Unit 9: HUMAN-COMPUTER
INTERACTION
9.1 Understanding fixed phrases and HCI words
A
 de'velopment method
 'hardware specifications
 project 'management
 'quality assurance
 'system de'velopment
 'user interface
 visual di'splay
 'input device
B
a)
 to start with
 many/some people think
 on the other hand
 to some extent
 on the one hand
 the real question is
 on the grounds that
 that would be great, except
 in a case like this
 in that /this sort of situation

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b)

agree only partly with a point: to some extent
begin talking about several points: to start with
talk about a particular example: in a case like this
introduce the first of two ideas: on the one hand
introduce the second of two ideas: on the other hand
focus on the most important point: the real question is
give a reason for a point: on the grounds that
talk about certain circumstances: in this/that sort of situation
mention a problem with someone's idea: some people think
C
1,2,3
 psychologist: interested in human sciences F

 project manager: interested in HCI tools and methods which can be used
to ensure the best use of resources in development B

 interface designer: computer sciences and human sciences E

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 company executive: not D

 hardware designer: computer sciences C

 system tester: test the quality A

NOTE

intuitive: trực giác
4
Usually: in this sort of situation
Firstly: to start with
but: on the other hand
They say: many people think
don't agree completely: to some extent
the important thing is: the real question is
because: on the grounds that
D
perceptual system

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see and recognize

motor system

cognitive systems

haptic data

ergonomics
keyboard to make people not make their arm hurt

heuristic evaluation


metaphors
use something to visualize thing like rain cat and dog
using symbol and word

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interface design

user input

action sequence

goal

domain

E

Base form

Other related forms

Column

constrain

constraint


constraine

evaluation

evaluate

evaluative

intuition

intuitive

intuitiveness

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Base form

Other related forms

Column

manipulate

manipulation


manipulative

measure

measurement

measurability

navigate

navigation

navigable

observe

observe

observation

response

responsiveness

responsive

sequence

sequential


use

useful

usage

NOTE
sequential: stress on second
9.2
Listening
2 components of HCI HS,CS
Importance of HCI means: various techniques, system designers draw
on HS + CS

HUMAN SCIENCE
Main purpose of HS
 Build models of the way humans interact with their environment:
 Help system designers in developing the most effective interactions
between users and systems
Draw on cognitive psychology, social disciplines and organizational
knowledge
Aim of HS
provide tools for detailed approaches to interface design
model human input and output channels
help with metaphors
use cognitive walkthrough help identify likely points of failure

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measure the quality of system interactions from the point of view of
the user
MHP Model Human Processor):
identify 3 systems: Perceptual, Cognitive, Motor
provide effective ways of
improve the usability of systems
enhance the user experience
ensure the decisions are empirical
→ help designers understand how users view the world, particular
for interface designers

COMPUTER SCIENCE
Similarities with HS system limitations
Differences with HS limitations can improved by increasing the
specification of the hardware or enhancing the efficiency of the
software, HS are not impossible
Main focus: how the system can become more effective within existing
system constraints
HOW?
choosing the best combination of hardware and software
IMPORTANCE?
develop intuitive input devices
HS and CS help understand HCI under three main headings:
understand interaction between human and system
→ planning and quality assurance
determine the effect of changes in the input and output of a system
consider the effect of limitations on available processing in both human
and computer systems


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9.3 Recognizing digressions, understanding spoken source references
A
'visual, 'input, de'sign, 'haptic, 'output
'mental 'model, 'user 'input, 'visual di'splay, 'input device', 'action 'sequence
'actually, 'generally, 'usually, i'deally, 'crucially
B
Now where was I? D(end)
It's the first of these points ... R
By the way, ... D(start)
So to get back D(start)
I have a little story D(start)
If we move on now to R
You don't need to take notes on this D(start)
The point of that story is ... D(end)
If we turn now to R
When we look at tools from the computer sciences, we'll find R
Listening

MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DESIGN
TOOLS
Methods: (computer-based)
Heuristic evaluation

a method for finding the usability problems in a user interface design

view of a user are represented by a checklist which an evaluator then
use to test the interface
most common, simple
doesn't involve the use of the interface in the way it would be used in
'real life', some aspects may be missed out
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system logging

provide actual data on the user's interactions with the interface
show the tasks they done and unable to done
not identify the reason for failure
tell what has happened, not why
no data on what the user is thinking or how they feel
eye tracking

provide more detailed information on the user's behavior as they
interact with the interface
user provided with a headset which can measure the point of gaze
show where they looking at
give better understanding of the user's mental processes
separate from system logging
identify distracting elements of interface design
Other methods
task, user and environment analysis

Task analysis is the process of learning about ordinary users by

observing them in action to understand in detail how they perform
their tasks and achieve their intended goals.
when?
It’s important to perform a task analysis early in your process, in
particular prior to design work.
Mainly when wanting to know which step in a work flow is the most
complicated for users.
advan:
Companies perform task analysis to understand users' needs in the
real world so teams can improve their product's UX by eliminating
steps or lessening users' mental workload.
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Easy to identify the main issues in a work flow.
dis:
user recruitment is needed
time-consuming
focus group

A focus group is a moderated discussion that typically involves 5 to 10
participants. Through a focus group, you can learn about users’
attitudes, beliefs, desires, and reactions to concepts.
stages: test, deployment
when? market research
Ad:
This can capture spontaneous user reactions and ideas that evolve
in the dynamic group process.

Easily Measure Customer Reaction
Time-Saving Opportunity
expense
Dis:
can focus on a minor aspect
Not as In-Depth as Other Market Research
the moderator needs to be skilled, moderator biased
data tend to have low validity, difficult to analyze because of their
unstructured and free-flowing nature
Computer conferencing or electronic mail networks or bulletin
boards may be an alternative way of simulating the focus group
approach. However, their limitation is that the people who are
responding are probably not representative users, but rather
expert users.
cognitive walkthrough

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Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group of evaluators inspecting
a user interface by going through a set of tasks and evaluate its
understandability and ease of learning.
Stages: design, code, test, deployment
Advantage:
Requires fewer resources than user testing.
Good at assessing the effectiveness of an interface.
Disadvantage:
do not scale to more complex interfaces

Not suited for identifying problems experienced by trained users.
Not so good at assessing the efficiency and satisfaction of an
interface.
thinking aloud

During the course of a usability test, the test users are asked to
verbalize their thoughts, feelings, and opinions while interacting with
the system.
Advantage
It is very useful in capturing a wide range of cognitive activities
If the user expresses that the sequence of steps dictated by the
product to accomplish their task goal is different from what they
expected, perhaps the interface is convoluted.
the terminology the user uses to express an idea or function
should be incorporated into the product design or at least its
documentation.
It helps to discover those bugs that had not been noticed by the
developers or had been missed during the performance of other
types of testing.
In the process of usability testing the quality of product is getting
better, the interface is also improving. Therefore the product is

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accepted more readily by the end users and your CLV Cusotmer
Lifetime Value) goes up.
It can help to fix the issues users can experience even before the

release of the product.
Disadvantage
time-consuming
“Thinking loud” is unusual for the users. Under normal
circumstances they rarely comment what they do. It is possible
that, trying to verbalize his or her each a step in the program, the
test participant begins to name articulate reasons for his actions
instead of the real ones.
Not everyone can run the program and talk about it at the same
time. Often test participants can concentrate on only one thing
that specifics affect the test results greatly. You can fix situation,
asking the user what he is doing in the moments when he stops
speaking.
9.4
cons'traint, ap'proach
'interface,'metaphor
limi'tation, inno'vation, inter'action
accele'ration, evalu'ation

Vocabulary bank
action sequence
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aural data
cognitive psychology
cognitive systems
cognitive walkthrough

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eye tracking
focus group
haptic data
heuristic evaluation
input device
interface design
motor system
output device
perceptual system
system logging
task analysis
thinking aloud
usability testing
user analysis
user input
visual data

Fixed phrases
As we shall see, ...
But the real question is ...
From the point of view of ...
In a case like this, ...
In terms of ...
In the sense that
In this sort of situation, ...
That's the reason why
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Increasing we find that
It could be argued that ...
It's true to say that ...
Many people think that ...
On the grounds that ...
On the one hand,...
On the other hand..
Research has shown that ...
So it should be clear that ...
That would be great, except ...
To some extent ...
To start with, ...

Images

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