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To-infinitive + Gerund

• The to-infinitive after a verb often describes a

future event.

• Eg: after hope, expect, promise, want, the ev
ent in the to-infintive comes after the activity
or thought in the main verb:

– I hope to see you next week.

• Gerund describes an activity.

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•

G1- afford / agree

•

G2 – learn / need

•

G3 – ask / decide

•

G4 – promise / refuse

•

G5 – expect / fail

•

G6 – tell / want

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afford / agree

•

I

agree to

go

to the Beijing trip this

summer holiday.

•

I can

afford to buy

this picture.

•

learn / need

•

We should

learn to do

housework.

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Hope / wish

•

I

hope to meet

Beckham in England.

•

I

wish to fly up

high in the sky.

•

Want / decide

•

I

want to do

the homework today.

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Expect / fail

•

We

expect

to pass

the English exam.

•

We

failed to do

the homework.

•

Tell / want

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Ask / decide

•

I asked my mum to go shopping with

me.

•

I decided to go hiking this Sunday.

•

Promise / refuse

•

I promised my mother to finish my

homework

by

6pm.

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No major difference in meaning

• Some verbs can be followed by either the
to-infinitive or the gerund without any major
difference in meaning:

Begin Continue Start intend

• Mother Teresa started to live/living in the
slums of Calcutta from 1948.

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Gerund

(

general

),

to-infinitive

(

particular situation

)

• Some verbs are generally followed by the
gerund when used in a general sense

• The to-infinitive is often used for a particular
situation.

Love Like Hate Prefer

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The Gerund is formed by adding ‘ing’

to the base form of a verb.

•

swim



swimming

•

eat



eating

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The Gerund can be used –

<i><b>As a noun</b></i>

E.g

• Running is my favourite sport. (subject)

• He tried running faster. (object)

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<b>Exercise </b>

1.

(swim) _________is a very good form

of exercise.

2.

I have some (shop) ______to do this

afternoon.

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<i><b>After adjectives + preposition</b></i>

accustomed to capable of
fond of afraid of
successful in good at

tired of interested in

E.g

• She is accustomed to training for many hours.

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<b>Exercise </b>

1.

Mary is fond of _______ (sing).

2.

The boy soon became accustomed to

_______ (work) hard.

3.

Are you afraid of _______ (play) the

exciting electronic games.

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•

G1 – admit

•

G2- avoid

•

G3 – delay

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•

Admit

•

My brother

admitted breaking

the vase.

•

Avoid

•

I avoid walking on busy streets.

•

Delay

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finish

•

I

finish doing

my homework.

•

Keep

•

After 4 hours, he keeps standing there.

•

Mind

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deny

•

I deny that I am not good at singing.

•

I deny doing a wrong thing

•

I deny being late to school every day.

•

I deny talking during the lesson.

•

Enjoy

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<i><b>After verbs</b></i>

admit can’t help dislike

keep try finish
advise keep enjoy

appreciate mind avoid

understand suggest forgive
E.g

• John has finished repairing his bicycle.

• They enjoy walking in the evening.

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<b>Exercise </b>

1.

He kept ________(run) till the end.

2.

She enjoys _______ (run) for

competition.

3.

They dislike _______(drive) small cars.

4.

He avoided ________(answer) my

question.

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Bare infinitive

•

Infinitive form without “to”

1.

After

modal verbs (should, could,

must..etc)

, “

had better

” and “

would

rather

”

– We should respect people who are selfless
and kind.

– You’d better prepare for the interview as
you’ll be asked lots of questions.

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Bare infinitive – p111

2. After “let” and “make”

– Mother Teresa let the poor die in dignity.

– The teacher made him stay behind after school.

3. After

Feel See Watch Notice Hear Listen to
She saw a man enter the room.

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Bare infinitive

•

Infinitive form without “to”

1.

After

modal verbs (should, could,

must..etc)

, “

had better

” and “

would

rather

”

– We should respect people who are selfless
and kind.

– You’d better prepare for the interview as

you’ll be asked lots of questions.

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<b>1 I enjoy to swim.</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 I </b>

<b>enjoy swimming</b>

.

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<b>1 I want to study .</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 </b>



<b>I want studying</b>

.

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<b>1 I finish to eat .</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 </b>



<b>I finish eating</b>

.

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<b>1 I need to study .</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 </b>



<b>I need studying</b>

.

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<b>1 I hope to study .</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 </b>



<b>I hope studying</b>

.

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<b>1 I stopped to </b>

<b>smoke.</b>

<b>Which is correct ?</b>

<b>2 </b>



<b>I stopped </b>

<b>smoking</b>

.

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Summary table for

to-infinitive and gerund

To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)

1. Use as subject

Eg: To smoke is bad for you

1. Use as subject (more common)

Eg: smoking is bad for you.

2. To say why we do things

(purpose)

Eg: I got up early to catch th

e 7am train.

2. After prepositions (on, in, bef
ore, for, without, after…etc.)

Eg: you can’t live without eating

Eg: Thank you for listening.

3. After some verbs (eg: exp
ect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choo
se, fail, learn, promise, hesitate...etc)

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Summary table for

to-infinitive and gerund

To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)

4. After some adjectives and no
uns.(adj=easy, happy, glad, nice, excite
d, ready, difficult, dangerous ...etc; noun

= work, money to spend, something to dri
nk, different ways to protect her.…etc)

Eg: She is ready to leave. (adj)
Eg: I am glad to see you. (adj)
Eg: I’ve got work to do. (n)

4. After phrasal verbs

Eg: I am not good at dancing.

Eg: I am not interested in singing.
Eg: John will give up smoking.

5. Some verbs can be follow
ed by either gerund or t
o-infinitive

Eg: I love going to school/

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Summary table for

to-infinitive and gerund

To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)

6. used in general sense (eg: lo
ve, like, hate, prefer..etc)

Eg: I like swimming.

6. Used in particular situations

Eg: I don’t like swimming on cold
days.

7. No + gerund

Eg: No money, no talking.

* Some words can use both to-i
nfinitive and gerund with the sa
me meaning. (eg: love, like, begin, start, i
ntend, continue..etc)

8. Stop + gerund.

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