The gia dinh

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>THE SUBJUNCTIVE THỂ CẦU KHIẾN- THỂ GIẢ ĐỊNH 1.Định nghĩa :Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến: là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên thể không có to của các động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến. Thường có that trong câu giả định trừ một số trường hợp đặc biệt. Form 1 : S + would rather that ………. We would rather (that) he not take this train. Ngữ pháp hiện đại ngày nay đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép dùng would rather mà không cần dùng that trong loại câu này. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below). Form 2 Dùng với các động từ:. S1 + V ( that) S2 + V in simple form. Chú ý 1.Động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể không chia bỏ to. Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to. 2. Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ trở về dạng tân ngữ và động từ sau nó trở về dạng nguyên thể có to, câu mất tính chất giả định, trở thành một dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp. The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking. The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking. The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs: to advise (that); beg( that); to ask (that); to command (that); to demand (that); to desire (that); to insist (that); to propose (that); to recommend (that); to request (that); to suggest (that); to urge (that); to decree; to dictate; to intend; to order, to require; to resolve... Examples:        . Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month. Donna requested Frank come to the party. The teacher insists that her students be on time. I suggest that he study. Is it essential that we be there? Dave recommended (tiến cử) that you join the committee. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> More examples: Tom suggested that his friends stay over for the night. Sam proposed that Tom telephone his accountant. She recommended that he go and see a doctor. The manager requested that everyone put their requests in writing. He insisted that she stay until the end of the week. The Queen commands that he attend the ceremony. He urged that a business manager be hired to help things run more smoothly. I simply requested, politely, that she refrain from smoking in my house. The professor asked that Tim submit his research paper before the end of the week. Form 2 Dùng với các tính từ:. It + be + adj + that + S + V in simple form. It is necessary that he find the books. It is necessary that he not find the books. It has been proprosed that we change the topic. It has been proprosed that we not change the topic. Lưu ý rằng trong bảng này có một số tính từ là phân từ 2 cấu tạo từ các động từ ở bảng trên. Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to. Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ biến thành tân ngữ sau giới từ for, động từ trở về dạng nguyên thể có to và câu mất tính chất giả định trở thành dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp. It is necessary for him to find the books. It is necessary for him not to find the books. It has been proprosed for us to change the topic. It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic. advised; necessary; recommended; urgent; important; obligatory; required; imperative; mandatory bắt buộc;proposed; suggested and more It is best (that) It is crucial (that) It is desirable (that) It is essential (that) It is imperative (that) It is important (that). It is recommended (that) It is urgent (that) It is vital (that) It is a good idea (that) It is a bad idea (that).

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> Examples:  It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.  It is important she attend the meeting.  It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon Bảng sau là một số các tính từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, trong câu bắt buộc phải có that và động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể bỏ to. Lưu ý: Câu giả định dùng với 2 loại trên thường được dùng trong các văn bản hoặc thư giao dịch diễn đạt lời đề nghị từ phía A -> B mà không có tính bắt buộc.Không chỉ có động từ và tính từ mới được dùng theo dạng này, tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố trên. Or Form 4 : Dùng với danh từ Nouns used with the Subjunctive Noun + that + S + V in simple form There are also nouns that can be followed by a subjunctive verb, like advice, condition, demand, directive, intention, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, wish. Examples:     . My advice is that the company invest in new equipment. She is free to leave, on condition that she commit no further offence. His deep wish is that his daughter go to university. There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking. It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court.. Form 5: Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time So sánh : It's time (for sb) to do st: đã đến lúc ai phải làm gì (Thời gian vừa vặn, không mang tính giả định).  It's time for me to get to the airport: Đã đến lúc tôi phải ra sân bay.  It's time (hightime/about time) (for sb) did st: đã đến lúc mà (thời gian đã trễ, mang tính giả định)  It's time I got to the airport  It's hightime the city government did st to stop the traffic jam.. Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms. Negative Examples:   . The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting. The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during business hours. I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.. Passive Examples:   . Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately. Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations. We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.. Continuous Examples:   . It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane. It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over. I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.. Should as Subjunctive After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist." Examples:  . The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem. Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.. The subjunctive is a special kind of present tense, using an infinitive that has no –s in the third person singular. It is often used when talking about something that somebody must do. I insist (that) your friend leave this house at once. The subjunctive is a formal construction. It is more commonly used in American English than in British English, and more often in the written form than in the spoken form. It was used much more frequently in old English, but many of these forms have now disappeared in modern English. Conditional Sentences Type II.  If I were you, … If I were you, I’d learn how to drive. I wish it were Friday. Sometimes I wish I was/were taller..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:  wants to happen  hopes will happen  imagines happening Look at these examples:   . The President requests that you be present at the meeting. It is vital that you be present at the meeting. If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.. Here are some examples with the subjunctive:    . The manager insists that the car park be locked at night. The board of directors recommended that he join the company. It is essential that we vote as soon as possible. It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.. Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:    . Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation. Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation. Present: It is essential that she be present. Past: It was essential that she be present.. The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English, where should + infinitive is often used:  The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.  It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible. We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:. . If I were you, I would ask her. Suppose she were here. What would you say?.    . if as if như thể wish suppose. . Formal. Informal. (The were form is correct at all times.). (The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.).

<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span> If I were younger, I would go.. If I was younger, I would go.. If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.. If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me.. I wish I weren't so slow!. I wish I wasn't so slow!. I wish it were longer.. I wish it was longer.. It's not as if I were ugly.. It's not as if I was ugly.. She acts as if she were Queen.. She acts as if she was Queen.. If I were you, I should tell her.. Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation..  People demand that the troops be withdrawn.  It is important that everyone register.  I wish, I had a million dollar. . I wish, I were a millionaire..

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