MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS
Title
ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF DOMESTIC WATER IN
THUY XUAN TIEN COMMUNE, CHUONG MY
DISTRICT, HANOI.

Major: Natural Resources Management
Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Bui Quynh Trang
Class: K57 Natural Resources Management

Student ID: 1253090035
Course: 2012 – 2016

Advanced Education Program
Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. TRAN QUANG BAO, Ph.D

Hanoi, November – 2016


ABSTRACT
Thuy Xuan Tien, which locates in the west of Chuong My district, is a small
commune of Hanoi. The population is quite crowded and the economy is increasing fast.
Along with this development, the demand for clean water of local people is also going up.
However, the quality of domestic water in the village has not been properly concerned. To
assess the water quality, the thesis used variety research methods such as: Method of

interviewing, data processing and assessment of the domestic water quality in the
commune by examining some chemical indicators such as: pH, hardness, Fe. The research
results show that the domestic water of Thuy Xuan Tien is relatively clean except two
villages: Xuan Linh, Xuan Sen. There are some limestone mountains in these areas and
they are the main reasons making the ground water harder than the other areas. However,
the water hardness of these two villages is still in the standard of QCVN 02 BYT/2009 and
has not harmed to the local people’s health yet. Business, increasing number of people in
the commune and bad awareness of people are major socio – economic development
activities that contribute to the degradation of Thuy Xuan Tien domestic water quality . To
contribute to improve the quality of domestic water, the thesis propose some solutions such
as: using high – technology machine, applying some new policies for water management,
raising awareness of local people about the importance of domestic water quality and
protecting the environment.
Key words: Domestic water quality, assess the water quality, drinking water,
drilling wells, digging wells, self-supplied water.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Assoc. Prof.
Tran Quang Bao for continuous support of my studt and related research, for his patience,
motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research
and writing of this thesis. The study would not have been possible without his support.
Secondly, I would like to thank the authority of Thuy Xuan Tien commune for
supporting and giving me the chance to study in the commune. Besides, I also thank the
local people in 9 villages for providing valuable information and data of the area.
Last but not least, I wish to thank Dr Bui Van Nang and Ms Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bich
of the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University for providing me
with the measure instruments and helping me measure the initial indicators to complete my
thesis.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.

The current domestic water situation. ......................................................................... 1

1.2.

Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 3

Chapter II. STUDY GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES…………….……………6
2.1. Study goal and objectives ............................................................................................... 6
Chapter III. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….………7
3.1. Study area…………………………………………………………………………….7
3.2. Interviewing .................................................................................................................... 8
3.3. Sampling methods........................................................................................................... 9
3.3. The sampling locations ................................................................................................. 10
3.4. Analytical methods in laboratory. ................................................................................. 12
Chapter IV. RESULTS...................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Current use of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune. ...................................... 16
4.1.1. The main water resource of local people................................................................... 16
4.1.2. The water supply situation. ........................................................................................ 18
4.1.4. Demand for pumping water (centralized water supply). ........................................... 19
4.2.1. Results of digging well samples analysis. .................................................................. 21



4.2.3. Results of pumping water sample analysis (Be Tong Apartments và J106 Nursery School)....... 28
4.2.4. Rain water analysis results. ....................................................................................... 31
Chapter V: DICUSSION ................................................................................................... 32
5.1. Assessing the quality of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune. ..................... 32
5.2. Proposing some solutions. ............................................................................................ 33
5.2.1. Technology solutions ................................................................................................. 33
5.2.2. Solutions for water management. .............................................................................. 35
5.2.3. Solutions to raise awareness of local people. ............................................................ 35
5.2.4. The limitations of the study. ....................................................................................... 36
Chapter VI: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 37
REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 38


LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. The sampling sites locations...................................................................................... 11
Table 4.1. Water source of domestic use in Thuy Xuan Tien commune ............................... 16
Table 4.2: The assessment of local people about the amount of domestic water ................. 18
Table 4.3: The assessment of local people about domestic water quality ............................. 18
Table 4.4: Demand of using pumping water .............................................................................. 19
Table 4.5. Results of water sample wells analysis in Thuy Xuan Tien Commune (2016) .. 20
Table 4.6: The drilling water sample analysis………………………………………….….26
Table 4.7: Results of pumping water sample analysis……………………………………29
Table 4.8: The rainwater analysis results in Thuy Xuan Tien commune. ............................. 31


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1. The map of Chuong My District…………………………………………………..…7
Figure 4.1: The amount of pH in water samples compared to the water quality standards .... .23

Figure 4.2: Water Hardness in water sample compared to the water quality standards.... 24


Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.
1.1.

The current domestic water situation.
Domestic water is the water used in every household to serve living purposes such as

drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and
watering lawns and gardens. Domestic water use includes potable and non-potable water
provided to households by a public water supplier (domestic deliveries) and self-supplied
water use. Self-supplied domestic water use is typically withdrawn from a private source,
such as a well, or captured as rainwater in a cistern (USGS, Domestic Water Use, 2014).
In recent years, the issues of water quality and supplying of domestic water to the
people has always been the concern of the scientists, managers, distributors and users.
There is a phenomenon, many people are not really comfortable with the current used
water, this is evidenced by the application of individual treatment methods ranging from
the use of raw water filter homemade or the modern filters, water purification machines to
import as RO, Kangaroo. Besides, to facilitate and ensure domestic water is used as the
type of bottled water available in the market. Considering in this respect, there are two
problems arises. The first, water in prefilled and filtered water from the RO equipment is
cleaned and how neccesary is it? Secondly, when considering the aspect of social justice,
the family can not afford to buy bottled water or filtered modern equipment will have to
use the water which is supposed to be assured of the quality and the risk of health bad
effects.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that six million people are blind
due to trachoma and more than 150 million people are in need of treatment. The pathogen
and diseases, which are related to water, rises very fast and powerfully such as dysentery,
cholera and skin diseases, have been occurring in the developed and developing countries.

According to statistics of Global Health at Harvard University, the World Health
1


Organization and the World Bank, annually there are about 4 billion cases of diarrhea,
which killed 2.2 million people, mainly children under 5 years of age (each 15 second, a
child is killed). This figure accounts for about 15% of children die of all causes in the
developing countries. However, in Vietnam, as well as water quality management was not
really good. The water management is also separated, less focused and less expanded in
most of the localities in the country.
Hanoi is the biggest city of Vietnam. Therefore, the domestic water quality issue is
also a concern of scientists and local people. A series of water treatment plants have been
built in recent years to satisfy the rapidly growing demand in the city. Hanoians live in fear
that they may one day suffer deadly diseases because of the unsafe water. Dr. Pham Hung
Viet, Director of the Center for Environment Technology Research and Sustainable
Development, affirmed that the treated water still has arsenic, manganese and chlorine
concentrations well above Vietnamese and World Health Organization (WHO) standards.
Also according to Dr.Viet, only the Ngoc Ha street - Ba Dinh District is churning out water
with an arsenic concentration meeting the standard of under 0.01 mg per liter. Meanwhile,
water with high arsenic concentrations is still dispensed by other plants, including Phap
Van, Nam Du, Yen Phu, Luong Yen and Thanh Tri (VietnamNet, 2014). Assessing the
quality of domestic water in Thanh Xuan district, Tran Cong Khanh been studied and
published in the journal Science No. 7/1996 Land Vietnam. There have been many studies
of the scientists on water quality, but generally they only concentrated on the inner city of
Hanoi, where the population is high. The scientists are not really interested in researching
the suburban areas because the cost analysis is relatively high.
Thuy Xuan Tien is a small commune of Chuong My District, Hanoi. It has 9
hamlets: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Linh, Xuan Sen, Xuan Long, Xuan Trung, Go Cao, Tien An,
Tien Truong, Tri Thuy. The commune is in
2


the progress with the development of


economic activity - society and increasingly expanding. There are many offices, schools,
supermarkets ... concentrating there. Therefore, the demand of local people for domestic
water is very large. This is the pressure on the system of socio-economic development.
Domestic water supply resource is various in the area, but mostly groundwater. In the
process of formation and development, the local people still use groundwater for drinking
and production. However, due to the long exploitation period and the risk of pollution from
domestic sewage, the quality of groundwater in some places can not be guaranteed,
because of the increased concentrations of some environmental parameters, or the
appearance of the substance, strange organism. Currently, there is no concrete studies can
evaluate the quality of reserves and domestic water made by the specialized agencies.
Although the observation was carried out every year, but this activity is only superficial,
the indicators did not analyze specifically and the analysis results are not communicated to
the people. Therefore, we need more specific researches to improve water quality and the
solutions to ensure clean water for residents in the area.
For those reasons, I come up with a goal of “assessing the quality of domestic
water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune, Chuong My district, Hanoi, Vietnam” to be my
study in order to contribute in raising awareness of the users to the problem of water
quality and propose solutions to the goal of providing clean water to local people.
1.2.

Literature Review
Domestic water or potable water is defined as that having acceptable quality in

terms of its physical, chemical, bacteriological and acceptability parameters so that it can
be safely used for drinking and cooking ( WHO, 2004 ). World Health Organization
(WHO) defines domestic water to be safe as long as it does not cause the population any

significant health risks over a life time of consumption and effort should be made to
maintain drinking water quality at the highest possible level. Any group of people that do
3


not have access to a potable source of drinking water, are being exposed to high levels of
possible contamination and subsequently could result in disease conditions of various
magnitudes (Mensah Thesis, 2011). Polluted waters contain significant levels

of

pollutants, usually at levels above WHO certified drinking water quality standards and
these are able to cause significant problems when ingested by humans (Cunningham,
1999). Due to the open accessibility of surface water and hand-dug well, they easily
receive foreign materials from various sources which negatively impact on the quality of
the water.
In Vietnam, rural domestic water supply in the state is alarming due to environmental
pollution, water from the industrialization, production facilities, waste water treatment in
contravention of regulations. The percentage of households in rural areas account for 67%
(Household water, 2016). Currently in rural areas domestic water using is still the majority
of wells from underground aquifers, rivers and streams, lakes, rainwater as reported by the
Centre for Water and Sanitation. The province has 110 water supply projects concentrated
in rural areas. Of these, six works by a number of public service unit manager; 2 works by
corporate managers and 102 works by local self-management. Also, in a rural area about
85 900 small water supply projects from dug wells, water tanks, water flows due to
people's self-realization and exploitation. According to the regulations of the Ministry of
Health, with the centralized water supply projects are managed in accordance with national
standards of water quality - QCVN02: 2009, the management unit works to sample water
inlet water , output periodically 3-6 months / time to send the bodies function water quality
tests (by the State allowed) to do the test. When a sample, the test results also indicate

where the test unit and know, not have any mandatory requirements management units
must submit the results of clean water for the supervision and management agencies.
Therefore, it is difficult to know the unit management and operation of the facility with

4


piped timely remediation, water treatment while providing no guarantee of health
indicators to the user or not.
Meanwhile, the agency assigned responsibility for managing is the Center for Clean
Water and Rural Environmental Hygiene, just going supervision and sampling inspection
probabilistic by funding sources for the program's activities, are limited. Each year, the
Center is only a few hundred samples taken at both the centralized water supply facilities,
water, gravity, water wells, wells in the population ( Thu Nguyet, 2014).
According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the
country had 84.5% of rural residents use clean water. In particular, rural areas where the
population is used to clean water continues to be the highest with 94.5% Southeast, the
Red River Delta (RRD) 91% and the Mekong River Delta (MRD) 88% . The proportion of
the population have access to clean water is lowest in the North Central region (81%),
although this is the region with the second highest household in rural areas nationwide 4/7.
In Hanoi, the proportion of people in rural areas use drinking water in accordance
with the new standards to reach 35.5%. Of these, only 7.7% is used from centralized water
supply facilities investment by the city, the rest are from the urban water supply system
and the people themselves with the device filter household water filters (Vo Hung, 2016).
The traditional emphasis on chemical indicators of water quality must be
supplemented by more comprehensive indicators based on the total properties of water
body including: chemical, physical, biological and ecological parameters. It must also be
recognized that fresh water quality is impacted directly by natural and human activities
outside the water sphere such as land use practices, erosion and deforestation. Some are
also tied to acid deposition or natural contamination. Such problems often require

monitoring and protection at the local level, while some have significant transboundary
components which are addressed at national and International levels (International
Conference on Water and the Environment Report, 1992).

5


Chapter II. STUDY GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
2.1. Study goal and objectives
Goal: The goal of this project is to assess the water quality of local people in Thuy Xuan
Tien from the various source.
Specific objectives:


Investigating the situation of domestic water in study area.
+ The form of domestic water using in Thuy Xuan Tien commune;
+ The demand of clean water use for local people.



Assessing the quality of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune through the
indicators collected and measured in the lab in September:
+ Characteristics reason: odor, pH, hardness.
+ Total metal: Mn, Fe.
+ Other parameters: chloride, fluoride.



Proposing some technological solutions and management consistent with the
exploitation and use of water in the study area in order to improve the domestic

water quality for the local people.

6


Chapter III. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Study area

Figure 3.1. The map of Chuong My District
Thuy Xuan Tien commune belongs to Chuong My district, Hanoi. Its geographic
coordinates are 20 ° 53'10 "N and 105 ° 35'4" E, is a mountainous commune but located
southwest Chuong My district. It has an area of 1191.51 ha with the population size
number is 16 654 people (Thuy Xuan Tien statistics, 2015). The commune is divided into 9
rural communes: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Long, Xuan Linh Xuan Trung, Tri Thuy, Tien An, Go
Cao, Xuan Sen, Tien Truong.
In recent years, rapidly increasing population and economic and educational
developments of the city brought a huge stress on natural resources including ground
7


water, land use, farmland etc. Economic growth is increasing, the economic structure has
shifted. Infrastructure investment is concerned, upgraded, rehabilitated and built capacity
to serve the transportation system, post offices, schools ... Because of the speed of
development, the needs of using clean water of people as well as factories, businesses,
schools are increasing also. In addition, water resources have not been tight management
and quality assurance. The treatment and improve the quality of domestic water is essential
for the economic development. However, current research has not yet been carried out to
assess and improved the quality of domestic water in the commune. Majority of the people
have used electric pumps to extract water while few people used hand pumps.
Thuy Xuan Tien, where majority of the residents have various standard of life and

poor housing conditions. In this commune, mix standard of living exists. Sixteen water
samples have been taken from each villages of the study area and got tested in Center of
Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University to find out the quality status of
selected physical and chemical parameters of the water. The samples were collected from
electric pumps the most common source of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien. After that,
the results of these parameters were compared and discussed with QCVN 01: 2009/BYT,
QCVN 02: 2009/BYT and ADWG, 2006 (Australia Drinking Water Guideline) . In
addition, in order to discover the overall physical quality of water in study areas, a field
survey was conducted and data was gathered through questionnaire using random cluster
sampling. Results were portrayed in graphs prepared in MS Excel.
3.2. Interviewing
The project interviewed 80 households in 9 hamlets: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Long, Xuan Linh,
Xuan Trung, Tri Thuy, Tien An, Go Cao, Xuan Sen, Tien Truong. The purpose of this
interview was to identify initially the main water source used most in the region and have
correctly identify the people's awareness about the importance of using clean water.
8


Therefore, investigating the amount of domestic water in the whole commune and the
demand of local people for using clean water.
3.3. Sampling methods
Based on the nature and characteristics of the water as well as the characteristics of
natural conditions and characteristics of socio-economic development in the region should
be selected indicators to analyze water samples are: iron, manganese, odor , pH, hardness,
Floride, Chloride. These indicators are one of the most significant ones assessing the
hazardous or safe of water quality for users. Each indicator has specific meaning.
However, the heavy metals (iron, manganese..), flo, chloride, pH and hardness are the
indicators affecting directly to the human health. That is the reason why these indicators
chose instead of others. Water samples were taken directly from the wells or from the point
of extraction and water tanks.

The request of water sampling method appropriate for each indicator:
-

Water samples are taken directly from the water department of the family with the
following procedure:

-

Step 1: Unscrew the drain hose, the water runs out about 5-6 minutes to remove all the
water available in the tube.

-

Step 2: Using a polyethylene plastic bottle was washed and coated with water sample
preparation, grab bottles of about 2-3 liters to ensure that the process of analyzing all the
parameters analyzed. Then, depending on the requirements of the criteria analyzed that
appropriated methods of preservation for each sample. For the samples for analysis of
heavy metals such as Fe, Mn preserved by adding ml HNO3 acid in the sample. Over the
full sample record information such as: Symbol samples, sampling locations, sampling
days, the weather characteristics of the sampling days, samplers. After that the samples
were packed into crates and transported to porous laboratory to analyze samples not be

9


longer than 10 hours outside. When shipping samples of the room, all of information such
as: locations, dates, form of water storage were recorded carefully on the bottle and in the
notes.
-


Also, borrowed some tools to measure indicators such as pH, temperature at the time of
sampling locations and to get the most accurate results.
-

pH:
Using litmus paper to measure, put it directly into the water sample. Wait about 10

seconds until the displayed results on paper, and recorded the results.
-

Temperature:
Using hand-held meter HI98129, embedded directly locomotive into water, wait about

20 seconds until the displayed results and recorded parameters to be measured.
3.3. The sampling locations
In order to make the initial assessment of water quality in Thuy Xuan Tien commune,
after fieldwork study, subjects were randomized sampling conducted at 16 sites in five
areas. These places is the location with the high population density as well as the economic
development is increasing. Those places are Xuan Thuy, Xuan Trung, Xuan Sen, Xuan
Long, Xuan Linh, with representatives of all four types of water use and the number of
samples is as follows: 7 digging well samples, 4 drilling well samples wells, 2 pumping
water samples and 2 samples of rain water.
Sampling locations are described in Table 3.1:

10


Table 3.1. The sampling sites locations
Symbol
No


Household owner

Water source

Location

Date

Sample
1

S01

Nguyen Van Hau

Drilling Well

Xuan Thuy

01/09/16

2

S02

Pham Thi Tha

Rain Water


Xuan Thuy

01/09/16

3

S03

Nguyen Thi Thanh Van

Digging Water

Xuan Thuy

01/09/16

4

S04

Trinh Thi Bay

Digging Well

Xuan Sen

01/09/16

5


S05

Nguyen Van Quang

Digging Well

Xuan Trung

01/09/16

6

S06

Nguyen Van Tri

Digging Well

Xuan Sen

01/09/16

7

S07

Hoang Thi Nu

Drilling Well


Xuan Linh

01/09/16

8

S08

Chu Thi Binh

Drilling Well

Xuan Long

01/09/16

9

S09

The Armed Police College

Digging Well

Xuan Thuy

02/09/16

10


S10

Vu Duy Thinh

Digging Well

Xuan Linh

02/09/16

11

S11

Dang Thi May

Digging Well

Xuan Sen

02/09/16

12

S12

Khuat Van Khai

Digging Well


Xuan Sen

02/09/16

13

S13

Lai Thi Thuy

Drilling Well

Xuan Long

02/09/16

14

S14

Be Tong Apartment

Pumping Water

Xuan Trung

02/09/16

15


S15

Trinh Xuan Hien

Rain Water

Xuan Sen

02/09/16

16

S16

J106 Nursery School

Pumping Water

Xuan Thuy

02/09/16

11


3.4. Analytical methods in laboratory.
a. Measure the total amounts of Fe in the water.
Determination of Fe total by sunfoxalixilic acid reagent, as this is highly selective
reagent for Fe and mitigate interference agents of some divalent metals in the water.
Oxidation of iron in the sample is completely on form Fe3+. This ion reacts with acid

reagents sunfoxalixilic alkaline forming yellow complex.
Step 1: Get 0; 1; 3; 5; 10 ml Fe3+ concentration of 1mg / ml pour into to 100ml

-

volumetric flask and denoted respectively S01, S02, S03, S04, S05.
-

Step 2: Add about half of the amount distilled water in the bottle, 2 ml NH4Cl

solution, 2ml Sunfoxalixilic acid solution and 2 ml NH3 solution, and shake.
-

Step 3: Add distilled water to the mark norms, then

the amount of Fe 3+

concentration in the flask were: 0; 0:01; 0:05; 0.1mg / l, after 5 minutes the optical density
of the solution on the wavelength λ = UVIS 430nm.
-

Step 4: Determine the maximum absorbance and road construction standards show

a correlation between concentration and optical density measured by the equation:
Y = Ax + B
Y: The amount of Fe in the sample
X: optical density measured


Analysis method for the sample and calculating results.


Because of the amount of Fe in domestic water is small so I have to conduct sample
enrichment, the process is as follows: Take 1L concentrated water samples brought to 80 300ml (this is the stage enriched form), then proceed act like a standard road construction
template. Calculation Results: Based on the equation Y = ax + b to calculated using the
formula:
12


C0 . V0 = C1 . V1
C0: the initial concentration (mg / l)
V0: the initial volume (ml)
C1: The following concentration calculated from the calibration curve (mg / l)
V1: the volumetric flask (100ml))
b. Measuring the total chloride in the water.
Take 100ml of water samples (Va) ch into conical flask or beaker. HNO3 or NaOH
used the pH in the range of 5 - 9.5 and record the volume used if the pH <5, then it is better
to adjust using NaCO3. Add 1 mL K2CrO4, titration solution by adding AgNO3 solution
drop by drop until the color of the solution changes to brownish red record volume of
solution used in this titration (volumetric), after adding a drop of NaCl, the color
disappears.
Do the same for white (distilled water sample) and record the volume of solution
AgNO3 does not exceed 0.2ml.
Calculation results:
Chloride concentrations in the water is calculated by milligrams / liter by the formula:
CCL = (Vc - Vb). C35453 / Va
CCL: local chloride concentration in mg / l
Va: volume of the sample in ml (100ml)
Vb: volume of AgNO3 solution used to titrate the blank (ml)
Vc: volume of AgNO3 solution used to titrate sample (ml)
C: concentration of AgNO3 solution used to titrate (mg / l)

c. Determine the total hardness in water.
Samples must be taken labs on polyethylene bottle, do not use average glass.

13


- Analysis of the samples as soon as possible, if the samples need to be stored before
distribution the sample area to keep in 2 ~ 6oC.
- If the sample is acidified for preservation, the need to neutralize the test portion with a
volume of 2M NaOH was premeditated. When calculating the results, should pay attention
to any dilution of the sample, and the test portion by the addition of acid or alkali.
- Shake the bottle and sample preservation must make sure that the pharmaceutical form of
homogeneous binhf taking part samples analyzed
Smoking exactly 10 ml of 10 mmol CaCO3 / l to 250 ml in a flask, dilute to 50 ml with
distilled water. Continue to implement similar titration form part identified.
d. Measure the total amount of mangan in water.
Get two conical flask, 250 ml capacity (if doing multiple samples, for example 8 + 1
samples are taken for 8 conical flask).
Pour 100 ml water sample into the first conical water, 1 ml of sulfuric acid, 1ml
10% silver nitrate was boiling until getting 50ml left. Filter, remove precipitate, rinse with
pure water to the original volume (100 ml). Boil, add 10 ml of potassium which pesunfat
saturated, continue to boil more minutes, the solution is colored pink.
-

Pour 5 ml of 75% sulfuric acid and 10 ml of saturated potassium pesunfat into the

second conical flask, boil one minute more, let cool and norms with 100 ml of distilled
water enough.
- After both conical flask (1) and (2) has cooled, using burette basket to pour slowly 0.01 N
solution of potassium permanganate into the second bottle (2), just shaking its basket until

the water in the second conical flask had the same color as the color of the water sample
then stopped. Record number ml potassium permanganate was used (n).
e. Measure the total amount of Fluoride in the water.
Step 1: Fill a 20ml (beaker/small plastic container) about half-way with the water sample (about 10ml)
14


Step 2: Add 20 hydrochloric acid drops. The pH value must be below 1.
Step 3: Remove one fluoride test disc from ziplock bag. Close bag immediately.
Step 4: Pierce the round test disc in the middle with the enclosed needle!
Step 5: Throw test disc into the water sample and submerge completely.
Step 6: after 5 - 7 minutes the test disc is saturated with the solution, i.e. it does not absorb
any more liquid. At the latest 2 minutes after saturation remove the test disc from the
sample and compare the size of the bleached zone with the disc color scale. This test will
give you a reaction when the sample water has at least 2 parts per million of fluoride.
Otherwise no changes will be observed.

15


Chapter IV. RESULTS.
4.1 Current use of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune.
4.1.1. The main water resource of local people.
Water sources used in communal living in diverse areas were divided into 3 source
is: groundwater, surface water and rainwater. In particular, groundwater resources are used
most commonly. In addition, some households may take advantage of natural rain water as
a source of additional water for living, used in parallel with other water sources.
Groundwater is exploited through two forms of the wells and dug wells. Through
surveys and interviews show that the current groundwater resources in some areas is not
hygienic so contaminated by waste water, or water reserves are not sufficient for living in

the dry season, the picture becomes more serious when the surface area of natural land in
concrete areas is growing. Groundwater is the operator and can be used directly without
treatment or pretreatment with homemade filter system or the system as a modern water
purifier RO, Kangaroo ... Through some research suggests underground water sources in
areas with limited reserves should therefore exploit and rational use.
Rainwater is contained in rainwater tanks and water self-build and usually used
primarily for eating purposes. Compiled from 80 surveys in 8 different areas in Tien Thuy
Xuan commune, the utilization rate of the different water sources such as pumping water,
digging wells water, drilling well water, rain water or a combination use of water resources
is shown in table 4.1 below:
Table 4.1. Water source of domestic use in Thuy Xuan Tien commune
No

Source of water supply

Total

Percentage (%)

1

Drilling wells

22

28

2

Digging wells


41

51

3

Pumping water

9

11

4

Rain water

0

0

5

Digging/Drilling

wells/Pumping 3

4

water + Rain water

6

Digging wells + Pumping water

2

2

7

Digging wells + Drilling wells

3

4

16


a.

Digging wells.
Through Table 4.1 shows that the proportion of water use is greatest gieesgn training

(51%). This type of easy operation and use, the cost to invest in digging wells is low. The
wells are often dug deep people 6 - 10 m, diameter from 0.8 - 1.2m. Water is pumped up to
use directly or through a filter and then used. In the dry season, some wells have lowered
the water level is low, the water is often turbid, do not meet the daily needs of the people,
especially the residential area on highway 6 (Tien Truong village) and Ho Chi Minh road
(Xuan Sen village, Xuan Trung).

b.

Drilling wells.

Of the 80 households interviewed, only 28% of respondents are using well water. Most
families use this water source of the family group of economic conditions, in addition,
some families are forced to drilling to save space by areas of shallow groundwater.
However, according to some users, well water often contains more iron and sometimes debris.
c. Tap water.
In the study area, tap water is used mainly by the activities of living and learning
taken place in Be Tong apartment building (Xuan Trung), households living around the
school. J106 Nursery school also uses tap water to cater for the school's activities as well
as young children. This is being exploited by water wells, depth of about 60m, and is
treated with rig focus as high transient loads, then filtered through quartz sand tank and
chlorination disinfection (groundwater treatment technology, 2012). However, only 9
households are asked to use water resources account for 11%. Often people use this model
less than using wells dug by monthly or pay a sum of money to the state. Moreover, the
majority of households have land and they tend to dig wells to use than using centralized
water supply system except for residents living in apartment buildings, schools or factories
to source large countries, ensuring quality in service and manufacturing activities.
However, this is the model for providing clean water and should be expanded to ensure the
quality of water to the majority of people in the region.

17


d. Rain Water.
Among the interviewed households, any household can not only use rain water as the
only source of drinking water because of rain water is not enough. However, there are 3
households (4%) respondents have used rainwater and other water sources (wells or tap

water), in these cases, rainwater often purified and used as drinking water, family drink.
Also, there are 3 households nationwide use water wells and drilling accounted for about
4% of the 80 families were interviewed. In the case of using this combination, water wells
are often exploited and used.
4.1.2. The water supply situation.
Table 4.2: The assessment of local people about the amount of domestic water
The amount of
Quantity
Percentage (%)
domestic water
Enough
54
67.5
Not Enough
26
32.5
Among the interviewed households, with 32.5% of households said that water from
existing water use is not enough or a lot of the dry season. They will have some solutions
to get the water for example: Buy water bottled from the supermarket but the quality of the
water source is not guaranteed; use of water from the surrounding households but some
time the whole village is lack of water so they have no choice except for buying water.
Some households will try to use the water less. They might take full advantage of water
like using again and again instead of using once. This is also a good solution. It is not only
helps them have enough water to use but also saving the water
4.1.3. Water quality and treatment equipment
Table 4.3: The assessment of local people about domestic water quality
Water Quality
Good
Average
Not Good


Quantity
42
28
10
18

Percentage (%)
52.5
35
12.5