Gerund and Inf 5

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English presentation

Gerund

&

infinitive

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Introduction of Gerund

The

'-ing' form of the verb may be

a present participle or a gerund.

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The gerund

:

This always has the same function as a noun (although it look
s like a verb), so it can be used:

• as the subject of the sentence:
e.g. Eating people is wrong.

• after prepositions:

e.g. She is good at painting.

• after certain verbs,

e.g. like, hate, admit, imagine

• in compound nouns,

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THE GERUND

This looks exactly the same as a present participle, a
nd for this reason it is now common to call both forms
'the -ing form'. However it is useful to understand t
he difference between the two. The gerund always ha
s the same function as a noun (although it looks like a
verb), so it can be used:

a. as the subject of the sentence:

- Eating people is wrong. Hunting elephants is danger

ous.

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b. as the complement of the verb 'to 
be':

- One of his duties is attending meetings.

- The hardest thing about learning English is

understanding the gerund.

- One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in

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c. after prepositions. The gerund must 
be used when a verb comes after a

preposition:

- Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

- She is good at painting.

- They're keen on windsurfing.

- She avoided him by walking on the opposite side

of the road.

- We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.

- My father decided against postponing his trip to

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This is also true of certain expressions ending
in a preposition, e.g. in spite of, there's no

point in..:

- There's no point in waiting.

- In spite of missing the train, we arrived on

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d. after a number of 'phrasal verbs' 
which are composed of a verb +

preposition/adverb

Example:

to look forward to, to give up, to be

for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep
on:

- I look forward to hearing from you soon.
(at the end of a letter)

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NOTE:

There are some phrasal verbs and other expressio
ns that include the word 'to' as a preposition, not

as part of a to-infinitive:

- to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to
be used to. It is important to recognise that 'to' is a pr
eposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a geru
nd:

- We are looking forward to seeing you.
- I am used to waiting for buses.

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e. in compound nouns

Example:

- a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watchin
g, train-spotting

It is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not
of a continuous verb.

Example:

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f. after the expressions:

can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, and th
e adjective worth:

 - The elephant couldn't help falling in love

with the mouse.

 - I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.
 - It's no use/good trying to escape.

 - It might be worth phoning the station to

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GERUND OR

INFINITIVE?

The two groups of verbs below can be followed either b
y the gerund or by the infinitive. Usually this has no eff
ect on the meaning, but with some verbs there is a clear
difference in meaning.

( Verbs marked * can also be followed by a that-clause. )

Example:
to prefer

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A. Verbs where there is little or

no difference in meaning:

Allow Deserve Neglect

Attempt Fear * Omit

Begin Hate * Permit

Bother Intend * Prefer *

Cease Like Recommen

d *

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B. Verbs where there is a clear

difference in meaning:

Verbs marked with an asterisk

*

can

also be followed by a

that-clause

.

come forget go on

mean regret remember

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• Come + gerund is like other verbs of movement
followed by the gerund, and means that the

subject is doing something as they move:
e.g.She came running across the field.

• Come + to-infinitive means that something 
happens or develops, perhaps outside the
subject's control:

e.g.This word has come to mean something
quite different.

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Forget, regret and remember:

• When these verbs are followed by a

gerund, the gerund refers to an action that 
happened earlier:

e.g.I remember locking the door (= I

remember now, I locked the door earlier)

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Forget is frequently used with 'never' in the

simple future form:

e.g.I'll never forget meeting the Queen.

When these verbs are followed by a to-infi
nitive, the infinitive refers to an action hap
pening at the same time, or later:

e.g.I remembered to lock the door
(= I thought about it, then I did it.)

e.g.Don't forget to buy some eggs!

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Go on:

Go on + gerund means to continue with an 
action:

e.g.He went on speaking for two hours.

Go on + to-infinitive means to do the next 
action, which is often the next stage in a
process:

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Mean:

Mean + gerund expresses what the result 
of an action will be, or what will be necessa
ry:

e.g.If you take that job in London it will me
an travelling for two hours every day.

Mean + to-infinitive expresses an intentio
n or a plan:

e.g.I mean to finish this job by the end of
the week!

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Stop:

Stop + gerund means to finish an action in 
progress:

e.g.I stopped working for them because th
e wages were so low.

Stop + to-infinitive means to interrupt an 
activity in order to do something else, so th
e infinitive is used to express a purpose:

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Try:

Try + gerund

means to experiment

with an action that might be a

solution to your problem.

e.g.

If you have problems sleeping,

you could try doing some yoga before

you go to bed, or you could try

drinking some warm milk.

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Try + to-infinitive

means to make an

effort to do something. It may be so

mething very difficult or even impossi

ble:

e.g.We'll try to phone at 6 o'clock, b

ut it might be hard to find a public tel

ephone.

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VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE

GERUND

The gerund is used after certain

verbs.

Example:

• miss

: I miss living in England.

• The most important of these verbs

are shown below.

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Example:

VERB

• She admitted...

GERUND

• breaking the
window

THAT-CLAUSE
• that she had

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acknowledge,
admit,
appreciate,
avoid,
celebrate,
consider, 
defer,

delay,
deny,
detest, 
dislike,
enjoy,
entail,
escape,
excuse,

fancy (=imagine),
finish,

forgive,
imagine,

keep,

mean,(=have as 
result)
mention,
mind,
miss,
pardon,
postpone,
prevent,
propose,
recall,
recollect,
remember,
report,

resent,
risk,

save (=prevent the 
wasted effort)

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• give up

• go on

• insist on

• look forward to

• object to

• get through
 phrases:

• be devoted to

• be used to

• can’t help
• leave of

• put of

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go + gerund

• In some phrases, the gerund after “G

o” mean that

休閒活動

。

• Example ： My mother and my sister

g

o

shopping

quite often.

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• go birdwatching 去賞鳥

• go boating 去划船

• go bowling 去打保齡球

• go camping 去露營

• go cycling 去騎單車

• go fishing 去釣魚

• go grass skiing 去滑
草

• go hiking 徒步旅
遊

• go hunting 去打
獵

• go mountain climbing
去爬山

• go running 去跑步

• go sailing
去划船

• go sightseeing 去觀光

• go skating 去溜冰

• go surfing the Net
網上瀏覽

• go swimming 去游泳

• go walking 去散步

• go window shopping
去逛街

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The Infinitive

• Form of infinitive
• To-infinitive

• Bare infinitive

• Function of infinitive
• Verbs usually followed

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Form of infinitive

The infinitive is the base form of a verb.

It may be preceded by 'to' (the to-infinitive)
 or stand alone

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To-infinitive

The to-infinitive is used:
a. after certain verbs.

e.g. want, wish, agree, fail, mean,
 decide, learn

b. after the auxiliaries

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Examples:

• The elephant decided to marry the mouse
• The mouse agreed to marry the elephant
• You will have to ask her

• You are to leave immediately
• He ought to relax

• She has to go to Berlin next week
• It's easy to speak English

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Bare infinitive

The bare infinitive is used:

a. after most auxiliaries

(e.g. must, can, should, may, might)

b. after verbs of perception, (e.g. see, hear, feel)

with the pattern ‘ V + O + zero infinitive ‘

c. after the verbs 'make' and 'let',

with the pattern make/let + O + zero infinitive

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Examples

:

After

auxiliaries:

- She can't speak to you.

- He should give her some money.

- Shall I talk to him?

- Would you like a cup of coffee?

- I might stay another night in the hotel.

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After verbs of perception:

Pattern : S + See + O + V+ing

Notice bare infinitive
Observe

Watch
Hear
Feel
Smell

Listen to

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After the verbs '

make

' and '

let

':

Pattern :

S + Let + O + V(bare infinitive)

Make

Have

E.g. I let him go .
I make her cry .

I have my mother wash my clothes .

NOTICE that the 'to-infinitive' is used when 'make' is in the
passive voice:

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After

'had better':

- We had better take some warm clothing.

- She had better ask him not to come.

- You'd better not smile at a crocodile!

- We had better reserve a room in the hotel.
- You'd better give me your address.

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Function of infinitive

The most common uses of the infinitive are:

~ As a subject/object – noun

e.g. To err is human, to forgive is divine. ( S )
I saw a dog cross the road. ( O )

~ As an adjective

e.g. Their offer to reduce your workload is quite attractive.
( acts as adjective to qualify “their offer” )

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afford
agree*
aim
appear
arrange*
bother
care
claim*
condescend

consent
decide*
demand*
fail
guarantee*
happen
hasten

have (= be obliged)
hesitate
hope*
learn
long
manage
offer
prepare
promise*
propose

prove (= turn out)
refuse resolve*
seek
seem
strive
swear*
tend
threaten*
trouble
undertake
volunteer

The to-infinitive is used after the verbs in this group,

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accustom
aid
appoint
assist
cause
challenge
command*
defy
direct*
drive
empower
enable
encourage
entice
entitle
entreat
force
get
implore*
incite
induce
inspire
instruct*
invite
lead
leave (make
someone
order*

persuade*
press
prompt
provoke
remind*
require*
stimulate
summon
teach
tell
tempt
trust*
warn*

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~END~

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Gerund and Inf 5

English presentation

<b>Gerund </b>

<b>Gerund </b>

<b>&</b>

<b>&</b>

<b>infinitive</b>

<b>Introduction of Gerund</b>

The

<b>'-ing' form of the verb may be </b>

a present participle or a gerund.

<b>The gerund</b>

:

<b>GERUND OR </b>

<b>INFINITIVE?</b>

<b>A. Verbs where there is little or </b>

<b>no difference in meaning:</b>

<b>B. Verbs where there is a clear </b>

<b>difference in meaning:</b>

Verbs marked with an asterisk

<b>*</b>

can

also be followed by a

<b>that-clause</b>

.

<b> </b>

<b> </b>

<b>come forget go on </b>

<b> mean regret remember</b>

<b>Forget, regret and remember:</b>

<b>Go on:</b>

<b>Mean:</b>

<b>Stop:</b>

<b>Try:</b>

<b> Try + gerund</b>

means to experiment

with an action that might be a

solution to your problem.

e.g.

If you have problems sleeping,

you could try doing some yoga before

you go to bed, or you could try

<b>drinking some warm milk. </b>

<b> Try + to-infinitive</b>

means to make an

effort to do something. It may be so

mething very difficult or even impossi

ble:

e.g.We'll try to phone at 6 o'clock, b

ut it might be hard to find a public tel

ephone.

<b> VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE </b>

<b>GERUND</b>

The gerund is used after certain

verbs.

Example:

•

<b>miss</b>

: I miss living in England.

• The most important of these verbs

are shown below.

<b>Example:</b>

go + gerund

• In some phrases, the gerund after “G

o” mean that

休閒活動

。

•

Example ： My mother and my sister

g

o

shopping

quite often.

<b>The Infinitive</b>

Form of infinitive

To-infinitive

<b>Examples:</b>

Bare infinitive

<b>:</b>

<b> After</b>