MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS
Title
EVALUATING THE STATUS AND PROPOSING SOME SOLTIONS TO
IMPROVE DOMESTIC WATER QUALITY IN XUAN MAI TOWN,
CHUONG MY DISTRICT, HA NOI

Major: Natural Resources Management
Code: D850101
Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Nguyen Dieu Huyen

Student ID: 1453092195

Class: K59 Natural Resources Management

Course: 2014 – 2018

Advanced Education Program
Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Bui Xuan Dung

Ha Noi, 2018


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my great appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Bui Xuan
Dung who is my adviser for supporting me during conducting the thesis. Without his

patient guidance, motivation and immense knowledge, this thesis could not be completed.
Secondly, I also would like to say thanks to lecturers, who have taught us for more
than 4 years and to the cooperation of Vietnam National University of Forestry and
Colorado State University, especially, the faculty of Forest Resources and Environment
Management.
Besides, I also deeply thanks to M.Sc Bui Van Nang and Ms Nguyen Thi Ngoc
Bich of the Center for Environmental Analysis and Geospatial Applications for providing
me with the measurement instruments and helping me measure the indicators to complete
my thesis.
Finally, I would like to thanks to my family, my friends who always encourage,
take care and help me to overcome difficulties in the life.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. i
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... 1
I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. Literature review ......................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1. Some indicators used to evaluate the quality of domestic water. ........................ 4
1.2.2. Effects of some indicators in domestic water on human health. ......................... 5
1.2.3. Some research about the domestic water in the world and Vietnam ................... 9
II. GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 11
2.1. Goals ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Specific objectives .................................................................................................... 11

III. STUDY SITE AND METHODS ................................................................................... 12
3.1. Selection of research site .......................................................................................... 12
3.1.1. Natural conditions .............................................................................................. 13
3.1.2. Social-economic conditions ............................................................................... 14
3.2. Methods .................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.1. Investigating the situation of domestic water use of households ....................... 15
ii


3.2.2. Evaluating the quality of domestic water in Xuan Mai ..................................... 16
3.2.3. Laboratory sample processing. .......................................................................... 21
3.2.4. Comparative assessment method ....................................................................... 21
3.2.5. Building up the level distribution map for water quality ................................... 22
IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 25
4.1. The situation of domestic water use of households in Xuan Mai town. ................... 25
4.1.1. The type of domestic water use in Xuan Mai town ........................................... 25
4.1.2. The type of water treatment equipment in Xuan Mai town ............................... 27
4.1.3. The water supply situation in Xuan Mai town ................................................... 28
4.1.4. Demand for tap water ........................................................................................ 28
4.2. Evaluating the domestic water quality in Xuan Mai town........................................ 29
4.2.1. Evaluating the domestic water quality through questionnaires ......................... 29
4.2.2. Evaluating the domestic water quality through indicators analysis ................... 31
4.2.3. Causes of domestic water pollution in Xuan Mai through interview. ............... 39
4.2.4. Spatial distribution map of water quality level in Xuan Mai. ............................ 40
4.3. Proposing some solution to improve the domestic water quality in Xuan Mai. ....... 42
4.3.1. Technology solutions ......................................................................................... 42
4.3.2. Solutions for water management ....................................................................... 43
4.3.3. Solutions to raise awareness of local people ..................................................... 44
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 45
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 45


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5.2. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 46
5.3. Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 46
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 49

iv


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DWAF

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

GIS

Geographic Information System

GPS

Global Positioning System

IDW


Inverse Distance Weighted

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

USGS

United States Geological Survey

QCVN

National Standard of Vietnam

TDS

Total Dissolved Solid

WHO

World Health Organization

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1. Map of study site ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.2. Investigating locations for the interview in study site ....................................... 16
Figure 3.3. Sampling location in study site ......................................................................... 17
Figure 3.4. Methodology flowchart ..................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.5. IDW methods for each parameter ..................................................................... 24
Figure 4.1. The type of domestic water use in Xuan Mai town ........................................... 25
Figure 4.2. Some measures used to treat water resources in Xuan Mai town ..................... 27
Figure 4.3. Evaluating of households in 9 hamlets about domestic water quality .............. 29
Figure 4.4.. The amount of pH in water samples compared to standards ............................ 32
Figure 4.5. The amount of TDS in water samples compared to standards .......................... 33
Figure 4.6. The amount of turbidity in water samples compared to standards .................... 34
Figure 4.7. The amount of hardness in water samples compared to standards.................... 35
Figure 4.8. The amount of Chloride in water samples compared to standards................... 36
Figure 4.9. The amount of Fe in water samples compared to standards.............................. 37
Figure 4.10. The amount of Mn in water samples compared to standards .......................... 38
Figure 4.11. The amount of N-NH4 in water samples compared to standards.................... 39
Figure 4.12. Domestic water quality map in Xuan Mai....................................................... 40
Figure 4.13. The results about domestic water quality between two methods .................... 41

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. Location of sampling sites in Xuan Mai town .................................................... 17
Table 3.2. Analysis methods of water quality indicators in laboratory ............................... 21
Table 3.3. Limits of water quality indicators ....................................................................... 22
Table 3.4. Ranking and classification of water quality zones ............................................. 24
Table 4.1. The assessment of local people about of domestic water ................................... 28
Table 4.2. Demand of using tap water in Xuan Mai town ................................................... 28

Table 4.3. Evaluate the percentage of households about domestic water quality ............... 30

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ABSTRACT
Xuan Mai is a small town in the west of Hanoi. The population is quite crowded
and the economy is increasing fast. Along with this development, the demand for clean
water of local people is also going up. However, the quality of domestic water in the
village has not been properly concerned. To assess the water quality, the thesis used
various research methods such as semi-structured interview with questionnaires, stratified
sampling method, data processing and assessment of the domestic water quality in the
town by examining some indicators like pH, TDS, hardness, turbidity, chloride, Fe, Mn,
N-NH4+. In addition, the project has used ArcMap software to build up the level
distribution map to water quality in Xuan Mai. The research results has compared with
QCVN 01:2009/BYT, QCVN 02:2009/BYT and WHO, 2017 that express some indicators
in water samples exceed the allowable limit. In which, 16 samples with the contents of iron
exceed allowed value of QCVN 02:2009/BYT, 12 samples with manganese contents are
higher than the allowable value for drinking water. There are some water samples that are
taken next market, next agricultural area and river that having many wastes water,
pesticides and flood. However, this water sources haven’t not harmed to the local people’s
health yet. Business, increasing number of people in the town and bad awareness of
people are major socio-economic development activities that contribute to the degradation
of Xuan Mai domestic water quality. To contribute to improve the quality of domestic
water, the thesis proposes some solutions such as: using high-technology machine,
applying some new policies for water management, raising awareness of local people
about the importance of domestic water quality.

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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
Domestic water is the water used for indoor (69%) and outdoor (31%) household
purposes such as drinking, preparing food, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing
your teeth, watering the yard and garden. Domestic water use includes potable and nonpotable water provided to households by a public water supplier (domestic deliveries) and
self-supplied water use. Self-supplied domestic water use is typically withdrawn from a
private source, such as a well or captured as rainwater in a cistern (USGS, Domestic Water
Use, 2015).
In addition, domestic water sources are highly variable in terms of quality and
quantity and depending on the situation, the sources include a stream, a spring, a hand-dug
well, a borehole with hand-pump, a rainwater collection system, a piped water supply with
tap or house connection, or water vendors (U.S Prasad & Indranil De, 2016). In the United
States, having approximately two-thirds of the population consumes domestic water from
surface water sources. And approximately one-third of the population drinks water from
groundwater sources (EPA, 2017). Besides, according to the 2011 Census of India, more
than half of rural households depend upon hand pumps as their main source of drinking
water (U.S Prasad & Indranil De, 2016). In many countries in the world, groundwater is
considered to be the main source of drinking water, including Vietnam (according to the
General Department of Environment, groundwater accounts for about 35% to 40% of the
total domestic water supply). Moreover, tap water (mainly in urban) and rainwater (mainly
in rural) are also commonly used in Vietnam (Chi, 2018).
The same as domestic water sources, the demand for domestic water use in
countries are also different. According to UNEP, domestic water consumption in
2


developed countries (500-800 liters per person per day) is about six times greater than in
developing countries (60-150 liters per person per day) (UNESCO,1999). In the world,
about 70% of all available freshwater is used for agriculture, only 8% is used by domestic.

In the low and middle income countries, domestic water use also accounts for 8% (UNEs,
2003). In Vietnam, the standard of domestic water supply for urban population is low (4050 liters/person/day), while in rural areas, where 75% of the population live in the country,
only 44% of the population has access to clean domestic water. The rest must use water
sources of ponds, lakes do not ensure clean (Huong, 2014).
The quality of domestic water sources doesn’t guarantee hygiene that can lead to
some common diseases for the human such as diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis A, kidney
damage, diphtheria and skin lesions. According to the statistic of WHO, 80% of the disease
in developing countries is related to water sources and the environment. According to
statistics from the Ministry of Health, each year Vietnam has about 150,000 new cancer
patients and over 75,000 deaths from cancer. In particular, water pollution is identified as
one of the major causes that are closely related to this situation (N. T. M. Xuan, 2017).
Because water plays an important role in body human health. Approximately, an adult
body is made of two-thirds of water that up to 75% of the total body weight. The amount
of water varies, depending on the organ. Much of the water is in blood plasma (20% of the
body's total). According to a study performed by H.H. Mitchell, published in the Journal of
Biological Chemistry, the amount of water in the human heart and brain is 73%, the lungs
are 83%, muscles and kidneys are 79%, the skin is 64%, and the bones are around 31%
(Helmenstine, September 28th,2018).
From the above data, we need to control water quality. The more and more urgent
in the condition that the water source is increasingly polluted due to impacts from
industrial parks, waste from agricultural production and daily life waste of people have not
3


been paid attention and treatment. It is important to emphasize the solution of drinking
water from residential areas that are not properly paid attention. Therefore, it is necessary
to reach out to households in search of solutions to improve domestic water quality.
Xuan Mai town is one of the five satellites urban in Hanoi. It is a center of many
universities and companies with the process of modernization and industrialization. With
that, the population here is also growing rapidly. From these, the demand of local people

for domestic water is very large. This is the pressure on the system of socio-economic
development. Domestic water supply resource is various in the area, but mostly
groundwater. In the process of formation and development, the local people still use
groundwater for drinking and production. However, due to the long exploitation period and
the risk of pollution from domestic sewage, the quality of groundwater in some place can
be polluted, because of the increased concentrations of some environmental parameters, or
the appearance of the substance. Therefore, we need more specialized research to improve
water quality and solutions to ensure clean water for the people in Xuan Mai.
From the above issues, I choose the topic "Evaluating the status and proposing
some solutions to improve domestic water quality in Xuan Mai town, Chuong My
district, Hanoi". It is necessary to embrace the current water quality in order to have
appropriate treatment measures to ensure the quality of water for daily life as well as
protect the health of people.
1.2. Literature review
1.2.1. Some indicators used to evaluate the quality of domestic water.
a. Physical indicators.
- The physical indicators used to analyze the water samples are turbidity, pH, the
temperature that evaluate the qualitative of pollution from the wastewater.
4


- The total solids content of suspended solids and dissolved solids are used to assess
about quantify solids content in domestic water.
b. Chemical indicators
- Some indicators: nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphorus to evaluate the process of
destroying organic substances containing nitrogen, phosphorus in water.
- Iron and manganese are used to assess the level of groundwater contamination due
to heavy metals and the level of pollution of these indicators in groundwater due to
wastewater from industrial and agricultural areas and landfills.
- Salinity and chloride can be used to assess the level of contamination due to

industrial wastewater or domestic wastewater.
c. Biological indicators
Bacterial indicators such as coliforms to assess the level of waterborne pathogens,
the total number of anaerobic bacteria that assess the level of contamination of organic
matters of domestic waste. And the total number of bacteria aerobic capacity assessment of
organic matter in water sources.
1.2.2. Effects of some indicators in domestic water on human health.
a. pH
PH is one of the most important factors in determining the chemical properties of
water. pH is an important indicator for each stage of the environment, which is an indicator
that need be tested on water quality. If pH <7, water often contains many acid-base ions, it
can corrode metal with pipes and water containers, which indirectly affect human health. If
you regularly use water with high pH (pH > 8.5), it is easy to get diseases related to kidney
stones, gallstones.

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According to the World Health Organization, Drinking water with an elevated pH
above 11 can cause skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. On the opposite end of the
scale, pH values below 4 also cause irritation due to the corrosive effects of low pH levels
(Rogers, October,3rd, 2017).
b. Hardness
Water hardness in most groundwater is naturally occurring from weathering of
limestone, sedimentary rock, and calcium-bearing minerals. Hardness is a property of
water that is not a health concern, but it can be a nuisance. Hard water can cause mineral
buildup in plumbing, fixtures, and water heaters, and poor performance of soaps and
detergents. For human health, hardness water is the cause of kidney stones and one of the
causes of arterial occlusion due to calcification in the inner wall of the artery (USGS, 15Dec-2016).
c. TDS

TDS is often taken as the basis for determining the level of clean water and
represents the total concentration of dissolved substances in water. TDS is made up of
inorganic salts such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, as well as a small
amount of organic matter such as carbonates, nitrates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates.
TDS can be a necessary micronutrient element for the human body. But if the TDS level is
high, it can produce hard water, which leaves deposits and films on fixtures, and on the
insides of hot water pipes and some consequences for human health like hardness (P. G.
Mr. Brian Oram, 2014).

6


d. Turbidity
Turbidity indicates the concentration of suspended solids in water (colloidal, clay,
algae, microorganisms, etc). Water turbidity causes discomfort to the user and normally
turbid water is often accompanied by microorganisms.
Excessive turbidity in drinking water may also represent a health concern. Turbidity
can provide food and shelter for pathogens. If not removed, turbidity can promote regrowth
of pathogens in the distribution system, leading to waterborne disease outbreaks, which
have caused significant cases of gastroenteritis (USGS, 02-Dec-2016).
e. Fe
In groundwater, iron usually exist with iron 2 form (Fe2+) which causes the water to
have a very unpleasant smell. When exposed to air, Fe2+ will be converted to Fe3+
precipitated red-brown that cause loss aesthetic of water, making clothes stained yellow,
floors, stained equipment sepia. Moreover, when the water flows through the pipe, iron
deposits will cause rust, clogging in the pipe. In addition, the amount of iron in the water
will make food deteriorate, change the color, taste; reduces the digestion and absorption of
foods, causing indigestion.
Iron is a necessary element for the human body. Iron is not considered to be harmful
to human health at moderate levels. In contrast, excess body iron in excess of 0.3 mg / l

also causes iron deposition in tissues such as the heart, liver, endocrine glands ... leading to
severe dysfunction of these organs (Le Van Nhan, July 22nd, 2016).
f. Manganese
Manganese is present in water in the form of dissolved ion (Mn2+). If the content is
less than 0.1 mg / l, manganese is good for health. However, if the content of manganese is
1-5 mg / l, it will affect some organs of the body. Mn absorption into the body can be toxic
7


to the lungs, nervous system, kidneys and heart. Long-term exposure to manganese can
reduce language ability, memory loss, reduced mobility associated with hand movement
and eye movement. Long-term poisoning leads to abnormal nerves such as gait and
abnormal language.
Manganese is particularly harmful to children because the child's body easily absorbs
a lot of manganese while the discharge is very little. This leads to the accumulation of Mn
in the child's body, causing serious consequences (T. T. Xuan, Dec-25-2015).
g. Ammonium
Water has high ammonium content, indicates that water has been contaminated with
organic substances of nitrogen origin (wastewater, fertilizers, animal waste, etc.).
Ammonium is not too toxic to the body, but if it exists in water with a content that exceeds
the permitted standard, it can be transformed into carcinogens. Ammonium in groundwater
when it is exposed to oxygen in the air transforms into nitrate and nitrite (Canter, 1996).
Nitrate and Nitrite, which affect the body, cause methemoglobin (oxygen deficiency in the
blood), especially when combined with amino acids in the body to form nitrosamines that
cause cancer (P. Mr. Brian Oram, 2014).
h. Chloride
Chloride is the major ion in natural water representing salinity. It is most abundant in
seawater and salt mines. In freshwater and in groundwater, the content of Cl- usually
ranges from 20 mg / L to 800 mg / L. Chloride is very useful for the body, but at high
levels can cause kidney failure, contributing to increased risk of high blood pressure.

(World Health Organization, 2003)

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1.2.3. Some research about the domestic water in the world and Vietnam
As of today, there have been man projects, research works about water activities by
scientists and student in the world and in Vietnam. Some case studies are as follows:
a.

In the world:

“Assessment of domestic water quality: case study, Beirut, Lebanon” of Samira
Ibrahim Korfali, Mey Jurdi (2007). The objective of this study is to investigate domestic
water quality variation in Beirut City emerging from the chemical and microbial
contamination of drinking water. Results showed deterioration pattern in domestic water
quality.
“Microbiological and physico-chemical assessment of the quality of domestic water
sources in selected rural communities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa” of
Zamxaka M, Pironcheva G and Muyima NYO from Environmental and Natural Products
Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology,
University of Fort Hare (2004). This research was carried out with the purpose to
determine the present micro-biological and physico-chemical qualities of domestic water
sources used by Gaga, Gqumashe, and Gogogo rural communities. The result was
compared with the South African Standards for Domestic water quality (DWAF, 1996)
“Drinking water quality assessment” of Arvai J, Gautam B, Sapkota N from Central
Department of Environment Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
(2012). This study was carried out to assess the quality of drinking water from different
natural resources, reservoirs and collection taps at Arthunge VDC of Myagdi district. The
result was compared with national and WHO guidelines.


9


b. In Vietnam
“Research some factors about domestic water quality and some related diseases in 6
communes at Dong Hung, Thai Binh. Evaluating the efficiency of some used measures” of
Ngo Thi Nhu from the Military Medical Academy. The project determines the number of
arsenic contamination in domestic water to contribute to improving people’s health and
environment sanitation. The results show that 31,6% of drilling wells and 7,2% of digging
wells reach the standard of hygiene in the study area.
“Assessing and proposing some measures to improve the quality of domestic water
in Xuan Mai town, Chuong My district, Hanoi” of Nguyen Van Son from Vietnam
National University of Forestry (2009). The research has analyzed and assessed the current
status of water quality of the study area at the time of research through some indicators,
and also used the WQI method to assess the water quality in Xuan Mai town. The analysis
results show that the water quality of the area is moderate.
“Assessing the status and the demand for domestic water use of people in the area
of Xuan Mai town, Chuong My district, Hanoi” of Hoang T.T. Mai, Vu T.T. Phuong, Ngo
Van Luc from Vietnam National University of Forestry (2010). The research results also
show the current status of water sources, the demand for domestic water use of people in
the town. At the same time, the research also recommends some solutions to improve the
efficiency of water resource use in the study area at the time of the study.
“Study and propose some solutions to improve the quality of underground water
sources in Tan Xuan hamlet, Xuan Mai town, Chuong My district, Ha Noi” of Nguyen Thi
Thuy from Vietnam National University of Forestry (2014). The research has conducted an
analysis of 30 samples with 8 indicators and compared result with QCVN 09:
2008/BTNMT. Moreover, the research has also applied ArcGIS software to build up the
distribution map for clean water level in Tan Xuan. The results show that the quality of
10



underground water in the study area is quite good that can serve the daily life of people in
the area.
However, this researches have conducted for a long time and not after the flood
period. The results also haven’t mentioned to the level of contaminated domestic water as
well as the level distribution map of domestic water in Xuan Mai town. This study was
conducted to solve these problems and provide information for further research.

II. GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
2.1. Goals
This research project contributes to the water quality database in Xuan Mai town,
which proposes to improve the quality of domestic water for local people.
2.2. Specific objectives
- Investigating the situation of domestic water use of households in Xuan Mai town,
Chuong My district, Hanoi.
- Evaluating the quality of domestic water in Xuan Mai town through some
indicators analysis and interview results.
- Building up the level distribution map to domestic water quality in Xuan Mai
town.
- Proposing some solutions to improve the domestic water quality in Xuan Mai
town.

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III. STUDY SITE AND METHODS
3.1. Selection of research site

Figure 3.1. Map of study site

Xuan Mai Town belongs to Chuong My District, Hanoi. With coordinates 28°58’
north latitude, 105°05' east longitude. Xuan Mai town is located on the intersection
between National Highway 6A and National Highway 21A, 33km west of Hanoi. Xuan
Mai town is located:
- In the north, it borders on Dong Yen Commune, Quoc Oai District, Hanoi City.
- In the south and east, it borders on Thuy Xuan Tien commune, Chuong My
district, Hanoi city.
- In the west, Hoa Son commune, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province.

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3.1.1. Natural conditions
a. Topography
The terrain of Xuan Mai town is semi-mountainous and uneven, with mountainous
terrain low and is transitional place between the plain and the midland with relatively high
elevation. Mountain hills of medium height, favorable for the development of forestry,
breeding farms and fruit trees.
b. Climate
The climate in Xuan Mai is a monsoon tropical climate, characterized by distinct
seasons:
- The rainy season starts from April to October, the rainfall accounts for 91% of the
annual rainfall.
- The dry season starts from November to March of the following year.
Annual average rainfall is 1839 mm, rainfall mainly from May to 10, the remaining
months of the year rainfall are negligible. The average temperature is 23.1 ° C. The hottest
month is 3.5 ° C (June & July). The coldest month is 8.5 ° C (January).
The humidity is relatively high and fairly uniform between months of the year.
Average annual humidity is 84.25%. The popular wind direction is the northeast monsoon
and the southeast monsoon. South-east monsoon blows from November to March next

year, north-east monsoon blows from April to July.
c. Hydrology
Xuan Mai town is mainly a canal system for agricultural production. In addition,
Xuan Mai also has Bui River, Tich River that contribute to irrigation and water supply for
the needs of production and consumption of people.

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d. Natural resources
- Soil : The total area of the natural land of the town is 1051.88 hectares, mainly
land brown feralit. There is also alluvial soil that is filled up by two rivers Bui and Tich
River, accounting for 5% of the total area of 52.59 ha, distributed in the fields in the
southeast of Xuan Mai town.
- Water resource: Surface water used for daily life and production depend on the
water of Bui River and Tich River through the district's pumping stations. Ground water
level is from 5-7m, water quality is quite good. The water source is plentiful enough to
meet the demand for people. However, due to natural conditions and terrain distribution of
rainfall, some places will occur inundation phenomenon.
3.1.2. Social-economic conditions
a. Social conditions
According to the statistical report in 2017, the town has 26,512 people distributed in
9 hamlets: Tan Xuan, Tien Truong, Xuan Ha, Tan Binh, Xuan Mai, Bui Xa, Chien Thang,
Dong Vai, and Tan Mai.
Xuan Mai town has a large, densely populated area with a large number of workers,
students and students coming from other places to universities, colleges and enterprises
more and more increase yearly. Xuan Mai has many schools and enterprises: Vietnam
National University of Forestry, The North Vietnam College of Agriculture and Rural
Development, many elementary schools, secondary schools Xuan Mai and Xuan Mai
animal feed processing factory. So the population is growing rapidly.

b. Economic conditions
In recent years, the economy of Xuan Mai town has made remarkable progress, high
growth rate, people's life improved and improved. Agricultural production has achieved
14


good results, the application of mechanization in agricultural production increases
productivity. The conversion of crops structure and cultivated crops increases productivity.
In general, the economic growth of the town is fast, with good results, contributing
significantly to the economic structure of the district.
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Investigating the situation of domestic water use of households
To investigate the situation of domestic water use in the study area, the research
have chosen semi-structured interview with a set of questions about the need for using
water quality, the characteristics and effects of water, methods of filtering and proposing
ideas for improving water quality. (Appendix 1)
The research collected data throughout the area of the town of Xuan Mai, but due to
overcrowding population, cost and time limit, the study could not interview all the
households. The research has chosen stratified sampling methods, dividing the study area
into nine strata according to administrative boundaries. Then from each strata, conduct a
simple random survey of 10 households. From that, the result within strata has lower
standard deviation and smaller error in estimation than other methods.
The project interviewed 90 households in 9 hamlets: Tan Xuan, Tien Truong, Xuan
Ha, Tan Binh, Xuan Mai, Bui Xa, Chien Thang, Dong Vai, and Tan Mai. The purpose of
this interview was to identify initially the main water resource used most in the region and
have correctly identified the people’s awareness about the importance of using clean water.
Therefore, investigating the amount of domestic water in the whole town and the demand
of local people for using clean water.
Schedule for interview: 14th 8, 2018 to 16th 8, 2018. (After the flood period)


15


Figure 3.2. Investigating locations for the interview in study site
3.2.2. Evaluating the quality of domestic water in Xuan Mai
a. Experiment design
In order to make the initial assessment of water quality in Xuan Mai town, after
fieldwork study, I used stratified sampling at 9 hamlets in Xuan Mai. In each area, 3
households were randomly chosen to test water quality.
There are total 27 samples that are collected from 9 hamlets. In which, 14 samples
are taken by drilling well and 13 digging well samples.
Time: 14th 8, 2018 (after the flood period)

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Figure 3.3. Sampling location in study site
Sampling location are described in table:
Table 3.1. Location of sampling sites in Xuan Mai town
ID

1

2

3

4

Symbol


Household

Water

Sample

owners

sources

S01

S02

S03

S04

Latitude

Longitude

Nguyen

Digging No 18, civil group 1, 20,902401

105,596724

Van Kien


well

Nguyen

Digging No 24, civil group 2, 20,901212

Van Tuan

well

Nguyen

Digging No 13, civil group 4, 20,900452

Van Qua

well

Bui

S05

Bui

well

7

S06


S07

well

105,595847

Bui Xa hamlet
105,594620

Bui Xa hamlet
105,592194

Tien Truong hamlet

Van Digging No 33, civil group 3, 20,908110

Hung
6

Bui xa hamlet

Van Digging No 26, civil group 2, 20,907716

Lap
5

Location

105,591691


Tien Truong hamlet

Pham Van Digging No 22, civil group 3, 20,906872
Dong

well

Nguyen

Digging Civil group 3, Dong 20,900607

105,592777

Tien Truong hamlet

17

105,592832