễ jkẴu, jẬf njẴ rỠk rd, tjảt oẬk,
njị ĜẬd tjỼn jkỀf jkỀu quẮ nìn W nÿf iẬk trdf` Blrectkf` Bkx.
Wjìt trkỎf
trkỎf fjỵf jjkỀu
kỀu sẮf pj
pjẫb=
ẫb=
IỼl njỂf bớt fjỵf jkỀu auy fjảt njd tảt nẮ nìn sẮf pjẫb= tjỼn jkỀf njkf in fỗy
nỵ tỡn af` od b s fk tkf` fjlfj njỵf` nl sf pjb fjf` ik nỵ f`uy n
trdf` trf` jp tjt ok, s iỗb jk f tt n nìn sẮf pjẫb. Fjỵf jkỀu ^Ắf pjẫb oồ
trỮ ^Ắf pjẫb nợ tjỎ Old oé Qâfj fĎf` Njảt iƷỮf` EkỎu aìf` Xù
Xùf njuyf nl sf

pjb
Wjùf okt jỵl nỡn fjợf jku njd tụf` aÿf` sẮf pjẫb= ejk bớt nñf` ty sẮf xuảt rl
fjf` af` sf pjb jdỗf tdỗf ejỡn fjlu tjộ ejủf` fíf sỢ aợf` bớt fjỵf jkỀu
njuf` fjẼb tẬd sỼ iỼl njf a aỗf` njd f`k bul jỗf`.
Wjùf okt jỵl nỡn fjỵf jkỀu njd tảt nẮ nìn sẮf pjẫb= tjỼn jkỀf njkf in fỗy njd
pjởp sf pjb
pjb tjùb fjp
fjp vỗd fjf`
fjf` pjïf ejýn tjễ ttrƷỒf`
rƷỒf` bẬf
bẬfjj jƬf, fj
fjƷf`
Ʒf` ejk ĜƷl
ĜƷl
sẮf pjẫb vỗd tj trf` nf pjk tf` tjớb njk pjõ njd quẮf` nìd.
EẴt jỮp tjƷƬf` jkỀu nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp vổk tíf rkíf` nỠl tụf` sẮf pjẫb.
[íu nẠu ĜỜk vổk fjỵf jkỀu=
WjẮk fỵk iớf n bt ku `ộ ỵ v ik õnj sf pjb.
Wjk fỵk iớf njt if` nl sf pjb fj tõfj ff`, bỗu sn
Wjk a n, a vkt, a fjf rl, a fj, nỵ tj s af` fn f`dỗk vỗ ejk anj rl
tkf` fn f`dỗk ejủf` nỵ ũ f`jl xu.
Fjợf jku,
jku, tjf` jku
jku iỗ tỗk sf vủ jộfj
jộfj nl adlf
adlfjj f`jkp vộ fj fjợf
fjợf jku vỗ
vỗ
tjf` jku fk tkf` bỗ adlfj f`jkp nỵ tj oỡf n fjku jỗf` jf, `kỡ n nld
jf vỗ ad ỵ ik fjuf blf` ik s fjku jf.Xkn il njf fjợf jku njd sf pjb

nỵ ũ f`jl qulf trf` od b tjỗfj nủf` nl pjỡt trkỎf sẮf pjẫb bổk. XkỀn iỼl njỂf
fjỵf jkỀu pjẮk oẮd b fjf` yớu nu tk tjku slu=
Wjk jỗb ũ v ik õnj nl sf pjb
Wjk jỗb njl ũ v Ĝễfj vễ
21

Wjk jỗb ũ v njt if`
Qớf fjợf jku pjk a pjỡt ùb vỗ a fj
Ejủf` trỷf` jdn ejủf` tf` t vổk fjỵf jkỀu nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp ejìn
JỮp vổk pjdf` tợn tẢp qf nỠl tjễ trƷỒf` bợn tkíu.
f` sẮf pjẫb
QĎf` tjíb bt jỗf` trdf` af` sf pjb `b nỵ=
Eởd aợf af` sẮf pjẫb fjƷ= f xuỜf` (pjìt trkỎf tjễ trƷỒf` nld nảp trƷổn) , f
iíf (pjìt trkỎf nìn tjễ trƷỒf` nảp tjảp trƷổn fjẼb tjïb fjẢp jdẰn nẮf trỔ ĜỜk tjỠ `kl
fjẢp tjễ trƷỒf`), f nẮ jlk pjâl (pjìt trkỎf nìn sf pjb trdf` af` tjcd n jlk
jf` iớf vỗ xuf` fjb ỡfj pj tdỗf o tj trf`).
O suf` af` sf pjb= O suf` tjớb bt jỗf` bk vỗd af` sf pjb jkf nỵ
fjb tf` ik fjuf, tf` tjớb s il njf njd f`k tkớu aỷf` vỗ nf tr s pjỡt
trkf nl k tj nfj trlfj.
Idk o bt jỗf` trdf` af` sẮf pjẫb=
pjẫb= IdẬk oỄ nìn sẮf pjẫb jdẰn aÿf` sẮf pjẫb
ejđf` ĜỠ sừn nẬfj trlfj tríf tjễ trƷỒf` ĜỎ aỞf f`uỞf iỼn ĜẠu tƷ njd nìn sẮf pjẫb,
aÿf` sẮf pjẫb jku qu jf.
Qjly k al trớf bt jỗf` bt jỗf` lf` nỵ trdf` af` sf pjb=
Nk okf af` sf pjb.
Jkf k jỵl af` sf pjb.
Old oộ & ỵf` `ỵk

Fjf` yu
yu t nl bt
bt fjợf jỗf
jỗf`` tt=
@k b bt nỡk `ộ ỵ v n tõfj nl sf pjb njf` jf fj iỮk ânj, `kì trễ sỢ aợf`
nỠl sẮf pjẫb.
Aể pjìt ïb, ỡfj vf, a fj vỗ pjùf okt vk nỡn fjợf jỗf` ejỡn.
Qjõnj f`jk vk sf pjb bk nỵ tj tjớb vỗd af` sf pjb sf nỵ nl adlfj
f`jkp.
22

ýf` iut i nỵ tj f` eũ fjợf jỗf` vk n qulf nỵ tjb quyf. (Hufalbcftlis
dh Blrectkf` - Bn@rlw-Jkiis)
ỵf` `ỵkiỗ
`ỵkiỗ vkn t sf pjb vỗd trdf` old oộ. ^ ỵf` `ỵk vỗ vkn il njf old oộ
nf` iỗ bt quyẴt Ĝễfj qulf trỂf` nỠl njkẴf iƷỮn sẮf pjẫb. NẮ ỵf` `ỵk vỗ old oộ
u nỵ njn ff` slu=
Od v sẮf pjẫb= njỜf` ẫb Ʒổt, vỬ, oỎ.
QẬd tjuẢf iỮk njd vkỀn njuyíf njỔ= ĜẮb oẮd vkỀn njảt xẴp, oỜn aỬ fjlfj njỵf`, vf
njuyf lf tdỗf.
Qd tjuf ik njd vkn oỡf jỗf`= `kýp njd vkn oỡf jỗf` fjlfj njỵf`, fjt iỗ oỡf
jỗf` t pjn v.
Qd s tjõnj f` nl sf pjb ĜỜk vổk fju nẠu nỠl f`ƷỒk tkíu tjợ= fjỤf` tjđf` tkf `jk
tríf old , Ĝỵ `Ữk iẬk fjỤf` yẴu tỜ ợ trộfj oỗy trdf` quf` nỡd, fjf rl fjợf jku a
aỗf` vỗ `kýp f`k bul njuyớf nj jỗf` jỵl v fjỗ n lf tdỗf.
Qd tjuf ik njd vkn tkớu aỷf`= fjỒ jƷổf` aấf, Ĝễfj iƷỮf` `jk tríf old oé, vkỀn tkớu
aỷf` tr fớf a aỗf`.

A od quf jỗf` jỵl= trdf` quỡ trộfj a tr, fj nỵ old `ỵk sf pjb n od quf
tt jf.
Ad nỵ fjku njn ff` qulf trf` fjƷ vẢy fíf nìn adlfj f`jkỀp rảt qulf tïb ĜẴf
vkỀn k bk old oộ, ỵf` `ỵk f`ỗy nỗf` pjỷ jỮp vổk vkỀn ekfj adlfj tríf tjễ
trƷỒf`. Old oé sẮf pjẫb pjẮk ĜẮb oẮd tjỼn jkỀf ĜỞf` tjỒk oỜf njừn ff`= od quf
vỗ oỡf jỗf` jdỡ, tjủf` tkf v jỗf` jdì, tjẫb bỻ, tẬd fíf sỼ jảp aấf nỠl sẮf pjb
vk ejỡnj jỗf` vỗ njn ff` tjf` bk.
Wjỡt trkf
trkf sf pj
pjb
b bk=
ùy iỗ bt trdf` fjf` fjkb v qulf trf` fjảt nỠl adlfj f`jkỀp. Fju nẠu nỠl
f`ƷỒk tkíu ảf` ejđf` f`f` tjly k qul bk fb. Nỡn fjỗ iỗb blrectkf` nf` nf
fb n tộfj jộfj fỗy nỵ fjf` s ĜkỌu njịfj njd béfj.

23

FjỤf` aễnj v `Ấf ikf vổk sẮf pj
pjẫb=
ẫb=
Bớt f`uyíf tẤn n of nl Blrectkf` iỗ pjk iỗb sld njd f`k bul jỗk if`. Nỵ tj
j jỗk if` ejk n nuf` f` jỗf` jỵl anj v vk njt if` tt, `kỡ n pjk njf`
vỗ j nf` nỵ tj jỗk if` ad n pjn v tt trdf` quỡ trộfj oỡf jỗf`. Qrdf` bt sủ
trf` jp, anj v ejỡnj jỗf` tr tjỗfj bt trdf` fjf` yu t quyt fj ớf vkn
bul jỗf` nl ejỡnj jỗf` (va= Jf` af s af`, sf pjb aỷf` tj, ku ekf `kld
jỗf`,)
<.1.<.? W_KNC @Kè N

@Kè N.
@kỡ oỡfiỗ
oỡfiỗ njk pjõ ejỡnj jỗf` pjk o rl k iy sf pjb jly anj v nl fjỗ
nuf` np. Fỵ n xỡn fj ok bt s yu t trdf` ỵ nỵ tjễ pjẠf, nẬfj trlfj, njk pjâ
f`uyíf ikỀu, fjẢf aẬf` sẮf pjb vỗ `kỡ tr nb fjf nl ejỡnj jỗf` vk sẮf pjẫb.
XkỀn Ĝễfj `kì trdf` bớt bđk trƷỒf` nẬfj trlfj ejủf` fjf` vủ nỷf` qulf trf` bỗ
nf blf` tõfj tjỡnj tjn. Fu t `kỡ quỡ tjp, fjỗ nuf` np s pjẮk tĎf` sỜ iƷỮf`
f tríf ĜƬf
ĜƬf vễ sẮf pjẫb tjcd njk pjõ nỵ ik ffjuf.
juf. Fu t `kỡ quỡ
quỡ nld, ejỡnj
jỗf` s af njuyf slf` k tj nfj trlfj. \uyẴt Ĝễfj vỌ `kì old `Ởb ĜkỎb `kì, `kì
fkíb yẴt, njkẴt ejảu, tjỒk eỾ tjlfj tdìf,...
QẠb qulf trỂf` nỠl `kì
@kì iỗ bt yu t n of, iỗ bt trdf` of okẴf sỜ qulf trỂf` nỠl Blrectkf` bkx
blf` iẬk tju fjẢp trdf` ejk tảt nẮ fjỤf` okẴf sỜ ejìn njị skfj rl u t vỗ njk pjõ.
Okf s `kỡ nf` `ùy rl fjỤf` pjẮf ừf` từn tjé jƬf fjỤf` okẴf sñ ejìn nỠl Blrectkf`
bkx ĜỜk vổk f`ƷỒk tkíu ảf` nūf` fjƷ k vk f`k nfj trlfj.
@kỡ nỵ fj jf` if f adlfj s vỗ ad ỵ fj jf` f ik fjuf nl adlfj
f`jkp.
k vk f`k tkớu aỷf`, `kỡ nỵ tỡn f` bfj b f njk tkớu, ad ỵ, `kỡ tjf` iỗ
tkớu njuf qulf trf` nl vkn bul vỗ il njf nl jỂ. BẰn ả, tríf tjễ trƷỒf` jkỀf
fly nẬfj trlfj vỌ `kỡ ợ fjf` v trõ jỗf` u njd nfj trlfj v njt if` vỗ anj
v ju bợk, fjf` `kỡ vf nỵ bt vlk tr qulf trf` k vk nủf` vkn ekfj adlfj .
24

NJKF IN @Kè.

Njkf in `kỡiỗ
`kỡiỗ fjf` fj jf` aỗk jf vỌ `kì fjẼb ĜẬt ĜƷỮn nìn bợn tkíu ekfj
adlfj nỠl bt adlfj f`jkp. \ul fj f`jl trớf nỵ jlk ku tl nf iu ũ= Njkf in
`kỡ njõfj iỗ fjf` fj jf` aỗk jf v `kỡ. Njkf in `kỡ n oku jkf qul jlk
np iỗ bn tkớu vỗ pjf` tkf, f`jl iỗ njkf in `kỡ pjk t n bn tkớu ekfj
adlfj nl adlfj f`jkp vỗ njkf in `kỡ pjk tjủf` qul nìn pjƷƬf` tkỀf ĜỎ ĜẬt ĜƷỮn
nìn bợn tkíu ĜỌ rl. Njkf in `kỡ iỗ yu t auy fjt trdf` blrectkf`-bkx tẬd rl tju
fjẢp .OẼf` vkỀn ĜkỌu njịfj `kì nld iớf adlfj f`jkp s nỵ tjớb bt ejdf tju fjp
tf` tjớb ejk oỡf sf pjb. Njkf in `kỡ iỗ yu tỜ quyẴt Ĝễfj sỼ iỼl njỂf sẮf pjẫb
nỠl f`ƷỒk bul f` tjk iỗ yu t quyt fj tj pjf nl aldfj f`jkp vỗ ej ff`
skfj ik. Njkf in `kỡ iỗ nñf` nợ jỤu jkỀu ĜỎ tjïb fjẢp tjễ trƷỒf`, tju jýt vỗ `k
ejỡnj jỗf` . Qjủf` tjf` buf tjùb fjp tjễ trƷỒf` bổk, nìn adlfj f`jkỀp sỢ
aợf` `kì fjƷ bớt nđf` nợ jỤu jkỀu . JỂ tjƷỒf` f `kì tjảp xùb njkb tj trf`.
k vk ejỡnj jỗf` bt njõfj sỡnj `kỡ ýf` f s nỵ tỡn af` `k j vk sf pjb
nl adlfj f`jkp.
Adlfj f`jkp nỵ tj t `kỡ Ổ bừn tjảp ĜỎ f`Ďf njĎf nẬfj trlfj jly ĜẰt `kì oẼf` `kì
nỠl ĜỜk tjỠ nẬfj trlfj ĜỎ `kỤ ồf kfj tj trf`. @kỡ nỵ tj n quyt kfj bừn
`kỤ uy tâf nūf` fjƷ jỐ trỮ nìn jỵf` of jly ĜỎ trìfj sỼ nlf tjkỀp nỠl Njâfj pjỠ.
Quy fjkíf, adlfj f`jkp ejủf` tj al vỗd ũ buf nj qulf nỠl béfj ĜỎ Ĝễfj `kì.
OẬf nẠf pjẮk tụf tjỠ fjỤf` rỗf` oun fjt fj. Ejk xỡn fj `kỡ njd bt sf pjb,
fjt iỗ sf pjb bk, adlfj f`jkp nf xcb xët fíf ìp aợf` njâfj sìnj `kì jổt vìf`
tjễ trƷỒf` (sekbbkf`) jly `kì tjïb fjẢp tjễ trƷỒf` (pcfctrltkdf prknkf`).
Njâfj sìnj `kì jổt vìf` tjễ trƷỒf` (Blrect-^ekbbkf` Wrknkf`)= jổt
Wrknkf`)= jổt vìf` tjễ trƷỒf`
ikíf qulf ĜẴf vkỀn Ĝễfj `kì nld sd vổk `kì tj trf`. Njõfj sỡnj fỗy n okt tjõnj
jp vk nỡn sẮf pjẫb bổk vé=
Qrdf` `klk ĜdẬf ĜẠu nỠl nju eỾ sf` nl bt sf pjb, `kỡ n ejủf` pjk iỗ yẴu tỜ
qulf trỂf` fjảt.
Qjễ trƷỒf` sẲ ĜƷỮn pjïf Ĝễfj tjcd tju fjp fj `kỡ nld.
Fỵ nỵ tj

tj iỗ bt yu tỜ oẮd vỀ
vỀ bớt ejk ``kì
kì nẮ xìn Ĝễ
Ĝễfj
fj slk.
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