TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG THÀNH PHỐ
HỒ CHÍ MINH
KHOA KINH TẾ QUỐC TẾ

TIỂU LUẬN
MÔN : KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN

Đề tài : Bất bình đẳng giới ở Việt Nam
GVHD: ThS. Trần Mạnh Kiên
Họ và tên: Hoàng Vân Anh
Lớp học phần: MES305_163_D03
MSSV: 030631151410

Hồ Chí Minh, 8/2017
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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03

PREFACE
President Ho Chi Minh said: “Every citizen is equal before the law. Women
have equal rights with men in terms of politics, economics, culture, society and the
family”. Gender equality is a global issue and is especially important for developing
countries, making it a challenge for the development of each country, region, ethnic
group and locality.
Vietnam is a country with a high population, the population structure is
largely young. In 2016 the population of Viet Nam is 93421835 people, the
proportion of men/women is 100%, but this rate is not uniform in all age groups,
especially notably the situation of male children more than female children, aged 0
– 4 years, have the highest gender difference rate of up to 111.6%, or 111.6 boys
per 100 girls. Today, there are not only gender differences, but the fact that gender

inequality in different sectors of society is a real problem.
Throughout the Vietnamese courtesy, the women condition is not respected,
they are oppressed, suffering and unhappy, especially under feudalism. So,
President Ho Chi Minh, the founder of the modern Vietnamese State, has called on
people to eliminate prejudice and historical injustice against women, The Party and
the State attach more importance to gender equality in the country's development.
But to this day, the abuse of women is still widespread, despite the fact that the
Party, the State and the entire people are deeply concerned about the issue. The
Party and the state have many policies and solutions to address gender inequality
issue.
As a result, I chose to study gender inequality issues in Vietnam, which is
extremely important for a country on the rise and integration with the world, to find
the cause, then come up with a solution, policy to be able to solve some part of
inequality in today's society.

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 UNDP - United Nations Development Programme: Chương trình Phát triển
Liên Hiệp Quốc
 GDI – Gender – related Development Index: Chỉ số phát triển giới
 GEM – Gender Empowerment Measurement: Chỉ số đo lường vị thế giới
 GII – Gender Inequality Index: Chỉ số bất bình đẳng giới
 OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Tổ chức
Hợp tác và Phát triển Kinh tế
 SRB – Sex ratio at birth: Tỷ số giới tính khi sinh
 TSGTKS: Sex ratio at birth (Tỷ số giới tính khi sinh)

 Oxfam: An international coalition of 20 organizations working together in
more than 90 countries and working with partners and alliances around the
world to find sustainable solutions to poverty and injustice (một liên minh
quốc tế gồm 20 tổ chức cùng phối hợp hoạt động tại hơn 90 quốc gia và cùng
làm việc với các đối tác và liên minh khác trên khắp thế giới để tìm giải pháp
bền vững cho nghèo đói và bất cơng)
 ACTU – Australian Council Trade Union: Hội đồng Cơng đồn Thương mại
Úc

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF GENDER INEQUALITY ................................. 5
1. Some concepts .................................................................................................5
2. The measurement of gender inequality .............................................................5
2.1. Gender – related Development Index (GDI) ..............................................5
2.2. Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM) ............................................5
2.3. Gender Inequality Index (GII) ...................................................................5

Chapter 2: GENDER INEQUALITY SITUATION IN VIETNAM IN
RECENT YEARS .......................................................................................... 6
1. Sex ratio at birth (SRB) ....................................................................................6
2. Gender inequality in education .........................................................................8
3. Gender inequality in political - social participation ........................................ 10
4. Gender inequality in the family ...................................................................... 12
5. Inequality in labor and employment ............................................................... 13
6. Inequality in income ...................................................................................... 16

Chapter 3: CAUSE OF GENDER INEQUALITY ....................................... 18

Chapter 4: SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME GENDER INEQUALITY........ 19

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Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF GENDER INEQUALITY
1. Some concepts
Gender is the social relationship between men and women and how the
relationship is built up in society. Gender reflects the difference between men and
women in terms of social aspects. These differences are formed in the learning
process, they are diverse and can change over time, changing from one country to
another, from one culture to another in the specific context of a society due to
social, historical, religious and economic factors.
According to Article 5, Paragraph 3 of the Gender Equality Law of 2006,
"Gender equality means that men and women have equal positions, roles and are
given opportunities and opportunities to develop their capacities for the
development of communities, the family, and come in for equally about the
outcome of that development. So what is gender inequality? Gender inequality is
the inequality between men and women in their access to and use of resources, the
enjoyment of social achievements.
2. The measurement of gender inequality
2.1. Gender – related Development Index (GDI)
GDI is aggregate data reflecting the state of gender equality, calculated on
the basis of average life expectancy, education level and per capita income of men
and women (Article 5, Paragraph 9 of the Law on Gender Equality).
Gender – related Development Index (GDI) as close to 1, the more equal,
and as close to zero, the more unequal. In 1995, Vietnam had GDI = 0.537 ranked
74/130 nations; in 1999, Việt Nam had GDI = 0.662 ranked 91/174 nations, in there
the nations with the highest GDI are Canada (GDI = 0.928); in 2005 GDI of
Vietnam is 0.702 ranked 83/140 nations.

2.2. Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)
This indicator was introduced in 1995 Human Development Report along
with the GDI. Gender Empowerment Measurement is a mixed indicator measuring
gender inequality in three main areas is participation and political decision making,
economic participation and decision making, and the power used by women for
economic resources.
Gender Empowerment Measurement consider how women and men can
actively participate in the political economy and decision - making. If GDI is
focused on expanding capabilities, GEM is interested in using those capabilities to
benefit their opportunities in social life.
2.3. Gender Inequality Index (GII)
GII measures three essential aspects for women including reproductive
health, empowerment, and participation in the labor market. GII measures the
shortage in these three dimensions due to gender inequality. The higher the GII (the
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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03
closer to value 1), the greater the inequality. According to the Human Development
Report 2010, the index of gender inequality in the OECD countries is quite low
(index values above 0.3), while the inequality index is quite high in South Asian,
African and Arab countries (UNDP, 2010, p.160)
Thứ bậc
Chỉ tiêu

Chỉ số
Khu vực

Thế giới


0.617

7/11

117/187

Năm 1995

0.537

7/10

72/130

Năm 2009

0.73

5/8

94/182

0.554

2/7

62/138

Năm 2008


0.53

3/8

58/138

Năm 2012

0.299

3/9

48/131

1. HDI (2012)
2. GDI

3. GEM 2007
4. GII

(Nguồn: UNDP - Thứ bậc xét trong các nước và vùng lãnh thổ có số liệu so sánh)

Chapter 2: GENDER INEQUALITY SITUATION IN
VIETNAM IN RECENT YEARS
1. Sex ratio at birth (SRB)
SRB is measured by the number of infant boys per hundred births of girls
born. This rate is considered normal when 105 to 108 boys are born versus 100
girls, because boys' mortality is usually slightly higher than that of girls, so when it
comes to adulthood, the number of males and females equals one another. On the
contrary, when the SRB is too high or low, it leads to the imbalance of the

population at age of marriage, birth and can cause many unexpected social
problems. If that rate is high, it will cause serious inequality, trafficking of women,
early marriage, ...
The sex ratio at birth can be considered as one of the indicators for
measuring the status of women in aspect of gender inequality, the higher the rate,
the more clearly this is the consequence of son preference over daughters and sex
selective abortion. Any significant change in the rate of disparity from the normal
biological level reflects intentional interventions at varying degrees to the
imbalance of nature.
Vietnam has a high sex ratio at birth, with 114 boys born to over 100 girls:
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Tỷ lệ giới tính trẻ sơ sinh: trẻ sơ sinh nam tính trên 100 trẻ sơ sinh nữ
(Nguồn: Phân tích của cán bộ NHTG từ các nguồn dữ liệu khác nhau)
Son preference exists in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and
Eastern Europe. In Vietnam, the problem of evaluating men is higher than women
leading to high SRB ratios, as shown in the table:
Năm

2009

2010

2011

2012


2013

2014

2015

TSGTKS

110,5

112,2

111,9

112,3

113,8

112,2 112,8

(Nguồn: www.gso.gov.vn )
Vietnam's sex ratio at birth is clearly abnormal and much higher than its
Southeast Asian neighbors such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, where the SRB
is close to 105 (UNFPA, 2012). Vietnam is quite similar to some countries like
India. However, the SRB in Vietnam is much lower than the highest SRB observed
in Azerbaijan and China.
SRB in some nations, 2008-2014:

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(Nguồn: UNFPA, 2012: Số liệu ước tính quốc gia của Trung Quốc, Hàn Quốc và
Hồng Kơng (2013), Đài Loan (2012), Ấn Độ (2010-2012), và Đông Âu (20082012))
The imbalanced sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam occurs in both urban and rural
areas:
Nông thôn

Thành thị

2011

111.1

114.2

2012

110.4

116.8

2013

115.5

110.3

2014


113.1

110.1
(Nguồn: Tổng cục thống kê)

The direct cause of gender imbalance at birth is the use of modern sex
selection services to intervene and diagnose. Imbalance in sex at birth, if not
resolved promptly, would cause serious consequences for the country, including
increased violence against women, prostitution and trafficking women, ….
2. Gender inequality in education
Gender equality in education increases the quality of the average human
resource of society. But not only inequalities in social relationships, women and
girls are treated unfairly even in education:
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Nam

Nữ

Thành thị

Nơng thơn

2011

96.5


92.2

97.3

92.7

2012

96.6

92.9

97.5

93.3

2013

96.6

93.1

97.6

93.4

Sơ bộ 2014

96.4


93.0

97.5

93.3

Tỷ lệ dân số từ 15 tuổi trở lên biết chữ
(Nguồn: Tổng cục thống kê)
Gender equality has been guaranteed globally in 2014 for primary,
secondary and high school education, although only 63%, 46%, and 23% of
countries achieve gender parity at their respective levels. Access to education of
girls and women of ethnic minorities in remote areas is more difficult and more
entangle than boys and men, because women living in poor families and ethnic
minorities are less likely to go to school, they often have to start working at an early
age, while boys are more likely to go to school. Compared to boys, girls are not
allowed to go to school or suffer a threefold burden: both work at home, study at
school, and help the family do business without pay. The economic burden placed
on women's shoulders at an early age because of the large amount of time spent on
family work, the time spent on learning has to be reduced.

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03

Women are less educated and educated than men, so they are losing potential
for access to knowledge to contribute to development goals. The higher the level of
education,
the

greater
the
level
of
gender
inequality.

Tỷ lệ nam nữ giữ các chức danh, học vị khoa học năm 2006
(Nguồn: Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo năm 2006)
It can be said that gender equality in education is of great importance to the
development of the country. So there is an educator wrote: Educating a man, having
a family, educating a woman, having a generation. The centennial benefit of
growing people is derived from gender equality in education.
3. Gender inequality in political - social participation
Civil servants have a high proportion of women, but the presence of women
in leadership positions is low and tends to be lower. A study by the World Bank at
commune health stations and district hospitals found that women accounted for 39%
of doctors, but only accounted 6% of hospital directors. In the past decade and a
half, the proportion of women in Congress has fallen to 24.4%. The heads of the
Congressional Committees have fewer women. Female representation is also low in
important organs of the Communist Party: The Politburo, the Central Committee
and the Secretariat. Women account for only 18.3% of the Party leadership
positions at the commune level, 14.2% at the district level and 11.3% at the
provincial level. Gender imbalances also appear in the private sector. Although
many women have paid jobs, only few are in managerial positions. In the enterprise
survey in 2015, only 22% of businesses said they had female leaders (compared
with an average of 27% in East Asia and Pacific countries).

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03
December 31, 2014, a total of 4,480,707 members of the party comrades1.
The percentage of Party members is increasing, while the percentage of female
party members is low. As we know, women make up half of the population. Thus,
women may account for 50% of decision-making positions, but female members are
still low, so they will have no advantage in making decisions to ensure that benefit
both men and women to develop the country. Women consistently make up a low
proportion of the state's elements:
In 2012 the proportion of female members in the country reached 32%2, the
proportion of female deputies to the National Assembly for 2011-2016 XIII is
24.44%, and only 18 members out of 200 members - 9% of the XI Central
Committee 3. Percentage of female deputies to the National Assembly to the XIV
National Assembly for the 2016 - 2021 period was 26.8%, but still lower than the
30%, but increased 2.4% in the XIII4 course and There are 20/200 Communist Party
Central Committee reached 10%.
Men have more opportunities to become leaders in party organization than
women. People still have the concept of better men, better-off, unobstructed family
work. So, men will have more advantages while having many good and
strongminded women.
In fact many women now have the capacity and qualifications, men also
confirm that capacity and qualifications. However, because of the perception that
women leaders are not as productive as men, the percentage of women with high
positions is still limited.
Các cấp
Tỉnh/thành phố

Khoá 1999-2004
Nữ
Nam

22,33

76,67

Quận/huyện
Xã/phường

Khoá 2004-2011
Nữ
Nam
23,8

76,2

20,12
79,88
23,2
76,8
16,56
83,44
20,1
79,9
Tỷ lệ phụ nữ tham gia hội đồng nhân dân các cấp
(Nguồn: Ủy ban quốc gia vì sự tiến bộ của phụ nữ Việt Nam, 2004)
Nhiệm kỳ 1999-2004
Nhiệm kỳ 2004-2011
Chức
Cấp
Cấp
Cấp

Cấp
Cấp
Cấp huyện
danh
tỉnh
huyện
xã
tỉnh
xã
Chủ tịch
1,64
5,46
3,46
1,56
3,92
4,09
Phó chủ tịch
8,19
11,42
5,57
26,56
19,64
10,61
Tỷ lệ nữ chủ tịch, phó chủ tịch hội đồng nhân dân các cấp (%)
Nhiệm kỳ 1999-2004
Nhiệm kỳ 2004-2011
Các cấp
Nữ
Nam
Nữ

Nam
1
2
3
4

Nguồn: www.dangcongsan.vn
Nguồn: www.vn.undp.org
Nguồn: www.phunuonline.com.vn
Nguồn: www.hoilhpn.org.vn

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03
Tỉnh/thành phố
6,4
93,6
8,61
91,39
Quận/huyện
4,9
95,1
6,40
93,60
Xã/phường
4,54
95,46
3,99
96,01

Tỷ lệ nữ cán bộ trong UBND các cấp chia theo giới tính (%)
(Nguồn: Báo cáo tình hình bình đẳng giới trong quy hoạch, tuyển dụng, bổ nhiệm
cán bộ, công chức, Bộ nội vụ)
Despite the barriers to gender stereotyping, the State encourages and
facilitates women's participation in socio-political activities and holds the important
position of the Party to create gender equality in society, address social justice
issues, help the country develop sustainably, stabilize politics and economic
development.
Women are still suffering from heavy prejudices such as: women’s thinking
is limited compared to men’s thinking; women have to spend more time with their
families so they are less likely to be involved in politics, women's self-deprecating
psychology limits their ability development and strength… As long as such
prejudices are not dismissed, the conditions for political participation of women
remain limited. President Ho Chi Minh taught that “Liberate women is the biggest,
most important revolution”. Only full liberation of women is the gender gap in the
field of politics is overcome.
4. Gender inequality in the family
Today, the role and position of women in society in general and the family in
particular have been raised a lot. However, in terms of the current state of gender
issues still have urgent matter in the family as: women are still required to do
housework; there is still the thought of male descent during childbirth, caring for
children, family planning; domestic violence still exists and occurs in some places;
….
Men prevail in the control of land and other valuable assets, and most of the
certificate of land use right granted to the male head of household. This situation
can cause women to lose their rights in case of divorce or inheritance. Men often
make decisions about household business investment and the use of income.
Restrictions on property ownership reduce the access of women to credit and
investment opportunities.
According to a survey by the Institute for Family and Gender Studies, in

which wife unfaithful could beat their wives, 50.5% of women agreed, while only
24.2% of men agreed. Or at the question of whether husbands can beat their wives
when their wives do not know how to treat their husbands, 12% of women agree,
while only 7% of men agree. Up to 64% of people agree with the idea of having a
son reserne. In a 2010 study, 34% of married women reported experiencing physical
or sexual violence several times during their lifetime, and 9% subjected to violence
for the past 12 months. 5% of pregnant women were subjected to physical violence
during pregnancy. The rate of physical violence is higher among young women and

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03
low in education. Sexual violence rates do not differ much by age or education
level5.
The main cause of gender inequality in the family is the influence of
patriarchal ideology along with the slow change of social consciousness, and almost
men have not changed their pillar conception with Family, they themselves have set
themselves great responsibility. Women are still inferiority complex, always
thinking of themselves as supportive role of husband.
According to research by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, GSO,
Institute of Family and Gender, 21.2% of couples experience violence ranging from
verbal insults, threats, forced sex when there is no need. Every 5 couples have a pair
of violent incidents of any kind.
Therefore, in order to realize gender equality in the family, it is necessary to
enhance propaganda and education on gender issues and gender equality in the
family as stipulated in the guidelines and policies of the Party, laws of the State.
Besides, creating favorable conditions for every woman to self - consciousness and
self-liberation; continuously try to learn to improve knowledge to assert their role,
place in the family and in society. Promote gender science education in the school

system (especially upper secondary schools), to help young people become aware of
basic and systematic gender issues and gender equality; help them to be aware of
the responsibility for building the family later.
5. Inequality in labor and employment
In Viet Nam, as in developing countries, women remain the main constituent
of poorer, lower-income workers who are more likely to be victims of
underemployment or unemployment, and There are more precarious employment
conditions than men. Vietnamese women are mainly employed in low-income
occupations or vulnerable jobs. Women also make up the bulk of the unpaid family
work group, and in the “invisible” area of the informal economy they work as
housekeepers, home workers, street vendors and work in the entertainment
industry.
Women's incomes are still lower than men's, although their education is
comparable, as women tend to have lower positions than men. With the same
commonality, women have the opportunity to work 9% lower than men. Of the
wage earners, ethnic minorities received 7% lower while female workers had a
lower income of 13%, although the rate has declined sharply in recent years6. In
addition, women engage in informal work and are more vulnerable than men.
Highly traumatic jobs (self-employed and unpaid family workers) are primarily
women-based jobs.

5

Im lặng là chết: Kết quả của Nghiên cứu cấp nhà nước về bạo lực gia đình đối với nữ giới tại Việt Nam,
Tổng cục Thống kê (2010)
6
Demombynes và testaverde (2016)

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According to research by Nguyen Duy Loi et al. (2014)7, albeit in large
numbers 8, female workers are mainly lack of skills and lack of training, working in
labor-intensive industries such as footwear and apparel (78.5%), food processing
and production (66.8%), ceramics and glassware (59.2%); 24.5% of women are paid
compared to 35.4% of male wage earners. In the formal employment sector, equal
employment opportunities for men and women are equal. However, in the informal
economy and household economy, women often do not have equal employment
opportunities. In the informal employment sector, the opportunity for women to
obtain paid employment is 64% lower than that of men. The lowest chance for
women to get a paid job is 12.4%, while the figure for men is 34.7%9. About 60%
of female workers and 48.9% of male workers work more than four hours a day (60
hours per week in practice versus 40 hours per week in law); about 23% of workers,
especially women, work in hazardous environments.
For specific industries, among the most common occupations for men and
women, Men are higher than women in the construction industry, service workers
and workers in general, while Women have higher rates than men in agriculture,
forestry, fisheries, education and training:

Although women make significant contributions to agricultural, rural and
food production, these contributions are often not assessed at all. For example,
women's groups play a key role in buying materials and selling products but are
generally not recognized as economic actors either at household level or in value
chains.
Of the job vacancies with gender elements, 70% require only men, while
only 30% expect female applicants to apply:

7


Nguyễn Duy Lợi và cộng sự 2014, Việc làm, thu nhập và bảo trợ xã hội cho lao động nữ trong khu vực phi
chính thức ở Việt Nam, Tài liệu nghiên cứu EADN số 84.
8
Hiện nay, 47,4% lực lượng lao động Việt Nam làm trong ngành nông nghiệp, 30% làm dịch
vụ và 21,1% làm trong ngành cơng nghiệp (Phân tích Bối cảnh Chung, 2015). Theo TCTK
(2011), Việt Nam có dân số khoảng 87,84 triệu người, với 50,54% là nữ. Lực lượng lao động
từ 15 tuổi trở lên có khoảng 51,4 triệu người, với 24,93 triệu (48,5%) là nữ.
9
Tỉ lệ lao động nữ khơng có hợp đồng cao hơn nhiều so với nam (24.4% so với 16%), Nguyễn
Trần Lâm và Sita Sumrit 2015, Bất bình đẳng: Một Phân Tích Nghiên Cứu Chính Sách.

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03

By the level of management from low to high: Monitoring - Assistant
Manager - Head of Division - Director, sex discrimination trends becoming more
pronounced:

Quảng cáo việc làm có u cầu về giới theo vị trí
The proportion of trained labor has increased over the years, but the
proportion of trained men labor is always higher than that of women:

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Hoàng Vân Anh, lớp MES305_163_D03
Nguồn: Tổng cục Thống kê
Thus, in order to expand opportunities, ensure a fair environment, improve

access to and exercise the employment rights of women and men, clearly
macroeconomic measures should be taken into account in terms of economic
restructuring and labor restructuring, reduce the proportion of agricultural workers,
and the extension of off - farm employment opportunities; developing commodity
economy, enhancing the application of science and technology to production;
develop the labor market, narrow the informal sector; improve the quality of human
resources; improve labor productivity and improve the capacity of international
economic integration and regional economy; …
On the other hand, the challenges that women are facing greater than men in
terms of employment, low proficiency, low-income jobs, vulnerable employment,
… Therefore, in addition to macro interventions, specific measures should be taken
to give priority to women in education, vocational training, training and re-training,
access to employment opportunities, improved working conditions job. At the same
time strengthen the social security system, social welfare, social services in the
informal sector and agricultural production to support workers in general and
women in particular.
6. Inequality in income
In fact, Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest percentage of
women laborers in Southeast Asia. But many studies show that women have lower
income than men. According to research by Nguyen Duy Loi et al. (2014)10, the
average male labor income is 33% higher than that of female colleagues in all
occupations. The smallest income gap between men and women in the public
sector, at 7%, while large in the informal sector (as well as in domestic enterprises),
is up to 30%. But the biggest difference (43%) is in agriculture and foreign
companies. The gap is even greater when calculating unpaid workers with a high
number of women. While the wage gap in the official employment sector has
narrowed and now stands at 12% across the country, estimates show that women in
the informal economy only earn 50% of men's income.

10


Nguyễn Duy Lợi và cộng sự 2014, Việc làm, thu nhập và bảo trợ xã hội cho lao động nữ
trong khu vực phi chính thức ở Việt Nam, Tài liệu nghiên cứu EADN số 84.

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(Nguồn: Corak 2013; NHTG 2013; Nguyễn Việt Cường 2016)
Ged Kearney, ACTU president, says women have suffered from the
consequences of gender inequality from an early age. “At every stage of life,
women always have less income than men. This is really startling as it is already
2016”, Kearney shared. “We found that girls' pocket money was typically 11%
lower than boys. It is evident that women face gender inequality at an early age. I
was also surprised to learn that the lifetime earnings of women with bachelor
degrees are usually less than men's with a diploma equivalent to $ 1.5 million”.
The ACTU study also points out that the consequences of gender inequality
in income are evident when women retire. 60% of women between the ages of 65
and 69 do not have pensions, and 40% of single women will probably have to retire
in poverty. “This is an indictment for today's society. Women's income at the
moment means that women are almost unable to save money for retirement life like
men. We must look directly at this fact. There will be many women living in needy
retirement if we do not gradually solve the problem of gender inequality in
income”.
Gender inequality in income can negatively affect everyone, not just women.
This situation reduces competition in the workplace, putting pressure on men to
secure family income, the income of women is not equal to the work they spend,
causing disadvantage for women, …. Economic development, therefore, must be
coupled with the reduction of inequalities, need a comprehensive look, income

inequality must be set in relation to economic growth, it is important to ensure that
the economy grows fast and sustainably along with the equitable distribution of
income.

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Chapter 3: CAUSE OF GENDER INEQUALITY
1. The conception and behavior of society
The gender prejudice is still popular in society. The status of harmful cultural
products is not well controlled, domestic violence, trafficking, harm human dignity,
sexual and health-related trafficking of women and children is still a major issue.
Although the Government has a strong commitment to the implementation of
gender equality, expressed by the introduction of legal regulations, the participation
in international conventions, the establishment of a network of Committees for
advancement Women in all ministries, branches and provinces and centrally-run
cities and support for women's mass organizations, but the conception and behavior
of society is still significantly influenced by patriarchy.
Patriarchal society still plays a key role in family relationships, especially in
rural areas. Generally, most women play a minor role in the family during their
lifetime. The attitude of society requires that women play a “proper” role in the
family, making it difficult to deal with complex issues such as violence against
women, divorce, and the needs of single moms.
Although women are often more disadvantaged than men due to norms and
gender stereotypes, this does not mean that men do not suffer and influence. In fact,
men's attitudes, behaviors and roles in the household, in the community and in
society, as well as in their career and physical and mental state, all are influenced by
gender norms and stereotypes. Changing the conception and behavior of society is a

long and complex process, but it is a fundamental process to create and maintain a
change of attitudes of individuals, organisation and in the whole community.
2. Gender development policies can still produce gender-differentiated outcomes,
regional policies with social norms that may lead to unequal access to resources
between men and women.
The current institutional capacity restriction on gender mainstreaming in
activities is due to lack of resources, institutional procedures, standards and
organizational culture. Gender issues have not been systematically considered in the
planning and administrative reform process as well as in the reporting and
performance indicators of the units. Statistical data that separate males and females
are rarely collected, analyzed and used to improve performance. Capacity for
gender equality activities of the units is limited to some members who have been
trained in gender analysis and integration skills. Therefore, many opportunities to
integrate gender into the annual, five and ten year plans as well as in the
administrative reform process have been missed. There is a considerable gap in the
perceptions, knowledge and skills of dealing with gender issues of individuals.
3. Due to gender characteristics, there are more areas of male labor than female
workers such as heavy industry, mining, construction, and vice versa, the areas of
female labor are more numerous than men such as agriculture, weaving, processing
food. This means that in the paid work sector, women's contributions are not too
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different from men. Women's jobs are generally poorly paid compared to men's
intellectually strategic jobs.
4. At work, women are less competitive than men in health, reproductive functions
regenerate labor. Many employers do not want to recruit women for fear of social
policy and productivity decline.


Chapter 4: SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME GENDER
INEQUALITY
1. Communications, international organizations and civil society address social and
economic inequalities issues with policy makers and citizens, highlighting negative
consequences such as the ability to move socially reduction, slow economic growth
and the possibility of political instability.
2. The government should act to narrow the gender gap: collect and provide more
specific statistics, gender distribution, distribution of men and women in different
economic sectors, their occupation and position as well as their respective income
both in the public and private sectors; provides information on training activities for
judges, inspectors and staff in the sector, as well as measures to raise awareness
among social partners. The government needs to intervene, supporting the private
sector to make changes. For their part, businesses need to rethink governance
culture, allocate staff, and create equal opportunities for both, thereby better
utilizing talent.
3. Promote gender science in the school system (especially upper secondary
schools) so that youth and young people are aware of basic and systematic gender
issues and gender equality, to help them to be aware of the responsibility for
building the family later.
4. Create favorable conditions for every woman to become aware and self-striving,
to liberate oneself; Continuously try to learn to improve knowledge to assert their
role, position in the family and in society.
5. To formulate, amend and supplement regimes and policies for women laborers to
suit their professions and target groups, create jobs, increase incomes, improve their
living conditions, Protect legitimate rights and interests of women workers.
6. Improve people's intellectual level, strengthen family role and gender equality.
Continue to improve the legal system of gender equality. Resolutely strive to
eliminate acts of domestic violence. Family is the cell of society, each member of
the family is equal, respect each other, the society will be fair and civilized.
7. To stipulate the ratio of men and women or to ensure the proportion of women

who are eligible to participate and enjoy; training to improve the capacity of women
or men; support to facilitate, opportunities for women or men; Women are entitled
to choose in the case of women who meet the same criteria and criteria as men; to
ensure the appropriate proportion of female deputies to the National Assembly and
People's Council deputies in line with the national targets on gender equality; to
ensure the appropriate rate of women in appointing positions in state agencies in
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line with the national objective of gender equality,… set out in Decree No.
48/2009/ND-CP dated May 19, 2009 of the Government providing for gender
equality measures to ensure gender equity in the event of a major disparity between
Men and women in terms of positions, roles, conditions, opportunities to promote
their abilities and enjoy the fruits of development.
8. To build and consolidate the Vietnam Women's Union with real strength and full
play a key role in the mobilization of women. Strengthening the training, fostering,
capacity building, qualifications, political qualities, public advocacy methods for
staff at all levels. To establish and develop the Vietnam Women's Institute in order
to meet the requirements of scientific research on women's work and the training
and fostering of cadres and women cadres in the period of accelerated
industrialization and modernization.

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