LEADERSHIP:
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2d Edition

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Theory, Application, Skill Development

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Robert N. Lussier
and Christopher F. Achua
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This presentation edited and enhanced by:

George W. Crawford

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Asst. Prof. of Mgmt.
Clayton College & State University
Morrow, GA 30260


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Chapter 3
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Leadership Behavior
and Motivation
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Chapter 3
Learning Outcomes
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• University of Iowa leadership styles

• University of Michigan and Ohio State
University leadership models
• Ohio State University leadership model and the
leadership grid
• Three content motivation theories
• Four types of reinforcement
• Content, process, and reinforcement theories

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What is leadership style?

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Leadership Style

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The combination of traits, skills, and
behaviors leaders use as they interact
with followers.

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University of Iowa
Leadership Styles
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Autocratic...........................Democratic

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Source: Adapted from K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White, 1939.
“Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates.” Journal of Social Psychology 10:271301.
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The University of Michigan
Leadership Model: Two
leadership styles, one
dimension
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Job Centered........Employee Centered
Leadership Style……..Leadership Style
Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.

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The Ohio State University Leadership Model:
Four leadership styles, two dimensions

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High

High Structure
and
High Consideration


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Low Structure
and
High Consideration

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Low Structure
High Structure
and
and
Low
Low Consideration
Low Consideration

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Ohio State University

Initiating Structure
Low

High

Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.

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What is the best
leadership style?

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What is the best
leadership style?
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The one which works for the
individual leader in a specific
time and in a specific
environment

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Which leadership style do
workers think is best?

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“Although there is no one best
leadership style
in all situations,
employees are
more satisfied
with a leader
who is high in
consideration.”
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Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership Grid

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1,9

9,9

Team Leader

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Country Club


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5,5

Middle of the Road

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Impoverished

Authority-Compliance

9,1

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High

Low
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Low

CONCERN for PRODUCTION

Source: Adapted from Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, The Managerial Grid III (Houston: Gulf, 1985); and Robert R. Blake and Anna Adams
McCase, Leadership Dilemmas-Grid Solutions (Houston: Gulf, 1991), 29.
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9
High


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Team Leadership (9,9)
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– Few ever reach it

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• The goal in leadership development

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• Similar to the philosophy of U.S.
Army Training Command . . .

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– “Mission First, People Always.”

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What is Motivation?

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Motivation

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Anything that affects behavior in
pursuit of a certain outcome

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Motivation Process

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People go from need to motive to
behavior to consequence to

satisfaction or dissatisfaction

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Motive

Behavior

Consequence

Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction


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Need

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The Motivation Process

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Feedback

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Major Motivation Theories
Specific Motivation Theory

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Classification of
Motivation
Theories

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a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. Two-factor theory
c. Acquired needs theory

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1. Content motivation theories

a. Equity theory
b. Expectancy theory
c. Goal-setting theory


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2. Process motivation theories

3. Reinforcement theory

Type of Reinforcement
a. Positive
b. Avoidance
c. Extinction
d. Punishment
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What are Content
Motivation Theories?

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Content Motivation Theories

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Focus on explaining and predicting
behavior based on people’s needs

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3
Content
Motivation
Theories

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Hierarchy of
Needs

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Acquired
Needs

Two-Factor
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What is a Hierarchy
of Needs Theory?

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Hierarchy of Needs Theory

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Proposes that people are motivated
through levels of needs which begin a
basic life sustaining needs and
progress to life and work satisfaction
needs

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What is the Best Known
Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

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