Acknowledgements
In the process of implementing topics, I have received the guidance of Dr. Tran
Viet Ha, the staff in Bavi National Park, and local people in Bavi commune.
To have completed this topic, I would like to express our sincere gratitude for the
valuable of theirs helps.
Despite great efforts, the ability and time are limited to topics inevitable
shortcomings. So the spirit realms and learn the requirements, I respectfully request that
we receive feedback from teachers and friends to more complete.
I would like to thank you!


Table of contents
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
II. Goals and objectives ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1

Goals ............................................................................................................................. 3

2.2

Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 3

III.

Methods ........................................................................................................................ 3

3.1

Study site ...................................................................................................................... 3

3.2

Selection of village ....................................................................................................... 6

3.3

Data collection Techniques .......................................................................................... 6

3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey ................................................................................................ 6
3.3.2 Questionnaire Preparation and Testing ........................................................................ 6
3.3.3 Household Questionnaire Survey ................................................................................. 7
3.3.4 Transect survey methodology ...................................................................................... 7
3.3.5 Survey method plots ..................................................................................................... 8
3.4

Data Processing and Analysis ...................................................................................... 8

IV.

Results ........................................................................................................................ 10

4.1

Population, economic - social at Hop Nhat village .................................................... 10

4.2

Three important MPs with development for livelihood ............................................. 13

4.3


The situation of three important MPs in the region .................................................... 14

4.4

The situation and exploit MPs market ........................................................................ 16

4.5

Solutions for conservation and development of the MPs in order to improve

livelihood ............................................................................................................................. 18
V. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 20
VI.

Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 20

VII. Recommendation ........................................................................................................ 21


Acronyms
The Confédération Interalliée des Sous-Officiers de Réserve
Non Timber Product
Medicinal plant

CISOR
NTP
MP


List of tables

Table 1: Grade table ............................................................................................................... 9
Table 2: Land classification in Hopnhat village, Bavi commune ........................................ 11
Table 3: Percentage of gender and age level ....................................................................... 13

List of Figure
Figure 1: Bavi National Park ................................................................................................. 4
Figure 2: The current configuration of villages and Park lands ............................................ 5
Figure 3: Transect lines.......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4: Three main groups for assessment ......................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Importance ranking of income sources in Hop Nhat village ................................ 12
Figure 6: Suggestion of local people ................................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Percentage of wild and cultivated the MPs were used ......................................... 15


I. Introduction
Forest areas play a very important role for human beings in terms of economy,
society and environment. Rural people, especially people living in or near forests, depend
on forest products as sources of food, fodder, medicines, building materials and as a source
of income. More than 240 million people around the world live in forested regions. Many
are poor and depend on forests for income. Forest-based activities in developing countries
provide an equivalent of 17 million full-time jobs in the formal sector and another 30
million in the informal sector, as well as 13-35% of all rural non-farm employment. In
Vietnam, an estimated 24 million of the country’s 82 million inhabitants live near forests
or are dependent on forests, and nearly 8 million ethnic minority people spend much of
their time hunting and gathering forest resources (Poffenberger et al. 1998).
For about twenty years now, increasing interest and high expectations in the topic
of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been expressed by scientists, development
practitioners, and conservationists. The use of NTFPs is considered as a means to
preserve biodiversity-rich forest areas, because NTFPs harvesting is said to be less
destructive than other forest uses, particularly timber harvesting (PETERS 1996).

Simultaneously, the socio-economic situation of local forest users may be improved
through commercializing specific NTFPs. Some NTFPs, such as medicine plants, have
high market value and may contribute substantially to the improvement of local rural
livelihoods. Medicine plants have also cultural meanings and are important for the
preservation of local communities' indigenous knowledge.
However, the promotion of NTFPs to improve rural livelihoods tends to be
problematic. They are likely to be substituted easily and the quantities collected from wild
growing are unpredictable and mobile. Also opportunities of income-generation through
the development of NTFPs for rural livelihoods have been assessed but it seems not

1


commensurate with its potential. A number of research projects all over the country are
ongoing, most of them as collaborations between Vietnamese government institutions and
international donors and non-governmental organizations. Bavi commune, Bavi National
Park, in the North of Vietnam famous for healing, is facing similar problems. Hundred
species of medicinal herbs are facing with threatened – where has been owned for more
than 500 species of medicinal herbs. But now, with 60% of pharmaceutical Vietnam to
import, which is few species had known as the strength of the Vietnamese plant
exploitation. Over exploitation and lack of attention to conservation is the main cause
making resources dwindling medicinal plants, many species verge of extinction. Three are
many research into the NTFPs topic was launched. which have been done so far in Bavi.
However, most of these focus on products with high probability of expansion in industrial
scale. Besides, there are many studies focusing on medicinal plants targeted at keeping
local knowledge to provide a complete list of medicinal plants, or focus on a kind of
medicinal plants plant's ability to expand. This way shows problem in the poor
community and ethnic people who lack of education as well as conditions.
Stemming from the above reasons, I choose research directions: "Assessing the role
of some important kind of non-timber forest products with Dao ethnic minority life to

propose a number of measures to alleviate poverty, improving the life quality in Bavi
commune, Bavi District, Ha Noi "

2


II.Goals and objectives
2.1 Goals
Proposing conservation and development measures of some important NTFPs to
stabilize the livelihood of Bavi commune, Bavi district, Hanoi.
2.2 Specific objectives
• Evaluate and select some kind of important MPs with development of people's livelihood
in the study area.
• Investigate, evaluate the situation some important MPs in the region.
• Proposal for a number of solutions to effectively contribution, improving the
conservation and development of NTFPs in the study area to improve livelihood.
III. Methods
3.1 Study site
Bavi National Park lies in Ha Noi, about 60 km from Hanoi center and accounts for
15 rare plant species, 7 plant species particular to the Bavi area, 129 medicinal plant
species, and 24 rare animal species.

3


Figure 1: Bavi National Park
The Park area embraces all lands above 100 m, for a total area of 10.814,6 ha. For
management purposes, three zones were designated in the Park: the land from the 400 m
contour upwards was considered to hold the richest biodiversity and was marked for strict
protection; the 100 m to 400 m zone was identified as an ecological rehabilitation zone;

and the buffer zone (100 m and below) was designated for multiple use and managed
collaboratively by the management board with local households.
The establishment of the Park in1991 forced the Dao villagers in Hop Nhat to
resettle, this time below the 100 m contour, creating the new village of So which consisted
of 95 households within the redefined Park boundary. To facilitate the move, each

4


relocated household received one ha of land in the buffer zone for gardens and housing.
Figure 2 shows the current configuration of villages and Park lands.

Figure 2: The current configuration of villages and Park lands
Bavi commune is located right at the mountain foot, with 1972 people, about 405
households and almost belonging to Dzao ethnic group. 80% of the inhabitants here have
knowledge of MPs and earn living based on their family owned herbal remedies. However,
it is very spontaneous, mainly supplying the raw materials thru wildly gathering.
Moreover, planting, clarifying and making a strategy to develop these and commercial
medicinal plants has never been focused on yet, thus the livelihood of inhabitants here is
very unstable. In addition, lacking of the surface area for planting and extending the
precious medicinal plants which need so much growing up at the high altitude of Bavi
mountain such as Hoa Tien species for curing the rheumatism, neurroleptic, anemia, etc,.
Dzao ethnic community has a very good experience and knowledge in identifying and
differentiating the medicinal plants in nature and using them as herbal remedy for curing
diseases and healthy recovery.

5


3.2 Selection of village

The selections of surveyed villages were based on local knowledge about medicinal
plants and dependence on medicinal plants in livelihood. The Dzao people have a tradition
of using and collecting medicinal plants. At present, among three villages of Bavi
commune - Yenson, Hopson and Hopnhat, the Dzao in Yenson village either rarely go to,
or have stopped going to collect medicinal plants. Only the Dzao in Hopson and Hopnhat
village still practice this tradition. However they are both Dzao so research just focus on
Hopnhat village where traditional medicinal plants are more famous.
3.3 Data collection Techniques
3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey
In order to get a view of the nature of the study area and prior to data collection, a
reconnaissance survey was initiated to acquire some basic ideas regarding to biodiversity
and livelihoods through the personal interview with the local people of the study area.
During the survey, views were exchanged with the peoples about the objectives. The
survey has helped to realize the existing condition of the area.
3.3.2 Questionnaire Preparation and Testing
Considering the objectives of the study a questionnaire was prepared for the
selected community after prepared the questionnaire, questionnaire was testing to fulfill
objectives of the study and to collect the selected information of the study. Then some
points were adding or cutting and final questionnaire was prepared. The information
collected includes:
 Survey of NTFP species important to the region's economic development.
 A survey on the current status of exploitation, use, value NTFPs some important crops
topics of interest.
 Extraction method, extraction frequency.

6


 The use of NTFPs, market, mode of manufacture of finished products.
3.3.3 Household Questionnaire Survey

To obtain information questionnaire was prepared to correspond all the aspects.
Interviewing method was applied to collect information. Randomness was strictly ensured
for better output. Primary data were obtained through Household survey. In Hopnhat
village recently, the total population is 507 people. The sample size we chose for
interviewing is 40 people in 30 households. Data were collected by interview procedure.
3.3.4 Transect survey methodology
After getting the preliminary data on trees provided NTFP, designing 5 transect lines
to test and additional information. Transect survey was arranged terrain passing the most
basic forms of the region (slopes, ridges, weather road, pull the fuel line, along the main
stream, around the villages in the study area) and these are routes which local people use to
go inside forest to collect medicinal plants. On the transect line observe to detect and
identify species provided NTFPs, rock detection and land name… The trees cannot be
determined accurately name will be collected.

Figure 3: Transect lines

7


 The main routes consists of 5 routes as follows:
 Route 1: From Cote of 400m from the road to the area of 600 and 700m.
 Route 2: From the Cote 600 passing the airport to ridges of 400m.
 Route 3: From the height of 700 m passing the top of Mui Meo down to 400m high.
 Route 4: From the entrance to go to the Upper Temple to the park 1100m.
 Route 5: From the park go to the top of Tan Vien and Ngoc Hoa ridges poured down to
high of 827m.
3.3.5 Survey method plots
On the transect line, at the location identified NTFP tree, make a rectangular plot.
Center of the box is location of NTFP tree. The area of each plot is 25m2 (5 * 5m). The
area of plot can vary depending on the circumstances, geographic location, ability to find

the same other trees.
3.4 Data Processing and Analysis
Analyzing the data (ArcGIS 9.3, Excel, ...). Collect all documents, templates, images
obtained during the investigation to determine the scientific name, making list, including
local name, purpose, used parts, origin and processing. From the results of field surveys of
NTFP plants know the growth. Along with the investigation in the markets and interviews
of local people and commune forestry extension workers, perform aggregate to identify the
most suitable plants that capable cultivation.
In order to providing three kinds of medicinal plant for sustainable development,
the market framework was used basing on seven assessment criteria small groups. The
main purpose is improving livelihood so each group has different level of important. Base
on the level of important, these were put into 3 main groups in order of important (group I,
group II, group III) (Figure...). Assessment criteria in each main group will have different
of scale in judge. For example, price for 1kg (dry) in market is belong to group I so the MP

8


has high price will be graded 5, the worse one is 4 and the worst is 3. While processing and
expiry date is criteria in group 3, so the MP which has long expiry date and easy
processing will be graded 3, the worse one is 2 and the worst one is 1. Table 1 shows the
way each MP is graded.

Group3:
Applicability

Group2:
Local
conditions


Group1: Value

Figure 4: Three main groups for assessment
Table 1: Grade table
Name

GroupI
(scale 5,4,3 point)
Price Cash Demand
flow

Group II
(scale 4,3,2 point)
Suit local Uniqueness Scientific
conditions
basis

Processing
and
Expiry
date

GroupIII
(scale 3,2,1 point)
Commercialization

Total
point
Significance
for

conservation

Three kind MPs will be provide d for sustainable development is three MP which
has highest grade from table above.

9


IV. Results
4.1 Population, economic - social at Hop Nhat village
The total area of this village is about 64.572 hectares which is 10.6 % of the total
area of Bavi commune. Though the agricultural land in the village makes up 57.72 % of
the total village area, the actual land for rice and vegetable production is only about 13 %
of the total agricultural land (Table 2).
Traditionally, as mentioned above, the Dzao people practice shifting cultivation.
Since 1959 when they received land from the government, they started practicing wet rice
cultivation. However, they still practiced dry rice cultivation until around 1998. Some
villagers told that they might re-practice the shifting cultivation due to the lack of
agricultural land. Till now they have been waiting for dry rice seeds which were to be
bought from the Muong people in Hoa Binh by an old man. At present, in order to have
agricultural land, some families even have to buy it from other people from the
neighbouring communes. Recently, Dzao families have been growing cassava on their
allocated forest plots “in-between” forest tree saplings. However, they expressed their
concern since when the forest trees grow and the canopy cover closes, they will not be able
to grow cassava, which is now their main income, anymore. Instead, the local people can
only receive an amount of money for their labor of taking care of the forest trees in their
allocated plots. The information of the possibility of using about 80-90 percent of the trees
once they reached maturity was not mentioned by the villagers.

10



Table 2: Land classification in Hopnhat village, Bavi commune
Type of land

Area (ha)

Percentage (%)

Agricultural land

37.272

57.72

- One crop paddy fields

2.700

4.2

- Two crop paddy fields

5.472

8.5

- Home garden

29.100


45.2

Forest garden land

20.000

30.8

Residential land

4.200

6.5

Other land

3.100

4.8

Total

64.572

100

Income sources
Some villagers pointed out that most of their income is from selling cassava
and edible canna, medicinal plants, and cattle feeding. Herbal medicine recently has been

considered as a good product so that the income from medicinal plants is ranked either in
the second position or third position just after cassava and edible canna cultivation or cattle
feeding. However, the income of most herbal healers from medicinal plants is higher than
that from cattle feeding. It is estimated that in families of herbal medicine specialists, the
income from herbal medicine can make up 50 percent of the family’s total income. In
herbal medicine apprentice households or medicinal plant collectors, the income from
herbal medicine may make up 30 percent of the total income.

11


Figure 5: Importance ranking of income sources in Hop Nhat village

Households following the integrated strategy earn a large portion of their household
income in cash, but MPs are not the main source of income. Instead, these households
often combine many sources and the highest source is edible canna, etc. While edible
canna is less value than MPs. It shows that MPs is not be invested as much as it should.
Besides canna and cattle feeding, MPs also provided households a significant
source of income. According to the household survey, households took part in gathering a
diverse range of MPs available in the area. But it is just a small number.
Who is collect the MPs
From interviewing households and key informants, it emerged that women collect
medicinal plants more than men at almost every age level, especially in the age classes of
over 26 years old. This indicates that women are mainly responsible for health care. Young
people are rarely engaged in collecting medicinal plants.

12


Table 3: Percentage of gender and age level


This result shows that MPs cultivated development is good for solving employment
problem in women.
4.2 Three important MPs with development for livelihood
Based on interview results, knowledge of MPs is quite the same for every
household. They all most know every kind of popular MPs and their suggestion of the most
three important MPs are quite similar. There are 5 species are often be suggested.
Figure 6: Suggestion of local people
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Know but not mention
Suggestion

13


Table 1 is used for analyze data from interview. Three kind of MPs which have
highest grade respectively Ehretia asperula Zoll., Ardisia sylvestris Pitard., Stephania
dielsiana Y.C. Wu. The result of table 1 is relative with data in figure 6. These three kinds
of MP are most popular and get highest mark from market framework.

Ehretia asperula Zoll. grow naturally in the forests of our country. Not only
effective in terms of medicine, there is a black tree crops Radiation "poverty alleviation" in
some districts of Hoa Binh province. However, trees. This wealth is depleted before the
massive extraction of people. In late 1999, the subject of the doctors Academy Military
Medicine is accepted, the official tree of black radiation is recognized as one of not many.
You have medicinal effects as adjunctive therapy patients cancer.
Ardisia sylvestris Pitard. listed in the Red Book Vietnam. Threat level: Level V.
But places such as distributed not so many poor grain by regeneration, to be exploited large
quantities should take to renewable sources of particles. On the other hand where seedlings
were strong mining deforestation should there be extinct because no habitat appropriate.
Thus, the three most species for sustainable in Bavi commune are Ehretia asperula
Zoll., Ardisia sylvestris Pitard., Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu.
4.3 The situation of three important MPs in the region
Almost households cultivated medicinal plant at the yard. In other hands, they are
not the main source if the healer can buys or exploit from the nature. During the interview
process, in fact, they try to harvest as much as possible.

14


100%
90%

80%
70%
60%

Wild

50%


Wild/Cultivated

40%

Cultivated

30%
20%
10%

0%
Ehretia asperula
Zoll.

Ardisia sylvestris
Pitard.

Stephania
dielsiana Y.C

Figure 7: Percentage of wild and cultivated the MPs were used

The figure shows over 60% of cultivated/wild, about 10% of cultivated and nearly
30% of wild but in fact the result must be lower because when entering their garden I just
observed very little of the MPs with very little amount.
The MPs are not too difficult for cultivate in small scale because local people
when take MPs from wild to their garden they do not take care much. Sometimes, I ask
them to show me the MP they even cannot remember the location of some. They just know
in overall which corner. When they need to use they go to garden to find. It means the MPs

are easy to grow. But 10% of cultivated seems like too small number with potential ability.
According to transect and plot method in wild, there is no sign of the three species
in wild. Local people still get some from wild because they go to very deep into forest.
More than 40% people said they spend at least 2days into forest per week. They even
exploit from other district nearby such as Tam Bao National Park in Vinh Phuc and Thai
Nguyen province or to the forest in Hoa Binh province where they can find their expected
plants. Since medicinal plant collectors and herbal healers have to go farther to another

15


area outside Bavi National Park to collect medicinal plants, their knowledge within the
area where they go harvesting medicinal plants has been broadened. They now not only
understand the ecology of Bavi national park area but also the ecology of the new areas.
They, moreover, can apply the knowledge they already have about the ecology of the area
where the expected medicinal plants grow in finding that plants in the new area.
From zero result of transects where local people often go showed a warning sign to
the conservation of endangered species medicine today. Although there are laws aimed at
regulating the use of the forest near the hamlet, local people continued to unrestrictedly
harvest of MPs. As a result of the local people’s increasing needs, the degradation of forest
land, and harvesting by outsiders, forest resources are reported to be being gradually
depleted.
4.4 The situation and exploit MPs market
Under the enclosure context of the park, the life of local people is insecure. In order
to cope with the enclosure as well as the status of being excluded from resource use, local
people, especially the local herbal healers in Hop Nhat village, have adopted individual
tactics and collective activities. People apply the collective activities when individual
tactics cannot work such as in case of asking for land in the area of the 400 meter contour
for medicinal plant plantations. Strategies of local people are very flexible and
complicated. By tactics such as negotiation, cooperation and nonconformity and even

manipulation of relationships, the local herbal healers can partly gain access to forest
resources though in some cases it is still illegal access. It also reveals that, when their
living situation changes, local people immediately accumulate the new acquired
knowledge and make full use of their integrated knowledge in order to adapt to that new
changing situation. Those changes in living situation have apparently led to the changes in

16


the knowledge of local people especially on medicinal plants, their resource tenure and
space which are gendered.
Within the country, there are several big markets of medicinal plants such as
medicinal plant markets in Gialam district and in Hadong town of Hatay province. There is
a rumour in Hopnhat village that two herbal healers have been to the China - Vietnam
border market to sell their herbal medicine. It takes at least two or three weeks for these
two herbal healers to go and sell their herbal medicine.
The commercialization of medicinal plants has led to differentiation among local
Dzao people in terms of production. The local herbal healers have been differentiated into
3 levels:
(1) The practical healers who collect medicinal plants and give treatment;
(2) Medicinal plant collectors who go collecting medicinal plants for wholesale and do not
practice healing;
(3) Medicinal plant gatherers who just stay at home and gather all market demanded
medicinal plants to sell to middlemen in order to earn the small commission.
Going to collect medicinal plants, local people have risk of being confiscated their
tools such as knives, basket, etc. and even being arrested or fined by the forest rangers of
the national park.
Therefore, medicinal plant collectors often choose the direction where they think
they will rarely meet the forest rangers. Besides choosing the direction, they also hide
themselves whenever they see the forest rangers from far distance or run away. In other

cases, some people choose the tactics of explaining the reason why they need medicinal
plants, and normally they will use the reason of giving urgent treatment to the people they
know who have suffered from serious disease. According to them, whether they can keep
their collected plants or have to leave them in the forest will depend on the “sympathy” of

17


the forest rangers. If the forest rangers “understand” the need of collecting medicinal
plants, they will let them go with the collected plants. To gain this kind of “sympathy”,
local people have to create good relationship with the forest rangers.
Trying to make full use of their relationship with the forest rangers is the other way
that the local people use to gain the access to forest resources. Some old herbal healers
who are famous in the village for treatment of some specific diseases sometimes also have
the forest rangers as customers for their medicine. These herbal healers, therefore, use this
relationship to avoid arrest as well as the confiscation of their plants and tools by the forest
rangers. In addition, since they are old, forest rangers sometimes respect them and do not
arrest them. The forest rangers, with the aim of forest protection, also try to make good
relationships with the local people since they want to avoid or to reduce as much as
possible the tense conflicts with the local people. Therefore, in some cases, when they
meet herbal healers in the forest, they still let the herbal healers especially the old experts
go with their collected medicinal plants if the collected volume is not much. In fact, the
forest rangers know clearly who the herbal healers are and who the herbal collectors for
wholesale are in the village. To the group of medicinal plant collectors, the forest rangers
will apply the penalty more strictly.
4.5 Solutions for conservation and development of the MPs in order to improve
livelihood
 Medicinal plant garden in household scale model
Improve understanding of the local population, encouraging drug model home garden
which should refer to the importance of high local authorities especially women's

associations. By the high proportion of women in exploit the issue of medicinal plants in
the wild. Should have the attention of the authorities for drug king model home. Should
open training sessions for people of three medicinal plants which suggested above. Model

18


should be expanded gradually over time for many medicinal plants to fully meet the
demand for medicinal plants.
 Traditional village medicine
Measures and penalties to encourage timely. Regularly check the model home gardens
through to praise their title in order to build a traditional village medicine. Furthermore,
giving permits for forest assessing for some households.
 Scientific basis
Promote scientific research activities. Specify the basis on preliminary scientific basis of
healing of medicinal plants to promote marketing activities in order to enhance the value of
medicinal plants and market expansion. Thereby creating a strong market for traditional
medicine.
 In situ conservation approach to medicinal plants
1) Medicinal plant conservation as part of nature conservation (with local knowledge,
innovations and practices)
2) Conservation of medicinal plants in special medicinal plant areas (e.g. medicinal plant
hotspot areas)
3) Medicinal plants in special places within the cultivated landscape.
 Ex situ approach to medicinal plant conservation
1) Genebanks and field genebanks
2) Botanical gardens
3) IBC’s effort in Wondo Genet need to be expanded
4) Cultivate in homegardens


19


V. Discussion
Although our report shows the roles of MPs in the livelihood strategies and
household economic activities in Hop Nhat village, it also has some limitations. First of all,
the report is focused only at the village level. Even cultivation is good way for this case but
with lacking of monitoring it may be consequence in long run. Livelihood improvement,
sustainable development and conservation need a very carefully investment to meet.

VI. Conclusion
In Hop Nhat village, the idea of space is not only the physical space like plots of
land or home gardens as example, the space is also the social space where women can
expand their rights over resources by using membership in such projects directed to
women as the credit fund programs for women or the social forestry projects and medicinal
plant conservation project.
MPs are not the main source of income but at the third position MPs play a very
important role in Bavi commune livelihood. With a high price in trade local people is not
invested as much as it should.
Two method of interview and giving mark in research show the same result in the
three most important kind of MP, somehow strongly mention Ehretia asperula Zoll.,
Ardisia sylvestris Pitard., Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu. should be noticed.
Solution for sustainable development, livelihood and conservation is MPs. But the
balance for three cases is big challenge. Home garden seems like the best way out. Beside,
building a traditional village medicine is unique.

20


VII. Recommendation



Need to do research in a bigger level.



Study more about market framework to make a clearly view in role of the MPs
with livelihood.



To guarantee sustainable use of wild plants in the region, a consistent control
and monitoring system has to be built up.



Need to have deeper research on how to plant breeding and species.



The research later should further expand the scope of research and the number
of species of medicinal plants should be preserved

21