MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS
Title
STUDY ON THE STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
IN HUU BANG CARPENTRY VILLAGE

Major: Natural Resources Management
Code: D850101
Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Pham Van Thanh Long

Student ID: 1453091572

Class: K59A Natural Resources Management

Course: 2014 – 2018

Advanced Education Program
Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA
Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Bich Hao

Ha Noi, 2018

i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mrs. Nguyen Thi Bich Hao

for her motivation and enthusiasm at guiding me in completing my graduation thesis.
In addition, I also would like to thank the officers who are working at the library and
laboratory of Vietnam National University of Forestry. Particularly, I would like to say
thanks to Mrs. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bích for guiding me how to analyze water samples. And I
would like to express my sincrere thanks to Mrs. Tran Thi Lan vice chairman of Huu Bang
commune who provided me with lots of useful knowledge about carpentry.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents who always support me, and my friends
who helped me in my research.

ii


TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF GRAPHS .................................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER II. GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ............................................................ 4
2.1. Goal .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Specific objective ................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................. 5
3.1. Study site ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.2. Research methods ............................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1. Manual methods for all sections ...................................................................................... 5
3.2.2. To study the current situation of carpentry production process in Huu Bang Town....... 6
3.2.3. To study impact of carpentry production on atmosphere ................................................ 7
3.2.4. To study impact of carpentry production on water.......................................................... 8

3.2.5. To study impact of carpentry production on soil........................................................... 19
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... 20
4.1. Carpentry production in Huu Bang village....................................................................... 20
4.1.1. The supply of raw materials in craft villages ................................................................ 20
4.1.2. Process of wood processing in craft villages ................................................................. 20
4.2. Impact of carpentry production on the atmosphere ........................................................ 22
4.2.1. Noise .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.2. Results of dust sampling ................................................................................................ 24
4.3. Impact of carpentry production on the water resources ................................................... 25
4.4. Impact of carpentry production on soil ............................................................................ 30
iii


4.5. Solutions ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.5.1. Policy solutions ............................................................................................................ 31
4.5.2. Investigate solution ........................................................................................................ 31
4.5.3. Raising public awareness solution................................................................................. 32
4.5.4. Technolgy application ................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 34
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER VI. INDEX ........................................................................................................... 37

iv


LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1. Types of interviewee being investigated by questionnaire on quality of air, soil and
water in Huu Bang ..................................................................................................................... 6
Table 3.2: Standard noise level table ......................................................................................... 8

Table 3.4: sample volume and thickness of cuvet ................................................................... 14
Table 4.1: Results of noise measurement ................................................................................ 23
Table 4.2: Results of water analysis ........................................................................................ 25

v


LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 4.1 Process of producing form natural wood .................................................................... 21
Fig 5.1. waste water treatment process .................................................................................... 33

vi


LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 : Compare pH between sample taken and QCVN ..................................................... 26
Graph 2: Compare COD between sample taken and QCVN................................................... 27
Graph 3: Compare DO between sample taken and QCVN ..................................................... 27
Graph 4: Compare TSS between sample taken and QCVn ..................................................... 28
Graph 5 : Compare NO2- between sample taken and QCVN .................................................. 28
Graph 6: Compare P-PO43- between sample taken and QCVN ............................................... 29
Graph 7: Compare Fe between sample taken and QCVN ....................................................... 30

vii


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD


Biochemical oxygen demand

COD

Chemical oxygen demand

DO

Dissolved oxygen

TSS

Total suspended solid

viii


CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

In recent decades, the economy of Vietnam has been growing quickly but at the same
time, Vietnam has been facing increasing environmental challenges. They are consequences
of focusing only on economic development without caring about environmental protection.
During last 10 years, the numbers of industrial areas has been increasing sharply, and they
have brought about many economic benefits to both nation and individuals. On the other
hand, they are main factors that cause several environmental problems affecting life of human
such as environment pollutant and global warming. Presently, in Vietnam, some factories are
still operating backward technologies that require more energy and generate more wastes.
There is a lot of evidence to show that a great volume of waste is discharged without being
treated or disposed of, and consequently causing environmental pollution. These situations

show that how close in relationship between economic development and environmental
protection.
For decades, the government has also been facing to another challenge of
environmental problems that is related to economic development in rural areas. This trouble is
named the environmental pollution in traditional handicraft villages. The traditional craft
village implies that a group of people that has same jobs lives in one community to develop
their jobs together. The features of these villages are to do business together, to develop the
economy, and preserve the local identity and characteristics (Pham Con Son, 2004) (Sơn,
2004). Many handicrafts have also been primarily promoted in rural areas of Vietnam.
Initially, these were extra jobs for the farmers during their free time after harvesting. The first
purpose was to create necessary commodities to use in daily life. After that, farmers realized
that they could sell their products to get money to serve their lives. Therefore, it interested
many people to join and learn to do handicraft products. Since then, a small group of people
has become a big group, and then, a village and even many villages have decided to attend
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together and produce handicraft outcomes to get benefits from traditional products (Tươi,
2018). Currently, Vietnam has had approximate 2000 traditional handicraft villages that
mainly produce a number of goods such as lacquer, ceramics, silver, embroidery, rattan,
textiles, papers, and folk paintings, etc. These villages are mainly located in the North and
Central of Vietnam. Trade villages contribute to economic restructuring and promoting the
process of industrialization and modernization of rural areas (Hậu, 2012). Restoring and
developing traditional handicraft villages is an important strategy of handicraft villages.
Although the benefits from handicraft production is still low in comparison with industrial
production, it still contributes important to the life of households and laborers. However, in
recent years, environmental pollution in traditional villages has reached alarming levels and
seriously affected the environment and human health. This story is not new, but there is no
satisfactory solution. Statistics of the functional sector, the country has over 5,400 trade
villages, of which over 1,800 traditional craft villages and villages are recognized. The

villages have attracted more than 11 million labors, about 30% of the rural labor force,
making an important contribution to socio-economic development, helping to raise incomes
and improve the living standards of local people (Phong, 2018). However, there are 46% of
the villages in the survey area is heavily polluted environment. Particularly, with wastewater,
organic pollutants in food processing and foodstuff villages, animal husbandry and
slaughtering of pollutants exceeds Viet Nam standards dozens of times (Hùng, 2018).
Huu Bang town is located in Huu Bang Commune, Thach That District, Ha Noi, along
Thang Long Avenue, and about 30 km from the center of Ha Noi. Currently, the main
livelihoods of people are carpentry (Tươi, 2018). In general, demanding of carpentry products
of Asian people is very high, so this is an opportunity for Huu Bang people to remain and
develop their traditional handicraft jobs. Presently, Huu Bang is considered as the richest
commune in Thach That and Quoc Oai districts. However, there have been detectable
negative impacts of carpentry production on air, water and soil environment (Huy, 2017).
2


With features of carpentry, dust and sawdust are released during the production’s process and
vehicles. Moreover, noise from equipment and vehicles around the town is also an issue that
is currently carried about. In addition, wastes and organic solvent from carpentry process
releasing into water and soil and reduce the quality of soil and create damage on ecosystem of
water.

With benefits of carpentry, Vietnam should maintain and develop carpentry

traditional craft village like Huu Bang. However, Vietnamese’s government should not ignore
environmental problems brought by carpentry.Therefore, studying and assessing negative
impacts from carpentry process are very important to identify main problems and propose
solutions to decrease environmental problems and develop traditional craft villages in
Vietnam sustainably based on the situation at Huu Bang town, Thach That District, Ha Noi
city . To understand more about this problem, the research was conducted with the name:

“Study on the status of environmental quality in Huu Bang carpentry village”.

3


CHAPTER II. GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
2.1. Goal
The study is expected to contribute to improve the effectiveness of the environment
management in the study area.
2.2 Specific objective
1) To study current situation of production in Huu Bang Town, Thach That District, Ha
Noi;
2) To determine the quality of soil in Huu Bang Town;
3) To determine the quality of water in Huu Bang Town;
4) To determine the quality of air in Huu Bang Town;
5) To propose solutions to improve the environment management in the study area.

4


CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Study site
Huu Bang is located on the southeast of Thach That district, about 3 km from Lien
Quan town, on the east is Phung Xa commune, on the west are Thach Xa and Binh Phu
communes, on the north is Di Nau commune, on the south is commune. Binh Phu. Total
natural land area of the commune is 181.7 ha; of which more than 33 hectares of residential
land .
Huu Bang is currently the most populous commune in both Thach That and Quoc Thach
districts, with a population of over 25,000. The commune is located about 30 km from the

center of Hanoi capital, and is connected by the Lang - Hoa Lac high-way. Huu Bang is
characterized by a famous village with a long history. In the past, the commune used to be a
traditional textile village. However, recently, weaving has gradually replaced the carpentry
and sofa business (Tươi, 2018).
3.2. Research methods
3.2.1. Manual methods for all sections
1) Field survey
The author went to the study area, observed the quality of atmosphere of this area
directly, and determined every stage of carpentry process which cause pollutant or how
pollutant impact on people’s life. The author can get data by taking photos or using cameras.
The quality of environment of the area may change on different time so the author might
implement this method several time
2) Questionnaire
The author created a list of questions to interview citizens around Huu Bang town. It
was undertaken by asking local people to determine where air pollution comes from and how
air pollution impact on their daily life. The number of interviewees was 24. Group of people
5


was classified by age and area. Firstly, the author divided the study areas into two types of
Business areas and Production areas. Each area has four types of interviewees such as
children (from 6 to 15 years old), teenagers (from 16 to 19 years old), adults (from 20 to 60
years old), and the elders (more than 60 years old). The types of interviewees are described in
the table 3.1. We focus on the answer of children and elders. Because when the pollution
happen, they will be easily influenced most . Before interviewing the local people, the author
needed to test the questions to avoid the mistakes as follows:
 The ambiguity of words and structure;
 The misinterpretation of questions;
 Sensitive questions.
Table 3.1. Types of interviewee being investigated by questionnaire on quality of air, soil

and water in Huu Bang
Order

Trading areas

Production areas

1

Children (3 interviewees)

Children ( 3 interviewees)

2

Teenagers (3 interviewees)

Teenagers (3 interviewees)

3

Adults (3 interviewees)

Adults (3 interviewees)

4

Elder ( 3 interviewees)

Elder ( 3 interviewees)


3.2.2. To study the current situation of carpentry production process in Huu Bang Town
1) Questionnaire
The questionnaire of this section is quite different from the others. The study used a list
of questions to interview citizens around Huu Bang town. The interview was undertaken by
asking 20 people who are producers or traders to understand about the carpentry production
processes. Consequently, the author was able to reconizge parts of the process that cause

6


pollution. Before interviewing local people, the author tested the questions to avoid some
mistakes as follows.
 The ambiguity of words and structure
 The misinterpretation of questions
 Sensitive questions
2) Semi - structured interview
The study used a list of opened question to interview 10 people, especially key persons
such as administratives of Huu Bang town, experts, or people who are highly – skilled at
carpentry to gain data about the number of households involved in carpentry production, or to
investigate more about the management of local authorities.
3.2.3. To study impact of carpentry production on atmosphere
1) Measuring noise levels
+ Sampling tool
The study used two types of equipment such as: GPS and Noise measure device
EXTECH 4.0 to measure noise in the study area.
+ Measurement process
Before carrying out the measurement, author needed to ensure that the equipment to be
accurate. The author started implementing this research by measuring noise at 15 spots
including 5 special spots (such as school, market…) and 15 normal spots on certain times

(from 6am to 21pm ) (Anh, 2017). After that, the author compared the results getting from
these areas to the Standard noise levels (QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT) presented on table 3.2 and
then made the assessment [5].

7


Table 3.2: Standard noise level table
No

Location

From 6am to 21pm

1

Special location

55 dba

2

Normal location

70 dba

From 21pm to 6am
45 dba
55 ba


2) Collecting dust sample
To take samples and maintain deposited dust, the author apply qualitative method. The
study used sampling tools such as dust containers (dishes) and sticky material (Vaseline). This
method was undertaken at sites where the concentration of dust was possibly high. Preparing
sampling containers: Vaseline was used to cover the surfaces of dishes to capture deposited
dust expanding in the air. The author need to prepare 18 dishes and chose 3 locations to put
dishes in, each location have 6 dishes. Put dishes along the location, the distance between
each dishes is 50 meters, the dishes are put at high of 1,2 meters
3.2.4. To study impact of carpentry production on water
1) Collecting and analyzing water sample
 Sampling tool
Using sample tool to take 8 samples around Huu Bang. Requirement tools include: pure
mineral water bottles with two types of 1.5L and 500ml., GPS, bucket , long stick, adhesive
tape correction pen, ice box
 Sampling location
Sample need to be collected at two locations. Taking 4 samples at each location
1. streams, lakes or rivers nearby production areas
2. Streams, lakes or rivers far away from the center about 500m-1km
 Sampling process
 Taking samples

8


- The water samples are going to be collected following the single sampling method
based on the standard TCVN 5994-1995 of VietnamWater quality sampling.Guide to
sampling in natural ponds and artificial ponds.
- When taking the samples, the author needs to ensure certain requirements:



The sample containers need to be cleaned. It should not be coated by

water/wastewater which will be taking, it might be afftect the future results of the analysis.
 Do not disturbed the water surface.
 Samples were taken should be highly representative ability.
- Carrying out sampling: firstly, grabbing the neck of sampling bottle and the lng stick
together, the author can use adhestive tape fixed them together for more steady. After that,
dropping the sampling bottle down to the sampling location (the samples should be taken at a
depth from 20cm to 30cm comparing to the surface of water and far from the shore about
1.5m to 2m) until water full the bottle, the pull it up, clean the outside and close the bottle cap.
Using correction pen to signs the number of order, date and time of taking the samples and
write down necessary information that need to be analyzed into the notebook, the author
analysis at the scene parameters that can be measured quickly (temperature,pH).
 Storage
Make sure the sample containers sent to the laboratory are sealed and protected from
light, heat. By water quality can change rapidly due to gas exchange, chemical reactions and
chemical reactions assimilation of organisms. The author should preserve water sample in a
temperature from 0oC to 40C. The samples are kept in styrofoam box with ice and transported
to laboratory
 Analyzing
a) pH: pH is measured by pH measure equipment
b) DO: DO is measured by DO measure equipment

9


c) TSS: Get exactly 150ml sample of water to be analyzed and filtered through filter
paper. The volume of filter paper before and after filtering must be dried by oven to constant
volume at 105oC and then weighed on weighing scale with an error of ± 0.1mg. The
suspended solids content is determined by the formula:

SS = (m2-m1) / V (mg / l)
In which:

M1: Filter paper weight at 105oC before filtration (mg)
M2: Filter paper weight at 105oC after filtration (mg)
V: volume of water sample through filter paper (liter)

d) COD: Reheat the test sample with known potassium dichromate prior to the presence
of mercury (II) sulphate and silver catalyst in the concentrated sulfuric acid for a certain
period of time, during which part of the dichromate is reduced due to The presence of
oxidative substances. Titrate the remaining amount of dicromat present in the presence of
oxidizing agents. Titrate the reduced amount of dicromat, one with iron (III) ammonium
sulphate. Calculate the COD value from the amount of dechlorinated dichromate, 1 mol
Dicromate (Cr2O72-) equals 1.5mol oxygen (O2)
C + Cr2O72- + + H + ----Cr2O72- + Fe2+ + -------

2

+ H2O + Cr3 +

3+

+ CrO42-

The indicator is Feroin (the color changes from green to reddish brown)
The residual amount of Cr2O72- can be determined by photometry or by titration using
Mohr saline.
Procedure: Take 2ml of sample into COD tube, add 1ml of K2Cr2O7 0.025N solution
containing HgSO4, add 3mL of AgSO4.H2SO4 from the COD tube.
Shake gently until the sample is homogeneous and bring it to a boil at 150oC for 2

hours

10


Samples are cooled to room temperature and the excess of dichromate is replaced by
Iron (III) ammonium sulphate, using the Feroin indicator until the solution turns green to
brownish red. Record the volume used (V1)
Make a blank form in the above procedure but change the sample with distilled water (V2)
Calculation formula:
COD =
In which:

C: Equivalent concentration of Morh salt solution
Vo sample volume analysis
V1: volume of Fe (II) salts using standard white sample (ml)
V2: volume of Fe (II) salts when using sample (ml)

e) NO2 METHOD:
Ion NO2- in the solution is determined by the electrostatic method according to TCVN
6268-1997
 CHEMISTRY FOR ANALYZING
- NH4Cl-EDTA solution (A): dissolve 13 g of NH4Cl and 1.7 g of EDTA in 900 ml of
water. Adjust the pH of the solution to 8.5 with NH4Cl OH solution and set it to 1000 ml
- Solution NH4Cl -EDTA (B): Take 300ml of solution A, add the solution to 500ml
- HCl 6N solution (HCl 1: 1)
- CuSO4 solution 2%: dissolve 20g CuSO4. 5H2O in 500ml and set to 1000ml
- Standard nitrate solution: KNO3 salt is dried at 105oC for 24 hours. Dissolve 0.7218
in water to 1000ml, add 2ml CHCl3 for storage; 1ml = 100μg NO3-N. Stable solution for at
least 6 months.

- Working nitrate solution: Dilute 100 ml of the original standard nitrate solution to
1000 ml with distilled water, preserve with 2 ml CHCl3; 1ml = 10μg NO3-N
 THE CHEMICAL SOLUTION TO ANALYZE NO211


- Using Column Cd
Process: Filter 25ml of filtered sample water into a 25ml volumetric flask, then add 1ml
of Nessle reagent, homogenize the sample and wait a few minutes and then compare the color
at 543nm.
f) PO43 METHOD: Determination of octophosphate by spectrometry using ammonium
molybdate
 RULE
The reaction between the octophosphate ion and the molybdate solution and the
antimony ion will produce the antimony photophomolipdat complex
Reduction of ascorbic acid complexes into dark green molybdenum complexes. Because
of the absorption, the octophosphate concentration can be determined
This method can be applied to all types of water including seawater and wastewater.
Samples with a phosphorus content ranging from 0.005 mg to 0.8 mg P / L can be determined
by this method without dilution.
The detection limit for this procedure is 0.0005 mg / l
See annexes for known interferers. There may be other interfering substances and it is
necessary to re-examine them if they are to be eliminated
 APPLIANCES
common laboratory instruments, and
Spectrophotometers are capable of placing cuvettes between 10 mm and 50 mm in
thickness, measuring the absorption in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum.
The most sensitive wavelength is 880mm
Note: Spectra can be used with 100mm cuvette if available, but the detection limit is
lower.
- The filter can hold the membrane with a hole size of 0.45 mm

12


Attention to preparation of glassware:
Glassware should be washed with 2mol / L HCl acid solution and thoroughly rinsed
with water. Do not use detergents containing phophat. Glass tools for color development
should be coated with NaOH solution. This is used to eliminate the complex pigment that
usually clings to the thin film on the tool
 CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS
Only use analytical reagents and use distilled water content of phootspho is negligible
compared to the minimum phootpho concentration in the sample to determine.
For low phootphorosity, two distilled water is required with complete glass distillation.
Deionized water needs to be checked according to the reference process
- H2SO4 (98%, d = 1.84g / cm3)
- HNO3 (68%, d = 1.4g / cm3)
- sodium hydroxide, solution C (NaOH) = 2 mol / l
Dissolve 80g NaOH in water, cool and dilute to 1 liter with water.
- Phthalein Phenol: dissolve 0.5g of phenolphthalein in 50ml of 95% alcohol, then add
50ml of distilled water
- Phosphate solution with 1000μg PO43-P / ml
- Workable phosphate solution: dilute 500μl of the original phosphate solution to 100ml
with distilled water, 1ml of this solution contains 5μgP
- Quality Control Phosphate: dilute 50μl of the original phosphate solution to 100ml
with distilled water, 1ml of this solution contains 0.5 μgP
- reducing agent E
5N H2SO4 solution (A): Dilute 70ml H2SO4 concentrate with distilled water and set to
500ml
Ammonium molybdate solution 40g / l (B); Dissolve 20g ( NH4) Mo7O24.4H2O and set
to 500ml with distilled water. Store the solution in a dark colored container
13



- Potassium Antimony Tartrate 2,743g / l (C): Dissolve 1.3715g K (SbO) C4H4O6. 1 /
2H2O with distilled water and set to 500ml. Store the solution in a dark colored container.
Ascorbic Solution 0.1M (D): dissolve 1.76g of ascorbic acid in 100ml of distilled water.
This solution is stable for about 1 week at 4 ° C
- Compound solution (E): 50 ml of solution A, 15 ml of solution B, 5 ml of solution C
and 30 ml of solution D. This solution is stable for about 4 hours.
- For solutions to reach room temperature before mixing, if the mixture is turbid, shake
well and leave for a few minutes until clear.
 HOW TO PROCEED
- test piece
The largest volume of test sample was 40.0 ml. This volume is suitable for determining
octophosphate concentrations of up to 0.8 mg-P / L when using 10 mm thick cuvettes to
measure the absorption of color complexes produced by the reaction of molybdic acid
reagents. For higher Phosphate concentrations, use the smaller sample as shown in Table 1.
For samples with the best phosphate concentration, use cuvette + y 40mm or 50mm.
Table 3.4: sample volume and thickness of cuvet
Concentration of

volume of mL sample

thickness cuvet mm

<0,2

40,0

40 or 50


0,2 -0,8

40,0

10

0,8 – 1,6

20,0

10

1,6 -3,2

10,0

10

3,2 -6,4

5,0

10

octophosphate mg / l

- test with clean water

14



Carry out a water sample in parallel with the sample, according to the procedure, the
same amount of reagent, but use distilled water instead of the sample.
- Calibration
Prepare a range of calibration solutions
Pipette 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0; 7.0; 8.0; 9.0 and 10.0 ml of the standard solution of
octophosphate in a 50 ml volumetric flask. Dilute with distilled water to about 40m
Color development
Add to each 8ml of reducing agent E. Add water to the mark and shake well
Measurement spectrum
Measure the absorbance of each solution after 10 minutes at 880 nm
Benchmarking
Use the Execl software to plot the absorption graphs according to the phosphorus
content (mg / l) of the calibration range. The relationship between absorption and P content is
linear. Determine the slope function of the graph
Check the calibration curve
Test the standard calibration sample in parallel with the calibration sample, in the same
procedure, with the same reagent but using 40ml of controlled phosphate solution. Replaces
the phosphate solution
If the value found is not within ± 5% of the actual value, the analysis is not valid. Stop
analyzing, correct the wrong place
- Identify the sample
Color development
Pipette the given test sample in table 1 into a 50ml volumetric flask and dilute to 40ml
with water (if needed). Continue as described in 6.3.2
Note

15



1) If the sample is not arsenic need to reduce with thiosulfate arsenic. The removal of all
arsenic to the concentrate is at least 2 mg arsenic per liter. Transfer as much as 40ml of
sample into a 50ml volumetric flask. Add 8ml of reducing agent E. Add water to the mark
2) If the sample is opaque or colored, add 3ml of turbidity correction reagent, the
absorption color of this solution must be subtracted when calculating the absorbance at 880nm
Measurement spectrum
NOTE- If the sample contains arsenic-contaminated arsenic, it should be measured
within 10 minutes, otherwise the sample will be faded.
Quality Control (QC)
Run the quality control sample alongside the sample, follow the same procedure, the
same amount of reagent but use 40ml of control solution phosphate to replace the sample.
If the value found is not within ± 5% of the actual value, the analysis is not valid. Stop
analyzing, correct the wrong place
 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS - CALCULATION
Calculate
The P-PO43 content can be calculated based on the absorbance of the water sample and
the standard graph (content- C = M / V (mg / l)
In which:
M: P - PO43 - content in the analyzed sample is calculated by the function
of the standard graph
V: volume of sample taken for analysis, ml
- Report the phosphate concentration as follows, do not take more than 3 numbers
meaning
- The concentration of P - PO43 <0.1 mg / l up to 0.001 mg / l
- P-PO43 concentration from [0,1 -10 mg / l] up to 0.01 mg / l
16


- The content of P - PO43> 0.1 mg / l up to 0.1 mg / l
- 4. Statistical methods

- Data collection and processing methods, data collection is often very much and
chaotic, the data can not meet in the research process. In order to obtain a multidimensional
image of the research problem, data needs to be processed, presented, graphed .... To be able
to generalize the characteristics of the whole
- 5. Mapping method
- Use administrative maps, terrain, location of craft village, water source, discharge
location. Since then, a village planning map has been prepared for sustainable development of
craft villages in the research area in particular and the whole country in general.
g) Determination of metals in water
 RULE
This method is used to determine the trace trace element by ICP-MS. The analyte in the
solution is fed with Ar gas. Sample is ionized (+) in high temperature plasma source. Then
this ion stream is directed into the ion (+) detector, removing most of the neutralization
elements and photons. The ion stream continues to be directed at the polyatomic ioninterfering ion device by the energy-damaging mechanism. The remaining ions will move
further into the m / z mass separator, separating the mass from 2 to 250 amu and these are
recorded by the detector containing the diodes.
 SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Used to analyze elements in dissolved form and total element content in ground water,
surface water, wastewater, soil and sediment samples.
 APPLIED MATERIALS; EPA 200.8, APPENDIX F - AOAC
 APPLIANCES
- ICP-MS: Mass spectrometry of 5/250 amu, minimum resolution of 1 amu with 5%
peak height, argon gas 99.99%, peristaltic pump,
17