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<b>MOI TRUONG TU NHIEN DONG NAM A </b>

<b>• </b>

<b>THdl PLEISTOCENE </b>

VU C O N G QUY*

H

ien nay, cac n h a khoa hgc dfldng
nhfl nha't trf coi Dong Nam A la
mgt thiic the dia ly m a n g sac thai n e n g .

Ve ca'u trflc dia chat, loan bg Ddng
N a m A n a m tren nen luc dia cd cd tudi
Paleozoi, vdi van ddng tao nui cud! cflng
tudi Greta, thudc kieu Thai Binh Dfldng,
kem theo sfl p h u m trao Riolit va xam
n h a p G r a n i t tudi T r i a l , J u r a hay Greta.
Lich sit p h a t trien rat phflc tap cua dia
cha't la cdi ngudn sau xa dem lai cho Ddng
N a m A mdt bfle t r a n h dia h i n h da d a n g
nhfl ngay nay.

Ngfldi ta thfldng chia Ddng N a m A
t h a n h hai vflng dia h i n h k h a c n h a u : Ddng
Nam A luc dia va Ddng N a m A hai dao.
Tren khoi Ddng N a m A luc dia, tfl Tay
M y a n m a trd di, cac day nui xua't p h a t tfl
cao nguyen Tay T a n g va Van Quy toa
xud'ng theo hiidng k m h tuyen, thtiu ggn
nhflng cao nguyen ngi dia rdng ldn nhfl
cao nguj'en S h a n , Korat, K h a m Mudn,

Boloven, Tay Nguyen, rdi d a m t h d n g ra
bien tao dieu kien cho nhflng con sdng ldn
chay theo cflng hfldng, bdi ddp nen nhflng

* Vfl Cong Quy. Vien Nghien cifu Dong Nam A

chau tho q u a n trgng. Nhin chung, cau
trflc dia chat khoi Ddng Nam A luc dia
ddn gian hdn khdi Ddng Nam A hai dao. d
khoi Dong N a m A hiii dao, ngfldi ta tha'y
cd sfl ket hdp cua cac ca'u trflc tre (Gdm
nhflng n h a n h thudc ddi udn nep Tan smh
tfl Tay M y a n m a xudng den S u m a t r a ,
J a v a , T i m o r va n h a n h tfl Philippin
xud'ng) vdi cac m a n g luc dia cfl hi sut Ifln
cdn sdt lai. Sfl bieu hien m a n h me cua cac
van dgng kien tao mdi, cua nhflng boat
ddng nfli Ifla va ddng da't dfl ddi, cflng lam
cho dia hinh cua khdi nay chia vun t h a n h
muon nghin hdn dao ldn nhd

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<b>14 </b> <i>Nghien edu Ddng Nam A 6/2009 </i>

t r u n g binh h a n g n a m t r e n 20"C, phdn ldn
tren 25"C. Nhieu nhii khoa hgc chia khi
hiiu Dong Xam A ra lam hai loai: Khf hiiu
xich dao va khf hiiu gid mfla xfch dao.
Loiii khf hiiu thfl n h a t phd bien d k h u \'flc
Ddng Xam A hai dao. Dac diem cua vflng
khi h a u nay la sfl bien ddi h a n g n a m cua

dci ndng ra't dieu hoa. Sfl chenh lech nhiet
do theo cac mfla rat nhd. Loai khi hiiu thfl
hai kha phd bien d vflng Dong X a m A luc
dia. O day co gio ndng thdi trong mfla ha
va den mfla ddng thi ditgc tha\' the b a n g
cac ddt gid kho l a n h . Ciic k h u viic rieng
biet khac n h a u chu veu d chd mua khd
trong n a m dai hay n g a n

. \ h i n chung, Ddng Xam A cd lUdng do
lim lucing ddi ldn. Sfl khiic nhiiu ve ludng
do am gifla cac khu \'ilc ]jhu thucic vao sfl
p h a n bd iij) luc khdng khi, hoiin lifii gid
mfla va dia h i n h tfl'ng k h u viic.

Trong nhieu miit, dieu kien lfl nhien
Ddng Xam A thdi Pleistocene khdng khac
bict ngiiy na\' ldn lam. Trong sudt the
Pleistocene. Ddng Xam A van la mdt khu
\'flc nhiet ddi am chiu a n h hifdng cfla giiio
mfla. Theo R.F. F l i n t , t r o n g t h e
Pleistocene, da ton tai nhflng v a n h dai
khd Clin chi tuyen. Dieu dd cd nghia la bay
gid da xuat hien nhiing vflng ap cao can
chf luyen, hoim luu khf quyen va gid mfla
n h u ngay nay.

Trong khi n h i e u vflng t r e n trai dat thdi
Pleistocene chiu iinh h u d n g cua b a n g ha
lhi Ddng Xam A khdng cd b a n g ha. Thay

cho cac thdi ky b a n g ha va gian bang, d
Ddng Xam A xay ra cac thdi ky miia va

gian mfla tfldng flng. Tuy vay, gifla thdi
ky miia va gian mfla h a y thdi ky khd,
nhiet do va do a m k h d n g c h e n h lech qua
ldn. Khi thdi ky b a n g h a .xay r a d vflng Bac
h a y vflng nui cao nhfl Hymalaj'a, thi d
Xhiet ddi, sfl bdc hdi dai ditdng gay nen
thdi ky mfla. N h i i n g t r o n g thdi ky gian
bang, d vflng nay, gid mfla m a n h hdn, nen
van cd the gay ra miia a m .

Tfnh chat nhiet ddi dm cua khi hau
Ddng X a m A thdi Pleistocene cdn difdc
bieu hien qua q u a n thflc vat va ddng vat.

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<i>Vil Cdng Quy - Mc>i tridnig tu nhien Ddng Nam A tlufi ky Pleistocene </i> 15

vao trong, khf h a u khd hdn, la xavan va
rflng cay r u n g hi m u a khd.

C h u n g ta cd t h e cho r a n g trong the
Pleistocene, d Ddng N a m A, cung gid'ng
nhfl ngay nay, da ton tai hai loai rflng:
Rflng mfla thfldng x a n h va rflng gid mfla.
Rflng gid mfla la rflng cd cay r u n g la mfla
khd hay la rflng hdii ndp cay thfldng x a n h
va cay r u n g la. Nhflng n g h i e n cflu mdi ve
bao tif p h a n h o a t r o n g t r a m tfch

Pleistocene d mien Bac Viet N a m cung
dan de'n ket l u a n dd. Tai day, trong t r a m
tfch Pleistocene h a n g dgng h a y ddng
bang, cac n h a n g h i e n cflu thfldng gap
pha'n hoa ciia nhflng loai cay cua rflng la
rdng thfldng x a n h t h u d c hg D a u
(Leguminosae), hg Ca phe (Rubiaceae), hg
Thdu ddu (Euphorbiaceae)... va nhflng
cay hg Dfla (Palmae) dac t r u n g cho nhiet
ddi. Nhflng ben canh dd da cd nhflng loai
cay r u n g la mfla ddng nhif xoan(Melia),
sau s a u ( L i q u i d a m b a r ) . . . Nhfl vay la da cd
nhflng rflng hdn hdp thUdng xanh va r u n g
la. Nhip dieu n a m vc'ii sU p h a n hoa hai
mfla ndng lanh ro r a n g difdc quyet dinh
bdi che do gid mfla. C h i n h gid mfla Ddng
bdc da tao ra sdc t h a i A nhiet ddi cho
thien nhien. Sdc t h a i dd cang dam vdi sfl
hien dien cua nhflng ciiy hg Sdi de
(Fagaceae) va nhflng cay la kmi. T h a m
chf, ngay trong t r d m tfch Pleistocene ciia
ddng b a n g Bdc bd, ngitdi ta cdn gap ca
nhflng gid'ng cay fla l a n h trong hg Gang Id
(Betulaceae) nhfl Gang Id (betula), Tdng
q u a n siii (Aluus) ma ngay nay chi tha'y
tren nui cao. Theo mgt s d n h a nghien cflu,
trong mdt sd giai doan khd lanh hdn ciia

the Pleistocene d Ddng N a m A, rfl'ng mfla
thfldng xanh da thu hep dien p h a n bo' va

rflng gid mfla hon hdp md rong ra.

Sfl on dinh tfldng ddi ciia khf h a u
Pleistocene Ddng N a m A cung bieu hien d
tinh chat qudn dgng vat.

Hien nay, nhieu ngiidi coi q u a n dgng
vat d cac ldp Thfldng I r r a w a d y M y a n m a
cung nhfl cac q u a n dgng vat Kali-Glagah
va Tjidulang d J a v a mdi thiic sU la quan
ddng vat Pleistocene sdm(vdi y nghia
Villafranca) tUdng dfldng vdi quan dgng
vat d cac ddi T a t r o t - Pinjor trong lorit
Siwalik d An Do. Trong cac ldp chfla
nhflng qudn dgng vat dd chfla tim thay
da'u vet boa thach ngfldi.

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Gunz-16 <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009 </i>

Mindel, cdn q u a n dgng vat Trinil vao thdi
ky b a n g h a Midel. H.D. K a h l k e keo nien
dai hai q u a n dgng viit nay xud'ng m u d n
hdn. Theo ong, q u a n dgng viil Djetis tdn
tai tfl thdi ky gian b a n g Gunz-Mindel den
Mindel I, cdn qudn dgng vat Trinil tdn tai
vao Mindel II. Hien nay da cd nhflng nien
diii tuyet ddi xac dinh b a n g p h u d n g p h a p
K"*/A'" cho hai q u a n dong vat nay. Ldp
chfla q u a n dgng vat Trinil co m e n dai tfl'
50 van n a m den 70 viin n a m each ngay

nay va ldp chfla q u a n dgng vat Djetis d
Modjokerto cd m e n dai la 1 trieu 90 van
n a m ciich ngay nay.

Trfldc cliiy, Von Koenigswald da ggi
cjuan ddng vat Trinil la qiuin dc)ng vat
T r u n g Qud'c-Ma Lai (Sino-Malayan) vi nd
chfla nhieu yeu td' gan gui vdi q u a n ddng
vat da p h a t hien trong cac h a n g ddng d
.Nam T r u n g Qudc. Hien nay ciic n h a khoa
hoc thay r a n g chinh Irong qiuin dcing vat
Djetis cflng da cd nhieu yeu to diic trflng
cho quiin dgng viit Xiim T r u n g Qud'c, tflc
q u a n dgng vtil thugc phfl'c he
Stegodon-Ailuropoda (Voi r a n g kiem-Ga'u tre). Den
nay chiing la biet r a n g q u a n dgng vat
Slegodon-Ailuropoda k h o n g phdi chi p h a n
bd d vflng Nam T r u n g Qudc ma cdn la
q u a n ddng v a t dac trflng cho t h e
Pleistocene d Ddng N a m A, da p h a t hien d
Viet N a m , Lao, C a m p u c h i a , M y a n m a ,
Malaixia. Do chd cd dia diem khdng tim
Ihii'y ga'u Ire (Ailuropoda) nen cd ngfldi ggi
q u a n ddng viit niiy la Stegodon-Pongo (Voi
r a n g kiem- Difdi udi). Trong tinh hinh
hieu biet hien nay, c h u n g la biet r a n g
ciuan dcing viit Stegodon - .\iluropocla hay

Stegodon-Pongo da tdn tai d Ddng N a m A
trong sud't thdi ky Pleistocene, tfl sd ky

den h a u ky. Sfl bien c h u y e n ciia nd khdng
rd r a n g va r a t c h a m chap. C h a n g ban:
Neu chflng ta so s a n h q u a n ddng v a t trong
t r a m tfch h a n g m a u dd d Viet N a m ma
H.D. K a h l k e d i n h m e n dai vao
Pleistocene t r u n g ky, tfldng dfldng vdi thdi
ky gian b a n g Holstein(tflc Mindel-Riss)
vdi qudn ddng vat t r o n g ldp t r a m tich
h a n g m a u v a n g ma H . D . K a h l k e dinh nien
dai vao Pleistocene h a u ky, tfldng dfldng
gian b a n g Eem (Fem) tflc Riss-Wurm) thi
tha'y c h u n g gan gfli nhfl ddng nha't vdi
n h a u . Ta't ca cac gid'ng loai deu cd chung d
cii hai t r a m tich. Gifla h a i thdi ky gian
b a n g ndi t r e n cd de'n h a n g chuc van nam
trdi qua, the m a k h d n g tha'y cd sfl thay doi
niio Irong qudn ddng vat. Dieu dd ndi len
sfl dn dinh cua khi h a u va cac dieu kien
s m h thai k h a c trong t h e Pleistocene trong
k h u vUc nay

Nhfl vay la q u a t i n h dn dinh ciia qudn
thiic vat va q u a n dgng v a t c h u n g ta cd the
tha'y r a n g trong sud't t h e Pleistocene, khi
h a u Ddng N a m A k h d n g cd bien ddng ldn,
hay ndi dflng hdn, dao ddng vdi bien do
nhd. Tfl sfl dn dinh cua q u a n thflc vat va
qudn ddng vat, cd t h e nghi r d n g ddi tUcJng
san b a n va h a i lu<3m cita con ngUdi nguyen
t h u y thdi dd cflng dn dinh. Dieu dd cd mgt

y nghTa ra't ldn ddi vdi h i n h t h a i va nhip
do p h a t trien ciia v a n hoa-ky t h u a t thdi
dai dd da d Ddng N a m A.

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<i>V'/7 Cdng Quy - Mdi truang tu nhien Dong Nam A tlufi ky PIcis _tocciic</i> ₁₇

ldn, khdng cd nghia la trong sud't thdi ky
nay, khi hiiu k h d n g h o a n toan khdng cd
dao dgng va cang k h d n g cd nghTa la khf
hau the Pleistocene d day h o a n toan gid'ng
vdi khi hiiu Holocene hay hien tai. Nhfl
chung ta da biet, Dong N a m A khdng co
b a n g ha trong the Pleistocene (Trfl hien
tfldng ddng b a n g d mdt so' nui cao n h u
Kinabalu d K a l i m a n t a n ) va do dd, khong
chui dnh hUdng t n i c tiep cfla b a n g ha.
Nhflng nhflng thdi ky b a n g ha va gian
bang ndi tiep n h a u t r e n t r a i da't trong the
Pleistocene da gay n e n sfl d a n g cao hay ha
tha'p cua mflc nflde dai dfldng, lam t h a y
doi ra't ldn dia hinh d Ddng N a m A.

Trfldc day, G.A.F. Molengraaff cho
rdng trong thdi ky b a n g ha thfl lfl (tflc
bang ha Wurn) miic nUdc bien d Ddng
Nam A ha tha'p xud'ng 75 met so vdi mUc
nUdc bien hien tai. De T e r r a cung ddng y
vdi y kien dd va cho r a n g mifc nifdc bien
trong thdi ky b a n g ha thfl hai (lflc biing ha
Mindel), cd the xud'ng den 115 met dfldi

mtic nflde bien hicn nay. Theo W.L. Donn,
W . E . F a r r a n d va M.Ewing thi miic nitdc
bicn trong thdi ky b a n g h a thfl ba (lflc
bang ha Riss) cdn xudng den khoang gifl'a
137m vil 159 m. Mot sd cdng trinh nghien
cflu gan day da trinh bay mdt each chi tiet
hdn sfl dao ddng cua mflc nu'dc bien Ddng
Nam A vao giai doan fiidl cua b a n g ha
cucii cflng. T r o n g k h o a n g 35.000
nam-25.000 n a m each ngay nay, mflc nflde bien
ha xudiig k h o a n g 100-120 in diidi miic
nflde bien h i e n nay. Miic nflde bien
khoang 120 m dflde gifl tfl 22.000 n a m de'n
18,000 n a m each ngay nay. Tfl 18.000

n a m den 15.000 n a m , bien lai dang len
n h a n h chdng va mflc nude dao dgng trong
khoang 60de'n 40 m dudi mflc hien nay.
Vao k h o a n g 10.000 n a m each ngay nay,
miic nudc bieii len de'n 10-15 m dudi miic
hien nay.

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18 <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009 </i>

n a m he t h o n g sdng nay dd vao vflng bien
Ddng S u m a t r a va vflng bien phfa N a m eo
bien M a l l a c a s s a r . Eo bien n a y ludn luon
n g a n each luc dia S u n d a vdi ddo Sulawesi.
Dao J a v a va dao Bali cflng n a m trong
vflng da't S u n d a vii khdng bao gid noi lien

vdi cac dao nhd k h a c cua q u a n dao
Indonexia do eo bien gifla diio B a h va dao
Lonibok k h a sau. Q u a n diio Philipjiin trfl
P a l a w a n , cung biel liip vdi S u n d a trong
the Pleistocene. Nhd nhflng van dgng kien
liio trong the Pleistocene, dien lich cfla
q u a n da^ Philippin du'dc md rdng vdi sfl cd
m a t cua h a n g loat dao nhd mdi ndi len,
lien ket vdi nhflng ddo ldn. Theo mdt sd
nha nghien cflu, qiuin dao Philippin cflng
ddi khi dinh vdi dao Dai Loan va du'dc ndi
lien vdi luc dia chau A.

Trong the PleistoccMie, diio Tiin Ghine
thitdng ndi hen vdi diio uc b a n g nen luc
dia du'dc ggi lii S a h u l . Xlufng gifla Sahul
vil S u n d a , trong thdi Pleistocene chitii bao
gid cd cau ndi hen vdi nhau. Xgan c:ach
gifla hai vflng niiy hi khu vfle cac dao
Ddng N a m A, du'dc ggi lii k h u viic
W a l l a c e a , n a m gifl'a d u d n g W a l l a c e
(Riislcy vach ra) vii dudng phiin gidi cua
q u a n dgng viit Uc. '

Triidc day n h i e u n h a khoa hgc mud'n
lien he cac thdi ky miia va khd t r o n g t h e
Pleistocene d Ddng N a m A vdi cac thdi ky
b a n g ha va gian b a n g d H i m a l a y a . Nhu'ng
nhflng cdng t r i n h gan diiy, dfla vao sfl
phiin tfch liii ciic cfl lieu Pleistocene, da

cho r a n g viec lien he iiliu vay la khong
chac c h a n . Tuy iihiiui, rd rimg lii nhflng
bien dgng ve dia hinh d Ddng X a m A nhfl

da ndi t r e n la do sfl dao dgng mflc nflde
bien gay nen, m a sfl dao ddng n a y sinh ra
chu yeu la do tac ddng cua cac thdi ky
b a n g h a va gian b a n g t r e n h a n h tinh.
Xhflng bien ddng ve m a t dia h i n h dd den
lugt lai a n h h u d n g den dieu kien smh
t h a i d n h i e u vflng ciia Ddng N a m A trong
the Pleistocene va h i e n n h i e n la cd tac
ddng ldn den cudc sd'ng cua con ngu'di
thdi tien sif.

Trudc day ngu'di ta Ihitdng nha'n manh
nhflng diem gan gfli ve k h i h a u gifla thdi
ky Pleistocene va thdi ky Holocene d
Dong N a m A. N h i i n g gan day, da cd nhieu
n h a nghien cflu lflu y c h u n g ta nhflng sfl
khac bict cua khf h a u Ddng N a m A gifla
hat thdi ky. Sfl lflu y dd ro r a n g la can
thiol. Thflc ra, tfl lau, cflng da cd nhflng
hgc gia cho r a n g trong the Pleistocene ,
Ddng X a m A da t r a i qua nhflng thdi ky
liinh vil khd hdn ngay nay. Ngay tfl nam
1911, khi nghien cflu ciic hoa t h a c h thflc
viit d Trinil, trong ldp chfla di cdt ngfldi
vfldn J a v a , n h a cd thflc v a t hoc J u l i u s
S c h u s t e r n h a n r a r a n g t r o n g so'54 loai cay

lim ditdc d day, cd 24 loai hien n a y vdn con
sd'ng d J a v a nhiing d do cao 600-1200 m
t r e n m a t bien. Tfl dd, S c h u s t e r cho rdng
vao T r u n g ky Pleistocene, khf h a u Java
l a n h hdn ngay nay, n h i e t do tha'p hdn
ngay nay chflng 6-8 do.

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<i>VuCongQuy - Mdi trudng tu nhien Dong Nam A thai ky Pleistoc _enc</i> 19

C a n g ngay cang cd t h e m nhflng chflng
cfl mdi de cd the nghi nhfl Schuster la
trong thdi ky Pleistocene da cd nhflng giai
doan l a n h hdn n g a y nay. H.Th.
Verstappen cho biet r d n g vflng Ma lai,
trong cac thdi ky b a n g ha, cd mgt khf h a u
khd hdn ngay nay, Ifldng mUa tha'p hdn va
cd mdt mfla khd dai hdn. R.M. Petersen
cflng chflng m i n h r a n g d vflng H a n g
N i a h ( S a r a w a k ) vao cudi h a u ky
Pleistocene tfldng dfldng giai doan cudi
ciia b a n g h a W u r n , khf h a u liinh hdn va
theo mfla, khd hdn ngay nay. Cac p h a n
tfch chat da't d H a n g Niah do Bruno Sabels
tien h a n h cflng ra't thfl vi. Theo Sabels, cac
ldp da't cd nien dai W u r n mudn d Hang
Niah chfla mgt h a m Ifldng m a n g a n tha'p,
mdt h a m Ifldng Phdt pho t h a p va do PH
cao. Tfl dd Sabels cho rdng khf hau d Hang
Niah thdi dd lanh hdn ngay nay nhieu.

Cd thfla n h a n sfl khac biet ve khf hau
gifla thdi ky Pleistocene va thdi ky
Holocene d Ddng Nam A, chflng ta mdi cd
the giai thfch dflde mdt so bien chuyen
trong qudn ddng vat gifla hai thdi ky nay.
S a n g thdi ky Holocene, qudn ddng vat hien
dai thay the cho qudn ddng vat
Stegodon-Ailuropoda. Voi r a n g kiem (Stegodon) va
mgt sd' gid'ng khac bi tieu diet, Ga'u Ire
(Ailuropoda) thu hep vflng phiin bd trong
mdt linh N a m T r u n g Qud'c, Dfldi
fldi(Pongo) thi chi cdn lai d mdt sd'hdn dao
Indonesia. Sfl thu hep vflng p h a n bd cua
Dfldi fldi ve phia n a m khien ta nghi rdng
da cd mot giai doan lanh ma khf hau d
vung bdc Ddng Nain A hay ban dao Ddng
Dfldng khdng cdn t h u a n Idi cho sti tdn tai

cua Dfldi fldi nfla. Giai doan dd b a n la flng
vdi kboiing cuoi thdi ky b a n g h a W u r n

Nhfl vay, t r o n g sud't thdi ky
Pleistocene, Dong N a m A la k h u vfle nhiet
ddi gid mfla. Do a n h hfldng cua cac thdi ky
b a n g ha va gian b a n g t r e n h a n h tinh, dia
hinh Ddng Nam A cd nhflng bien ddng ldn,
khi h a u cflng cd nhflng thdi ky ndng lanh
khac n h a u . N h u n g nhflng dao dgng khi
h a u dd khdng du ldn de lam thay ddi quan
dgng vat va q u a n thUc vat. Tuy nhien,

gifla khf h a u Pleistocene va Holocene
cflng cd nhflng sfl khac biet dang ke. Sfl
khac biet dd rd hdn d k h u vfle luc dia phfa
Bac va ft hdn d vflng hai dao phia Nam.

Do dieu kien tfl nhien Ddng Nam A
thdi Pleistocene khong thay doi nhieu so
vdi ngay nay. Mdi trfldng tfl nhien dd r a t
t h u a n lgi cho sfl p h a t sinh va p h a t trien
cua con ngfldi cd d Dong Nam A va hinh
t h a n h nen dien mao cua van boa Ddng
Nam A thdi tien sfl./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

<i>1. Ha Van Tan. Moi trUdng tU nhien Dong </i>

<i>Nam A thdi Pleistocene. Trong: Khao cd </i>

hgc tien sfl va sd sfl Dong Nam A. Tu lieu
Vien nghien cflu Dong Nam A.

<i>Tran Quo'c Tri. Moi triidng dia ly Dong Nam </i>

<i>A cudi Pleistocene - ddu Holocene. Trong: </i>

Nhflng va'n de cd ban cua Dong Nam A hoc.
Tu lieu Vien nghien cflu Dong Nam A.
<i>2. Ha Van Ta'n. Khao cd hgc Dong Nam A </i>

<i>-Nhdng phdt hien ddng quan tdm. Trong: </i>

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