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<b>ô' </b>

<b>MOT CACH NHIN Tir BIEN </b>

<b>ã </b>

<b>BOI CANH VUNG DUYEN HAI MIEN BAG VA TRUNG VIET NAM </b>

<i>(Tiep theo vd het) </i>

LI TANA*

<i><b>NGUvflN T I £ N DUNG (Dich)' </b></i>

<b>4. V a n D o n v a H a i DUdng </b>

Tff nhiJng t r a n h lufin tren cd the thfi'y
r i n g Van Don - eang thi chfnh eiia Dai Viet
thdi Trfin va dau thdi Le sd - khdng phai do
chinh quyen lua chpn n g l u nhien, va vao
CUOI thdi Dudng, nd cQng khdng the phat
trien thinh dat ndu nhu Cao Bien khdng di
ddi nhQng chudng ngai vat dpc theo bd vinh
Bae Bp. (Ca John Whitmore vfi Momoki
deu chl ra r i n g , cae eang thi eua Dai Viet
vfio giai doan sdm la thupe vCing Nghe An
-Ha Tinh) (46). Su that thi dudng nhu Van
Ddn, mpt dia diem n i m vifa each xa va vCla
tach biet lai dupe lUa chpn nhu mpt eang
thi chinh cua qud'c gia. Dieu dd gdp p h i n
minh ehiing eho quan diem r i n g , eae trieu
dai Viet Nam mud'n cho boat dpng ngoai
<i>thUdng dupc td chiSe b nhQng vj tri cfing xa </i>

kinh dd cfing tdt vfi gia dinh r i n g nhQng
boat dpng nay rat quan trpng dd'i vdi nen
kinh td. Thd nhung, ndu chiing ta lien
tudng den thd ky XV, con dudng thiiy chfnh
nd'i kinh dd ciia Dai Viet vdi bd bien Trung
Hoa chinh la sdng Bach D i n g (sau nay Ifi

mpt n h a n h chfnh ciia sdng Hong, ngfiy nay
la nhanh ehi'nh kdt nd'i Nam Dinh vfi Thai
Binh), vfi nhu hien nay chiing ta thfi'y. Van
Ddn la mpt tuyen giao thdng chi'nh. Tuydn
dudng thiiy nay da phat trien trong "Cach
mang thUdng mai" lan thQ nhfi't ciia Trung
<i>Qudc dudi thdi Td'ng, va n i m b trung tam </i>
eiia vung thudng mai vinh Bic Bp giQa Hai
Nam va Kham Chau. Ca hai ndi nfiy Ifi
diem dQng chan thudng xuyen eiia cac
thUdng nhan Phiie Kidn, Chfim vfi thUdng
nhan Hoi giao (47). Chfnh sach Uu ai cua
nhfi Nguyen vdi cac tin do Hoi giao vfi
<i>thUdng n h a n b Phuc Kidn chic chfin la </i>
dpng lUc thuc day sU vUdn dfiy ciia vung
<i>thUdng mai do ngUdi Hdi giao giQ v\ tri </i>
trung tam nfiy.

Su ton tai ciia mpt vung thUdng mai ke
tren eang trd nen ro rang khi ehung ta kdt
nd'i ehiing vdi cae trung tam san xufi't gdm
sQ ciia Dai Vipt vao thdi gian nfiy. Su phat
trien dang kinh ngae ve dan sd vfio nhQng

nam 1200-1340 (theo Yumio Sakurai thi
dan sd tfing gfi'p ddi trong thdi gian nfiy)

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chfic hfin da tao ra su phan hoa lao ddng vfi
khuyen khich phat trien cac mat hang thu
cdng (48). Gdm sQ dupe san xufi't d nhieu
ndi, chfing ban nhu Thanh Hoa, Thien
TrUdng (xem ben dudi). TQ nhQng nfim
1350 trd di, mpt so'Id go'm tu nhan dUde xay
dung d Hai Dudng da san xua't nhQng mat
hfing go'm sQ tinh xao, danh da'u mot budc
phat trien mdi ve san xufi't gdm sQ cua Dai
Viet. H i u hdt trong sd tam Id go'm nfiy deu
<i>dupe tim thdy b Chu Dfiu, dia diem n i m </i>
khdng each xa Van Don la ma'y. Thi
trudng tieu t h u cac san phdm gdm sQ nay
<i>chu ydu Ifi b cac khu vUc eua ngUdi Cham </i>
va Hoi giao vfi can phai nhfi'n manh r i n g
sU thinh dat eiia gdm sQ Viet trung hdp
vdi thdi hofing kim cua Champa dudi thdi
vua Chd Bong Nga. Cd b i n g chQng cho
ring, go'm men lam dUdc san xua't la do
dfit hfing cua cac thudng nhan tdi tQ thi
trudng Tay A, tham chi nhQng san pham
tinh xao cdn dUdc xufi't khau den Ba Tu,
Ai Cfip va Thd Nhi Ky. Do gdm Viet cung
dupe tim thdy cl cac khu vUc gan vdi ngUdi
<i>Hoi, chang ban b Sulawesi vfi trung tam </i>
vfi Nam Philippines. Go'm Chfim tQ Gd
Sfinh cung dUdc tim thfi'y d cung cac dia

diem nay (49).

Vdi vipc thidt kd do gdm sQ de danh
rieng eho xufi't khau da cho tha'y moi tUdng
tae giQa qud'e gia vdi thi trUdng khu vUc.
Chung ta biet r i n g nhQng do go'm vdi nhieu
hinh dang khae nhau dUde san xua't danh
rieng cho Ddng Java, theo mau dat hang
cua trieu dinh Majapahit. Dua theo nhQng
hinh dang ciia do gdm dd, chiing ta cd the
doan dinh r i n g , ehung dupc s i n xufi't d
vung Hai Dudng (50). Mot dieu thu vi r i n g
nhieu dd gdm sQ Viet Nam dUde khai quat
tQ con tau d i m d Nam Philippines vao nam
1995 bao gom ea nhQng chuoi hat gdm va
nhQng vdng b i n g dong. Dieu nay cho tha'y

su da dang trong hang hoa trao ddi thdng
qua cae he thd'ng thUdng mai ndi tiep d
Ddng Nam A. NhQng md'i quan he giQa
Cham - Philippines trong thdi ky nfiy dupc
nghien cQu ky bdi Geoff Wade etmg cfi'p
them bang chdng cho he thd'ng budn ban
mang tinh phQc tap, rdi loan trong vung
(51).

Chung ta cung ed the ap dung each nhin
hudng bien dd'i vdi nganh nghe thii cdng d
Hai Dudng. Ra't nhieu thudng nhan d
Thfing Long tdi tQ 36 phdphUdng co nguon

gdc tQ Hai Dudng. Hp la thd xay dung, thd
mpc, thd nhupm, thd lfim da giay va nhQng
thd thii cong lanh nghe chuyen ve due,
khae go hoac la in a'n, hay la thd kim khi d
phd Hang Dong, Hang Bac. Mpt gia dinh ed
nghe gia truyen lam kim khf gan day cung
tim tha'y nguon gd'e ciia minh la d Hai
Dudng (52). Ta't ca nhQng boat dpng buon
ban khae biet nfiy gdi y ring, Hai Dudng dfi
cd lich sQ lau dfii ve buon ban hang thii
cdng, my nghe, cd le la con hdn ca Hfi Npi.
<i>Qua thUc, vao dau the ky XIII, khu v\fc nay </i>
da dupe biet den vdi nghe thu cdng ndi
tieng do la lam ndn Ma Ldi, c6 nhieu diem
khae biet so vdi nghe lam ndn cua Hud xufi't
hien vao t h e k y XVIII (53).

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<b>62 </b> Rghien cuu Lich siir. sd 8.2009

<i>nganh nghe thii cdng b Hai DUdng chfing </i>
ban nhu lam dudng, chuyen ehd dudng
thiiy chfic h i n cung rfi't ldn (55).

Day la nen tang cho "sU phat trien eiia
thi trUdng phd thdng" (56) nhu Momoki
Shiro da chi ra. Nganh san xufi't gdm sQ
ciia Hai Dudng vi the khdng phai dUde hinh
<i>thanh mpt each ngfiu nhien bdi ndng dan b </i>
cac lang xa va khdng phai chiing tach biet
vdi viec trao ddi budn ban. Gid'ng nhu nhieu

<i>trung tam thUdng mai b Trung Hoa, nd Ifi </i>
nganh thu cdng ed tfnh cha't dfic biet, cd
mdi lien he mat thiet vdi cac nganh khae
<i>c h i n g ban nhu cac nganh da ke b tren, vfi </i>
nd cung cd lien he mfit thidt vdi cac nghe
ddng tau thuyen, lam mud'i, hay may mac.
Ket qua la, nganh s i n xufi't phuc vu xufi't
khau cua Dai Viet khdng the chi dupc danh
gia ddn gian dUa tren phan tram ddng gdp
eiia nd vdi tong the boat dpng ciia nen kinh
te qud'c gia, nhU Kishimoto Mio da chi
trong bdi canh Trung Hoa (57).

Trong khi ehung ta tiep tuc phai nghien
cQu nhieu hdn nQa cac td chQc s i n xufi't thii
cdng, thi eae den chua Phfit giao ed the
ddng vai trd chii dao trong viee ket ndi tang
ldp quy tpc, s i n lUdng, va thi trudng. Cd
mpt dieu rd rang r i n g , den ehua Ifi ndi tieu
thu nhieu nhfi't gdm sQ vfi cac vat lieu xay
dung. Chl rieng ve vai vdc dfi eho thfi'y nhu
ciu cua hp gfi'p nhieu Ian so vdi trieu dinh.
Cung cd the ehinh nhfi chua dQng ra Ifim
chii hoac hfiu thuan cho cac ngfinh thii
cdng. Mdi lien he cua hp vdi ngoai thudng
the hien ra't rd. Qua nhieu the ky giao
thUdng, cac di vat tdn giao Ifi boat dpng
quan trpng trong thUdng mai Trung Hoa
-Nam chau A cung vdi cae loai hUdng lieu
phuc vu cho le nghi tdn giao (58). Nhieu

<i>hpc gia b cac nUde Ddng Nam A luc dia </i>
cung nha'n manh r i n g , sU phat trien ve

kinh te dUdc tfip trung cho viec xay dUng
eae dinh chua vfi ngUdc lai, dinh chua phat
huy vai trd phan phdi, dieu chinh lai kinh
td dia phudng. Vdi each nhin nfiy, ehung ta
ed the cfi'u tnic lai mpt md hinh vdi nhieu
boat dpng kinh td khae nhau trong cung
mpt bdi canh vfi tha'y dUdc mdi lien he ciia
chiing vdi xa hpi Dai Viet vfio thd ky XIV.
Dong thdi, nd cung chi ra phan tfch dinh
lupng ve nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai thUdng
trong ca'u tnic cua nen kinh te (59).

Mpt dieu thii vi khi ehung ta thay ring,
nui Yen Tii, trung tam Phfit giao eua Dai
<i>Viet vfio cudl thd ky XIII, lai n i m b vung </i>
Udng Bf, thupc Quang Ninh ngay nay. Day
Ifi ndi ma vua Tran Nhan Tdng lfip nen mpt
thien phai Phat giao eiia rieng Viet Nam Ifi
Tnic Lam, n i m ngay trun^ tam ciia vung
thUdng mai nay. Mpt chua khae, Quynh
Lam, cung dUdc xay dQng d khu vUc nay bdi
mpt nha sU ndi tieng, Phap Loa, ngUdi da
due 1.300 pho tUdng Phat trong sud't cupc
ddi ciia minh (60). Viec lfim cua dng ta chfic
chfin ddi hdi rat nhieu tien vfi cdng sQc,
nhQng dieu dang chu y la ve sd lUdng dong
dung de due, mfi n h u ehung ta dfi bidt Dai

Viet thdi gian nay khdng san xufi't dong. Cd
ngudi cho r i n g Champa, thdng qua mdi
quan he vdi cac thUdng nhan tQ Trung A,
cd the da cung cfi'p loai dong nfiy. Bing
chQng ve sU cung cfi'p ddng ciia Champa cd
the tim thfi'y trong danh sach eae dd cdng
tfing cua Lam Ap tdi Trung Hoa gdm 10,000

<i>catties vang, 100,000 catties bae, vfi </i>

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Khu vUc nay ddng thdi eung Ifi trung
tam chfnh tri thUe thu eua trieu T r i n trong
vdng hdn 150 nfim. Nhu nha T r i n da tU
thQa nhfin r i n g , ddng hp T r i n khdi dUng
ti!f vQng bien. Vfio d i u nam 1239, trieu
dinh T r i n xay them mpt loat cac cung dien
cl que hUdng Thien TrUdng, gin vdi Nam
Dinh ngfiy nay, la ndi gin bien hdn ra't
nhieu so vdi Thfing Long. Gid'ng nhu
Ayutthaya sau nay, trung tam ehinh tri nfiy
dupe bao bpc bdi eae eon nUdc va bd bien thi
trfin ngfip hoa thdm. Thuyen be di lai vui ve
nhu chdn bdng lai. Vua thudng xuyen d
<i>Thien TrUdng hdn Ifi b Thang Long, lam cho </i>
khu vUc nay mang dang ve ciia mpt kinh dd.
Nhu Whitmore da ehi ra, mac du kinh dd
khdng gin bd bien nhu Pegu vfi Ayutthaya,
nhUng vung duyen hai thUe sU ddng vai trd
nhu Ifi mpt kinh dd (63).

NhQng trung tam ve ehinh tri, tdn giao,
vfi thUdng mai tren thudng d gin nhau va
thudng g i n vdi cac trung tam s i n xufi't gdm
sQ chinh. Dieu nfiy giup k h i n g dinh md
hinh ciia cac chinh the thdi cd d mien
Trung Viet Nam, md hinh mfi cac hpc gia
Vipt Nam vfi Nhat Ban da ap dung tQ
nhieu the ky trUdc. Chinh the dUa vao sdng
nude la td chQc bp ba quyen lUc, trong dd
trung tam tdn giao (thudng d vung nui),
trung tam chfnh tri (d ddng b i n g phu sa)
vfi eang thi dupe nol kdt vdi nhau bdi dUdng
thuy (64). Vi dy ve sU lien ket giQa trung
tam tdn giao vfi eang thi cd the ke den My
<i>Sdn vfi Hpi An b mien Trung, giQa Cat Tien </i>
(Lam Ddng) vfi C i n Gid (ngay nay Ifi quan
ngo^i thfinh cua Tp.Hd Chi Minh).

<i>NhQng lap luan b tren da cho thfi'y mpt </i>
viing vdi nhieu mdi tUdng giao khu vUc vfi
npi vQng mfi trUdc day da khong dUde ehi
ra. Cac hpc gia da coi Dai Viet nhu la mpt
thi,le the n i m dudi anh hUdng ciia Trung
Hoa cdn Champa lai bi quy dinh bdi vfin

hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa
xdi heo lanh ching ai biet tdi. Mac du ve
mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng
ba dia diem nay cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii
hoac tham chi la khdng cd diem ehung ve

van hoa va kinh td. NhQng bing chQng ve
khao CO hpc d mien Trung Viet Nam trong
vfii the ky qua da tiet lp nhQng bing chQng
khdng the chdi eai ve sU anh hUdng cua vfin
hoa Chfim, eung vdi An Dp. Trong khi mpt
vai anh hudng cua Trung Qud'c tdi trUc tidp
tQ Trung Hoa lue dia, phan ldn ehung dupe
dUa tdi thdng qua vai trd trung gian cua
Giao Chi, Hai Nam nhd vfio boat ddng
thUdng mai. NgUdc lai, anh hUdng cua
Champa vfio dai Viet dUdng nhu sau sfic
hdn nhQng gi ehung ta da thQa nhfin. Kdt
qua khai quat gfin day nha't d eung dipn
cua nha Ly, T r i n va Le sd d Hfi Npi da cho
tha'y nhQng anh hUdng manh me eiia nghp
thuat va kien tnic Cham, qua dd gpi y ve
sU anh hUdng qua lai manh me giQa hai
khu vUc nay (65).

5. Mot b a n dd sac toe k h a e

NhQng thao lufin tren da gpi md eau hoi
ve nhQng ngUdi sd'ng quanh vung vinh Bic
Bp thdi gian nfiy. Ddng bing song Hdng da
dUdc md ta la bao tdn tinh thuan nhfi't cua
ngUdi Viet trong sud't cac thdi ky lich sii.
Day gin nbU la trUdng hdp duy nhfi't trong
so' cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A. Dieu nay c6
<i>the xay ra sau the ky XV, nhUng Viet sit </i>

<i>luge, bp sii dupc viet vfio the ky XIII, ghi </i>

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<b>64 </b> Rghien cuu Lich si3r. sd 8.2009

hda trdn sic tpc ea ve chieu rpng va sau.
NhQng mdi quan he cung nhQ nhQng tiep
xuc dd khd cd the ddn gian hoa b i n g thuat
ngQ Viet hoac Han de tQdng phan vdi
nhQng eU dan mien nui, ma phai la ket q u i '
tQ qua trinh giao thoa va tich hdp lau dai.
Sau qua trinh nfiy, tinh b i n sac mdi dUde
dinh hinh chat che va chic c h i n hdn d thdi
hien dai.

<i>Theo Linh ngogi dgi dap vfio the ky </i>
XIII, mpt nUa dan so' Dai Viet den tQ vung
Nam Trung Hoa. Chac chan day la con sd
phdng dai, nhUng nd cd the chQa dQng
trong dd mpt phan sQ that. Gid'ng nhu the,
mpt ngudn tfii lieu quan trpng dupc bien
soan tQ thdi Td'ng ed chep ve dan tpc 'T)an"
(phd bien d vung Nam Trung Hoa) cd
ngudn gd'e tQ Giao Chi. Hp dUdc ghi chep
<i>nhQ Ifi "Dan Giao Chi" (Jiaozhi Dan). Dien </i>
hinh cho each sd'ng sdng nUdc, hp la nhQng
ngUdi den tQ Kham Chau mang theo ca va
nhQng thQc pham tQ bien khae de trao ddi
vdi gao va quan ao (67). Khdng ed b i n g
chQng rd rfing r i n g , hp ed phai Ifi nhQng
<i>ngUdi dupc mieu t i trong cud'n Dgi Nam </i>

<i>nhdt thd'ng chi la da di chuyen tQ dao tdi </i>

ddng b i n g sdng Hdng va sd'ng dQa vfio
danh ca vfi lfim mudi, ben canh viec trdng
lua nQdc. Vi nhQng cU dan dd khdng ndi
thao tieng Viet, ngdn ngQ cua hp dUdc cho
la "tieng vung bien" (68). Mpt so' ddi den
duyen hai Nam Trung Hoa, trd thfinh hofic
bda nhfip vdi dan tpc 'T)an". Mpt trong
nhQng ngUdi lam nghe chai lUdi Ifi Mac
Dang Dung, ngUdi thiet lap trieu Mac d Dai
Viet vfio the ky XVI, da xay dung va phat
trien quyen lUc sau nfiy. Ong ta Ifi ngUdi
Hai Dudng, nhUng td tien cua dng ta la tpc
ngUdi "Dan" den tQ Quang Dong (69).

SQ pha trpn cU dan thUdng xuyen vfi lap
lai nfiy lfim tfing them sinh khi mdi cho
nha Ly va nha T r i n . Nhu phan ldn cae

<i>quo'c gia Ddng Nam A, b Giao Chi den giQa </i>
the ky XIV thieu n h a n lUc mpt each t r i m
<i>trpng. Nhu da trinh bay b tren, ngudi Hoa </i>
dupc mua ban nhu nhQng nd le. NhQng tpc
ngUdi du mue d Quang Tay thudng dot kfch
cU dan dia phUdng - hp cd the Ifi ngudi
Nung (Zhuang- Choang d Trung Qudc)
hofic cac nhdm tpc ngUdi khae trong vung
-va ban hp den Giao Chi (70). Hdn nhan

eung dien ra giQa ngUdi Viet vfi ngUdi Hai
Nam, nhu dudc chi ra trong truyen thuyet
ve ba chua Li. TrUdc "Ky nguyen thUdng
mai", Giao Chi la dia diem ly tudng nhat de
ngUdi Hoa di cU va t n i an. Khi Mdng Co
xam lUdc Dai Viet, ehung da b i t hdn 400
quan chQc ty nan eua nhfi Tdng d Dai Viet,
vi thd khdng nghi ngd r i n g so' lUdng ngUdi
Hoa cd the cdn nhieu hdn. NgUdi Champa va
<i>ngudi Lao cung cd the ed mat nhieu b Dai </i>
Viet. Chfnh quyen nhfi T r i n thUdng nhic lai
sic lenh han chd nghiem ngat ddi vdi each
ndi cua ngUdi Cham va ngUdi Lao eung vdi
viec fin mac theo ldi ngUdi Hoa (71).

Theo nhu mpt eau chuyen tQ thdi Tdng,
khu vUe thUdng mai Kham Chau Ifi ndi da
md dudng cho hoang tpc T r i n den Viet Nam.
Cau chuyen chi ra ring, vua T r i n d i u tien
Ifi ngudi tQ huyen Changle cua Phuc Chau

<i>(Fuzhou). Nha vua da mao hiem danh ddi si^ </i>

giau sang eiia gia dinh de tdi vung Kham
Chau. Vi nhiing quy tpc ngUdi Viet thUdng
den dd de budn ban, dng gap chau gai cua
nha vua, ngUdi ed tinh cam vdi dng ta vfi sau
nay hp kdt hdn vdi nhau. Trong khi eau
chuyen nay dUdc xem nhu mpt cau chuypn
hu ca'u, nd bd sung cho eae cud'n sii bien nien

ve ngudn goc nha T r i n . Do dd hofing de diu
tien cua nhfi T r i n la hau due ddi thQ tU cua
ngUdi nhap cU den tQ Phuc Kien (72). Nd
<i>eung gdp phan xac minh ghi chep tQ Linh </i>

<i>ngogi dgi ddp, dd la budn ban tien hfinh cl </i>

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tdc ngudi Viet tharn, gia tich cue vfio cac
boat dpng.

Ngudn gdc Hoa eiia nhfi Tran dUdc biet
den vfi dupc thQa nhan trong tfip sii bien
<i>nien Todn thU. Mpt cau hoi Ifi, sQ ndi len </i>
ciia nhfi T r i n la tU t h a n vfi ngfiu nhien
<b>nhu each hieu thdng thudng cho tdi nay, </b>
hay Ifi hp dUa vao cac mang ludi lien minh
ciia minh? Ndu la lien minh, vay day la
kieu lien minh gi? Cac hpc gia da ddng y
r i n g chinh tfnh linh hoat trong the chd
chinh tri vfi xa hpi da giup nha T r i n phat
trien. Chung ta cung e i n tha'y r i n g , mpt
quan cai tri dudc coi la thfinh dat d Ddng
Nam A Ifi ngUdi vupt len tQ mpt nhdm cae
thii linh dia phUdng hoac quy tpc rudng
da't khdng ngQng canh t r a n h l i n nhau.
Moi ngQdi deu xay dung cho minh mpt he
thdng lien minh. Trong bdi canh nay, cau
hoi dfit ra la lieu khu vUc mfiu dich vinh
Bie Bp cd eung cfi'p mpt vu dai cho nha
T r i n phat huy the lUc vUdt len cac ddi thu

khae. NhQng gi da xay ra cd le la nhu vfiy
(73). G i n day, cae hpc gia Viet Nam dUa
ra quan diem r i n g , cd sd kinh te nha T r i n
bao gdm chai ludi va ndng nghiep da giup
hp gianh dUdc ngai vang (74). Quan diem
nfiy thQa nhfin nhQng t h a n h p h i n kinh te
khae hdn Ifi ndng nghiep da tham gia vao
qua trinh hinh thfinh lich sii kinh td Viet
Nam, cQng nhQ nha'n manh vai trd quan
trpng eua bien ddi vdi sQ phat trien ciia
nha T r i n . Dat nhfi T r i n vfio bdi canh lich
sii ehung, ehung ta thfi'y hien ra mpt ddng
hp vdn xua't t h a n la ngUdi Phuc Kien, sdng
bing nghe di bien va thong gia vdi vUdng
trieu L^ nhd vao sU giau cd. Day Ifi md
hinh lich sii ehung eua nhieu qudc gia
Ddng Nam A thdi ky nfiy. Dat T r i n Qudc
Tufi'n trong bdi canh ljch sU nay cung nhfic
cho ehung ta thfi'y ngudn gdc Hoa cua
<b>ngudi anh h u n g loi lac ciia dan tpc Viet </b>

Nam, dupe coi nhu ngUdi "Cha" dan gian
ciia ngudi Viet (75). Tfi't ea dieu nay giup
ehung ta nhin nhfin lai tinh ddng nha't ve
ban sic vfi vi tri dia ly cua dan tpc Viet,
nhQng thQ da bi phQc tap hoa vfi xdi mdn
bdi niiQng cau truyen t r i n g den, dung sai
trong each chdp siJ mang dam tfnh dan tpc
chii nghia.

6. Ket l u a n

NhQng thao lufin tren day dfit ra nhieu
cau hoi hdn la giai dap de trong mpt chQng
mQc nfio dd cd the lam hai long cac hpc gia.
Cach nhin hQdng bien da dfit ra nhQng
nghi ngd ve nen tang ndng nghiep cua mo
hinh kinh td, chi'nh tri vfi tpc ngUdi eua
Viet Nam giai doan sdm, tUdng ddng vdi
cac the ehe khae d Ddng Nam A. NhQng gi
mfi ehung ta vQa chi ra chi Ifi nhQng dieu
khiem nhUdng trong bQc tranh tdng the ve
viing duyen hai Dai Viet. Cd the thfi'y
nhQng mdi lien kdt da trai rpng tQ bd bien
nfiy den bd bien khae d vung vinh Bic Bp
cung nhu giQa vinh Bic Bp vdi vung hai
dao va xa hdn nQa. Qua la ehung ta eon
bidt rat it ve vi the trung gian trong khu
vQc mfiu dich nang dpng nay, chfing ban td
chdc s i n xua't gdm, mdi quan he eua nd vdi
sQ phdn thinh va suy vong cua cac trung
tam, khu vUc thUdng mai.

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<b>66 </b> <i><b>Rghien cijru Lich sir, sd 8.2009 </b></i>

tQ ngpn gd'e. Vi the, ehung cd moi tQdng
quan ve ngudn go'c. Cach nhin tQ bien cho
tha'y nhQng cau chuyen mang nang tinh
<b>dan tpc da ehe da'u nhu the nfio sU nfing </b>

<b>ddng ciia mdt vung mfi tren cd sd dd cac </b>
<b>qud'e gia dupe hinh thfinh sau nay. </b>

<i><b>Hieu dinh: Pham Vdn Thuy </b></i>

<i><b>CHU THICH </b></i>

(46). Whitmore, "Elephants can actually swim"
<i>trong Marr va Milner, Southeast Asia, p. 130; </i>
<i>Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp. 11 - 12. </i>

(47). VI "Cugc cfich mang thfldng mai" (the
cgmmercial revolution) dflde thao lufin trong Mark
<i>Elvin, 77i,e pattern of the Chinese past, Stanford </i>
University Press, Stanford, 1973; vl Bach Dang xem
<i>Dfio Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, p. 37. </i>

<i>(48). Victor Lieberman, Strange parallels: </i>

<i>Southeast Asia in global context, c. 800 - 1830, </i>
<i>volum 1: integration on the mailand, Cambridge </i>

University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2003,
p. 368, trich tfl tfii lieu vilt tay eua Sakurai nhan
de Vietnam after the Age of Commerce (Viet Nam
sau ky nguyen thfldng mai).

<i>(49). Rosanna Brown, The ceramics of Southeast </i>

<i>Asia, Oxford Universityn Press, Singapore, 1988, pp. </i>

<i>88 - 89; John Stevenson vfi John Guy, Vietnamese </i>

<i>ceramics: A separate tradition, Art Media Reosources, </i>

Chicago, 1997, p.54. Do go'm nfiy trinh bfiy trong
tuyen tfip quo'c gia, e6 sfl tham gia hen kit vdi gom sfl
Trung Quoc d Van Nam va d diu thdi Minh. VI Go
<i>Sfinh xem Champa ceramics pnxiuction and trade </i>

<i>-Excavation report of the Go Sdnh kiln sites in Cental </i>
<i>Vietnam, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2002, </i>

pp 8 - 9. Toi (Li Tana) xin giii ldi cam dn Mdmoki cho
<i>ph6p sil dung ngudn tfl heu nfiy. </i>

<i>(50). Brown, Ceramics of South - East Asia, p. </i>
<i>23; Stevenson va Guy, Vietnamese ceramics, p. 58. </i>

<i>(51). ACRO Update, bien tfip bdi Ho Chuimei </i>
<i>(Chicago, 1996), no. 1, p. 3, trich trong ibid, p. 56; </i>
Geoff Wade, "On the possible Cham orign of the
<i>Philippine scripts". Journal of Southeast Asian </i>

<i>Studies, 24, 1 (1993): 44 - 87. </i>

<i>(52). Nguyen Thfla Hy, Thdng Long - Hd Ngi the </i>

<i>ky XVII - XVIII - XIX. Hoi sfl hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi, </i>

1993, tr. 230 - 248. CQng c6 t h i xem them nhQng
ghi eh6p vl thfldng nhan Hai Dfldng d pho Hfing
<i><b>Dfio, Hfi Ngi, trong Tuyi'n.tdp vdn bia Hd Ndi, Nxb. </b></i>
Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1978, tfip 11, pp. 146 - 8.
VI pho Hfing Dong vfi Hfing Bac xem Nguyin Vinh
<i>Phiic vfi Trin Huy Ba, Dudng phdHd Ngi, Nxb. Hk </i>
Ngi, 1979, tr. 153 - 9, 176. VI gia dinh thi? kim hofin
dflde tham khao trong mgt phdng sU tren Vi§t Nam
TV channel 3, 30 thang 4 nfim 2004.

<i>(53). Yuean lishi, Renmin Chubanshe, Beijing, </i>
1977, p. 212.

<i>(54). He Xiling et al., Daogung Fuliang xiamhi </i>
<i>(Gazetteer of Fuliang distric, Jiangxi), juan 8, pp. </i>
<i>37 - 43, trich tfl Zhongguo Jindai Shougongye </i>

<i>ziliao (Tfii lieu quan trgng vl lich sii nghi thii cdng </i>

d Trung Quoc hi^n dai), vol I, Sanlian Press,
Shanghai, 1957, pp. 19-24. Thdi Minh,
Jingdezhen, trung tam gom sir cua Trung Qudc,
dflde eho Ifi e6 hfing trfim, hfing nghin ngfldi lfim
viee lien tuc ngfiy dem. Diu nhiJng nfim 1990, cic
hgc gia Vi$t Nam dfio d Hai Dfldng 40. 000 m2 vdi
chilu sau 2m , tai day hg tim thfi'y hdn 100 16 glin,
<i>vdi hdn 10.000 hi§n vfit c6 gia tri. d nhiJng ngdi </i>
lfing gin dfi'y, hg ciing tim thfi'y 1 ho dfii 1,5 m gJfm
vfi sau 2 m, day dfl(Jc cho Ifi nhiing trung tam gdfm
sfl phat trien dfldi thdi Trin vfi diu thdi LS; Vfl

<i><b>Ngge Linh, Ldng cd truyin Viet Nam, Nxb. Thanh </b></i>
nien, Hfi Ngi, 2004, pp. 227 - 228. Nhflng ng6i
lfing nfiy ngfiy nay chi trong lua cdn k j ngh$ san
xufi't gom dfi bi thfi't truyin hfing trfim nfim (p.
323).

(55). VI nhQng ngoi chiia xem Do Vfin Ninh,

<i>Huyin ddo Vdn Ddn, Uy ban Nhan dan huy$n Vin </i>

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s i eang thi d vdng vinh Bfic Bg, sau d6 duqc vfin
chuyen len nhQng chile t h u y i n mfinh vfldt dai
<i>dfldng; A sunken ship at Hoi An: Treausures from th </i>

<i>Hoi An hoard (Butterfield, 2000) p. x. </i>

<i>(56). Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp 2 - 3. </i>

(57). Kishimoto Mio, ' T h e Nanhai trade and the
structure of the Qing economy during the 18"" century".
Proceeding of the 13"" Intemational Association of
Historians of Asia Conference, 1994, p. 2.

<i>(58), (61). Wang, Nanhai trade, pp. 48-53, 48. </i>
(59). Toi xin giii ldi cfim dn chfin thfinh den
Victor L i e b e r m a n v l nhQng lufin diem q u a n trgng
nfiy; v l vi t r i k i n h t l cua cac ngoi ehfla xem

<i>Strange parallels, pp. 95 - 96; vfi Richard 0 ' </i>

Connor , "Sukhothai: Rule, religion a n d elite
<i>rivalry", trong The Ram Khamhaeng controvesy, </i>
bien tfip bdi J a m e s C h a m b e r l a i n , Siam Society,
Bangkok, 1991, pp. 288 - 9 1 .

(60). Hfi Vfin Tfi'n, Nguyen Vfin Kfl vfi P h a m
<i>Ngoc Long, Chua Viet Nam; Buddhist temples. </i>
Social Sciences P u b l i n g House, Hfi Ngi, 1993), pp.
206 - 19 (True L a m ) vfi 110 (Quynh Lam). Chi
rieng nfim 1329, qu^ tgc T r i n due 1300 tfldng
<i>Phfit, vfi nfim 1324 hg due 1000 bflc khae; Khdo cd </i>

<i>hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Vfin Tfi'n (chu bien), tfip III, </i>

Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2002, p. 150.

<i>(62). Michael Vickery, "Cambodia and its </i>

<i>neighbours in the 15"' century". Working Paper no. </i>

27, Asia Rersearch I n t i t u t e , Singapore, 2004, p. 6;
<i>Mabbet, "Buddhism in Champa", p. 304. </i>

(63). Whitmore, "Rise of coast"; Sfl mo ta v l
<i>Thien TrUdng trich tfl LS Trfic, An Nam chi luge, </i>

<i>juan 1, p. 19. V l n g u i n goc ven b i l n cua nhfi T r i n </i>

<i>xem Todn thU, 6: 7a. </i>

(64). Momoki Shiro, "A short introduction to
<i>Champa studies", t r o n g The dry areas in Southeast </i>

<i>Asia: Harsh or benign environment, chu bien </i>

Fukui Hayao, C e n t r e for S o u t h e a s t Asian Studies,
Kyoto University, 1999, p. 70. Trong boi canh
<i>Dong N a m k mo h i n h song nfldc dflde ap dyng ddi </i>
<i>vdi Srivijaya vfi C h a m p a ; xem Hall, Maritime </i>

<i>trade, dfic bifit d chfldng 4, pp. 190 - 3. </i>

<i>(65). L i e b e r m a n , Strange parallels, p. 357, </i>
nhQng ghi ch6p dfing chu 5' cua cung di^n ngfldi

<i>Vi§t doi vdi cfic vi t h i n va nghi le ton giao An Dp. </i>
Toi t h u dflde nhflng hieu b i l t v l Khao eo hgc
C h a m p a tai mgt khu vfle k h a i qufit d mien Trung
Viet Nam nfim 1998 cung vdi mgt so nghien cflu
cua Prof F u k u i Hayao, d i n do, toi cam thfi'y rfi't
may mfin. Toi cung xin gfli ldi cam dn den Momoki
Shiro vfi N g u y i n Tien Dong v l nhflng gdi md ciia
hg doi vdi bfii viet nay vfi Vien khoa hgc xa hgi
Viet N a m da tao d i l u kien cho toi den cfic dia diem
khai qufit d Hfi Ngi t h a n g 5 - 2004.

(66). Day Ifi vflng dflde xac dinh nfim gifla cae
t i n h Nam Dinh, N i n h Binh vfi Hflng Yen ngfiy
<i>nay; xem Viet sd luge, 3: 17b, 18b. </i>

<i>(67). Zhou, Lingwang daida, p. 196; Mao </i>
<i>QUing, Mansi hezhi (Mgt bao cfio hofin chinh ve </i>
<i>ngfldi d a n tgc vfi t h e c h l cua hg), trong Siku </i>

<i>quanshu cunmu congshu. History 227, Zhuangyan </i>

<i>wenhua Shiye, Taipei, 1996, juan 15, p. 698. </i>
<i>(68). Vu Tfl Lfip, Vdn hoa ud cU ddn ddng bdng </i>

<i>sdng Hong, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hoi, Hfi Ngi, 1991, p. </i>

<i>160; Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, tfip HI, Nxb Thufin </i>
H6a, Hue, 1992, tr. 334.

<i>(69). Yan Congjian, Shuyu zhouzi lu (NhQng </i>
ghi ch6p v l cfic quoc gia lang gilng), Zhonghua
Shuju, Beijing, 1993, p. 233; sfl bfiy td eua Mac
Kinh Thfl d i n t r i i u dinh Qing 'To tien eua toi Ifi
ngfldi lfing Chaxiang, huyen Dongguan, Quang
Dong (Guangdong)", Beijing National Archives No.
1, vol 7775, no. 25.

<i>(70). Yaolu (Ghi ch^p v l ngfldi Yao), juan 69, </i>
<i>trich tfl Gudai Zhong - Yue guanxishi ziliao </i>

<i>xuanbian (Tfii lieu chinh y l u ve quan h? lich sii </i>

Vi^t - Trung), Zhongguo Shehui Kexue
Chubanshe, Beijing, 1982, pp. 242 - 243.

<i>(71). Todn thu, 7: 41b; Lieberman, Strange </i>

<i>parallels, p. 362. Cugc tfi'n cong cua Mong Co d </i>

Yuanshi, "An Nara", juan 209. Bflc tranh tong the
giong nhfl dong bfing song Mekong ngfiy nay, ndi
mfi ngfldi Viet hoa dong vdi ngfldi Khmer, Chfim, vfi
ngfldi Hoa, vfi phfin bo cac nhfin to vfin hoa; Phihp
Taylor, "The ethnicity of efficacy: Vietnamese
goddess worship and the encoding of popular
<i>histories", Asian Ethnicity, 3, 2 (2002): 85 - 102. </i>

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