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<b>KINH NGHIEM DOC LAP, TU CHU </b>

<b>TRONG HOI NHAP KINH TE CUA MALAIXIA </b>

PHAM NGOC TAN*

TRAN THI LAN

H U G N G * *

K

inh nghiem cua Malaixia trong
q u a n he k i n h te qudc te, dac biet
la trong viec xay dflng mot nen k i n h te ddc
lap, tfl chu; t r o n g viec flng xii q u a n he vdi
cac nUdc Idn, trong xil ly cudc k h u n g
hoang n a m 1997 cho t a tha'y vai trd eiia
nha nude trong hojicb djnh chfnh sach
qud'c gia la r a t q u a n trong. Nd gdp phan
dam bao cho sU t h a n h cdng ciia mot dat
nfldc trong qua t r i n h hoi n h a p kinh te
qud'c te, dong thdi b a n che nhflng tac ddng
tieu cflc do toan c l u boa m a n g lai.

<i><b>1. P h a t t r i e n k i n h t e d o c lap, tfl chil v e </b></i>

<b>tay ngifdi b a n xiif </b>

Lan sdng thfl nha't khdi d i u cho sfl
p h i t trien k i n h te doc lap, tfl chu cua
Malaixia trong tie'n t r i n h hdi n h a p qud'c te
dUdc dien ra vao t h a p ky 1970 khi chfnh
phii Malaixia thiic hien chien lUdc t a n g
trUdng hudng ve x u a t k h i u (bang viec
thanh lap cac k h u thUdng mai tii do d

bang P e n a n g n a m 1969) va md ra cac cudc
tranh luan ve vi trf cila ngUdi Ma Lai

trong he thd'ng chfnh trj - kinh te - xa bdi
cua dat nUdc.

Xet ve m a t ljch sit, Malaixia la mot
qud'c gia da s i c toe, d a n h ddc lap thuoc
Khdi thjnh vUdng chung Anh vad nam
1957. Sau cudc bad ddng sac tdc nam
1969, chinh phu Malaixia quyet t a m xay
dung mot nha nUde mdi, danh lai quyen
doe lap, tu chu ve chfnh trj va kinh te cho
ngUdi ban xfl Ma Lai. Chfnh sach kinh te
mdi (NEP) ra ddi n a m 1970 n h a m md rdng
CO p h i n kinh t e c h o ngfldi Ma Lai Ien 30%
trong cac n g a n h thfldng mai va cdng
nghiei), giai quyet bat binh dang sac tec
va kinh te cflng nhfl xoa bd tinh t r a n g ddi
ngheo trong nfldc. De thflc hien N E P ,
chfnh p h u Malaixia ludn phai can ddi gifla
chfnh sach k i n h te trong nfldc (chfnh sach
theo chu nghia can thiep de dam bao sfl
p h a t trien k i n h te cho ngfldi Ma Lai va sfl
thd'ng n h a t chfnh trj) vdi chfnh sach kinh
te tfl do boa ( n h i m dam bao t a n g trfldng
kinh te ben vflng). Chfnh sach kinh te
kieu can thiep nay m a n g tfnh chat r a t
q u a n trong bdi nd cd the dam bao cd hdi

* TS. Phiim Ngoc Tan, Dai hoc Vinh

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54 <i>Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010 </i>

kinh te cho nhflng ngfldi ban dia, dap flng
muc tieu phan phdi thu nhap can bang
cho cac nhdm sac tdc, ddng thdi nang cao
vj the ciia ngfldi Ma Lai trong cic nganh
kinh te hien dai. Trong sudt hai tha}) ky
1970 va 1980, NEP da giup Malaixia d;it
dUdc nhflng muc tieu kinh te' theo hudng
chu nghia dan toe, dUa Malaixia vao hang
ngfl cic nfldc dang phat trien. Trong qua
trinh tU do h o i kinh te, NEP da giflp
ngfldi Ma Lai ciing cd' dflde vi trf kinh te
-chfnh tri, dong thdi tang cfldng dflde tfnh
tfl chil cho chfnh phii trong viec hoach
dinh cic chfnh sach trong nfldc dap flng
cac flu tien chfnh trj - xa hdi.

Trong viee dieu tiet Idi ich chfnh trj
-kinh te ve tay ngUdi Ma Lai, vai trd ciia
To ehflc dan toe Ma Lai thd'ng nha't
(UMNO) va ciiu thil tudng Mahathir la
rat Idn. UMNO dai dien cho ldi fch ciia
ngUdi Ma Lai, dUa ra nhflng chfnh sach
khuyen khfch ngfldi Ma Lai tham gia vad
cac linh vflc nganh nghe hien dai bang
cich dad tao, tuyen dung va hd trd ve tai
chinh, nang ty le sd hflu co phan ciia ho

trong cac cdng ty. Ngoai ra, UMNO cdn
thuc day viec hinh t h a n h cdng dong
thUdng nhan Ma Lai, p h i t trien cac tap
dean kinh te ban dia Idn va cd anh hUdng
rdng khap trong cac nganh kinh te. Cac
tap doan kinh te Idn ciia Malaixia hien
nay nhu Renong, Halim, Proton,
Petronas, Telecom, Tanaga deu do
ngUdi Ma Lai nam gifl va cd nang Iflc canh
tranh toan cau. Mac du cd nhieu cuoc
tranh luan khac nhau ve thanh cdng va
that bai cua NEP, nhflng nhflng thanh
tUu cila nen kinh te Malaixia dUdi thdi
Mahathir la khdng the chdi cai. Ke tfl khi

nam quyen nam 1981, thii tudng
Mahathir da bay td rd quan diem cila
minh la chi cd duy nha't khai niem dan toe
Malaixia d Malaixia chfl khdng cd khai
niem ngfldi Malaixia gdc an, gdc Hoa, gdc
Ma Lai Mahathir da sil dung triet de
cdng cu can thiep cua nha nUdc de hinh
thanh nen mot giai cap lanh dao ban dia,
dong thdi md rdng quy md nen kinh te,
khai thac hieu qua cac liic lUdng thi
trUdng de quang ba cac gia tri cila ngUdi
Ma Lai, giup cho cdng dong ngUdi Ma Lai
trd thanh chu nghia tU ban dfch thUe ci
Malaixia. UMNO va Mahathir da dUa
Malaixia trd thanh mot hien tUdng "thin

ky" trong phat trien kinh te trUdc khi
budc vao thap men 1990. Sau NEP, Chfnh
sach phat trien qud'c gia (NDP) b i t dau
thiic hien vao nam 1990 cung n h i m bao
ve quyen ldi cho ngfldi Ma Lai, nang cao
quyen ldi va dia vi cua ngUdi Ma Lai trong
nen kinh te qud'c dan cflng nhU ra the gidi
ben ngoai.

<b>2. Xijf ly thanh c o n g tac dong cua </b>
<b>khiing hoang chau A 1997 -1998 de giuf </b>
<i>viJng doc l a p , t\i c h u ve k i n h t e </i>

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<i>Pham Ngpc Tdn, Trdn Tin Lan H UO'lliJ </i> <i>Kinh nghiem dpc lap, tifclni. </i> 55
khiing hoang. P h a n flng d i u tien eila

M a h a t h i r la cdng bd' quye't djnh ve kiem
s o l t ddng vd'n ra, cd' djnh dong Ringgit so
vdi dong USD, dong thdi each ehflc Phd
t h u t u d n g k i e m Bd trUdng tai chfnh
Anwar I b r a h i m , tfl chdi cac gdi hd trd kinh
te tfl I M F va WB, dong thdi td' cao Gorge
Soros la ke d i u cd lung doan tai chfnh.
Dieu nay da gay ngac n h i e n cho nhieu
nha p h a n tfch. Dieu ma M a h a t h i r mud'n
chi trfch dd la: toan cau hda chfnh la "ke
thfl ben ngoai" cua thj trUdng tai chinh
qud'c te va nd d a n g de doa nen kinh te
chfnh trj dn d i n h cua Malaixia. Ldi chi
trfch nay cflng la sfl khdi dau cho nhflng

giai p h a p khac p h u c khiing h o a n g theo
each rieng cua Malaixia. Malaixia da dUa
ra bien p h a p kiem soat vd'n theo each
rieng ciia minh. Chfnh phii Malaixia da
thUe hien c i c bien p h a p kiem s o l t tien te
dot ngot de tao dieu kien cho Ngan h a n g
Trung Udng N e g a r a de d a n g dieu h a n h
chinh sach tien te b a n g each ha lai sua't,
tao ddng lUe kfch thfch nen kinh te dang
suy thoai nghiem trong. Nd chi la nhflng
bien pha|) m a n g tfnh c h a t t i n h hudng de
ngan chan nhflng tac ddng xau cua cudc
khiing hoang tai chfnh c h a u a, ddng thdi
giup chfnh phii chii ddng giai quyet cac
van de kinh te'ciia nUdc m i n h ma khdng bj
sU can thiep tfl ben ngoai. Cdn ve lau dai,
Malaixia se tiep t u c cai each n g a n h tai
chfnh - n g a n h a n g , dieu chinh cd cau kinh
te, hd trd xua't k h a u va n a n g cao tfnh canh
tranh cila h a n g xua't k h a u , cung cd' cd sd
ha tang kinh te - xa hoi.

Mac dfl cd nhieu y kien jibe p h a n bien
phap kiem s o l t tien te cua Malaixia la di
ngude lai vdi tien t r i n h p h a t trien, tao nen

sU phuc hoi k i n h te t a m thdi va dan den
lam tri tre nhflng e l i each cd cau dai b a n
va lam xau di nen k i n h te t r e n g tUdng lai,
nhUng nhflng gi Malaixia da lam dflde de

ngan c h a n khiing hoang n a m 1997-98
dang trd t h a n h mot bai hoc kinh nghiem
quy gia. Ly do chfnh khien M a h a t h i r va
cae edng su cua dng chon giai p h a p nay la

<i>tim kie'm sU dpc lap, tii chu tU thi trUdng </i>
<i>qudc te hdng viec len dn nhUng tdc ddng </i>
<i>tieu cUc cua todn cdu hod. Chinh phii </i>

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56 <i>Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010 </i>

hoang va sU sup do cfla c h i n h quyen
S u h a r t o khien chfnh phii Malaixia rflt ra
nhieu k i n h nghiem ve quyen tfl chii trong
giai quyet cac van de eiia dii't nude m i n h .

Ly do thfl hai k h i e n chfnh q u y e n
M a h a t h i r Ifla chon giai p h a p chdng k h u n g
<i>h o i n g theo each rieng cua minh la tim </i>

<i>kiem sii doc lap, tii chii trong cdc quyet </i>
<i>.sach cua rieng minh, khdng le thupc vdo </i>
<i>hen ngodi. Khi A n w a r cdn lam Bo trUdng </i>

Bd tai chfnh, dng da sil d u n g chfnh sach
t h a t c h a t tien te va cac chfnh sach tai
chfnh n h u t a n g lai sua't de bao ve ddng
KM, eat giam chi tieu cdng cdng de e l i
thien can can thUdng mai va n g a n sach.
Theo e l c n h a k i n h te hoc phUdng Tay va

cac n h a hoach d i n h chfnh s a c h ciia
Malaixia thi cac bien p h a p t r e n da bj
k h u y e n cao la mot t r o n g nhflng nguyen
n h a n gay r a khiing h o a n g tai chfnh. Theo
logic k i n h te, thi viec t h e o dudi quyen ddc
lap t u chii k i n h te tfl' cac Iflc Ifldng thj
trfldng la can p h a i t a p t r u n g vao viec phuc
hdi k i n h te n h a n h chdng tfl k h i i n g h o a n g
b a n g c i c h giam sfle ep d a u cd tien te, cat
giam lai sua't va ty gia hdi doai de giflp
cho chfnh phil theo dudi chfnh sach tien te
mot each ddc lap. Cdn theo logic chfnh trj
thi quyen tii c h u ciia da't nUdc phai the
hien tai thdi diem ra quyet dinh. Quyet
djnh sa t h i i A n w a r cila M a h a t h i r da lam
ndng Ien t i n h h i n h chinh trj cua Malaixia
va gap phai n h i e u chi trfch tfl e l c nude.
Theo cac n h a phe binh, viec sa t h i i A n w a r
cd the gay r a mot cudc khiing h o a n g mdi,
lam sup dd Idng tin cila c i c nha d i u tU vao
ndi cac cua M a h a t h i r . Chfnh quyen My
dudi thdi tong thd'ng B u s h bay gid cho
r a n g "chuyen A n w a r la mot v a n de n h a n

quyen , dai dien cho nen d a n chu bj dd
vd d M a l a i x i a va l u a t p h i p c u a
Malaixia Q u y e t djnh sa t h a i A n w a r cd
the lam ton hai moi q u a n he gifla h a i
chfnh p h u " *^' Dieu dd cd n g h i a la t r o n g
cudc k h i i n g h o a n g tai chfnh n a m 1997/98,

e l c the Iflc ben ngoai t a n cdng trflc tie'p
viio c h i n h q u y e n M a h a t h i r , mud'n
Malaixia phai di theo nhflng quy che ap
dat tfl cac t h e che qud'c te va cac nfldc Idn
de r a la I M F , 'WB va My. T u y n h i e n , trong
ldi p h a t bieu cua m i n h ve vao n a m 2002,
M a h a t h i r cho r i n g "Chflng tdi bi cac nfldc
phfldng Tay chi trfch m a n h me, nhflng
chflng tdi k h o n g bao gid chju k h u a t phuc
ho d ba't ky linh vuc nao, bcii vi chflng tdi
cd t r a c h n h i e m vdi da't nfldc chflng tdi,
n h a n dan chflng tdi. Cac nfldc p h u d n g Tay
khdng cd t r a c h n h i e m gi vdi da't nUdc
c h u n g tdi. Neu n h a n d a n chflng tdi chju cd
cflc, thi cflng k h d n g a n h hfldng gi den ho.
<b>Nhflng c h u n g tdi p h a i cd t r a c h nhiem </b>
trong c h u y e n dd. N h a n d a n b a u cil c h u n g
tdi, vi vay t r a c h n h i e m ciia chflng tdi la
p h a i c h a m sdc cuoc sd'ng va a n n i n h cho
n h a n d a n chflng tdi"*'^'./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

<i>1. M a h a t h i r Mohamad, The Malaysia </i>

<i>Currency Crisis: How and Why It </i>
<i>Happened, Petaling J a y a : Pelanduk, </i>

2000, trang 19-20.

2. Theo Working Paper, No72, 12/2004,

<i>Malaysia and the United States: Rejecting </i>
<i>Dominance, Embracing Engagement. </i>

<i>3. Executive Intelligence Review, Malaysia's </i>

<i>Challenge to IMF: a Lesson on Method, </i>

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