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<i><b>^* </b></i>
DUONG VAN HUY*
S i i h i i n g t h i n h c u a H o i A n v a h i n h
t h a n h c g n g d o n g ngiidfi H o a
Khi chua Nguyen tien h a n h khai pha
Dang Trong di dan, lap i p thi tat ca mgi thfl
deu thieu, thieu ve n h a n lUc, tien bac, t r a n g
thiet hi vu khf,... De bfl lap vao nhflng thieu
h u t dd, chfnh quyen Dang Trong da chieu
mg cU dan k h i p ndi trong dd cd ca nhflng
lUu dan ngUdi Hda den de khai pha d i t dai,
md rgng cUdng •viic. Ddng thdi, de tang cUdng
tiem liic kinh te, chfnh quyen da md cfla
thdng thUdng vdi hai ngoai, de thu thue tang
ngudn t h u n g a n sach cho minh. Chfnh vi
vay, ngoai thUdng da trd t h a n h n h a n to'
quan trgng cho sU tdn vong va p h a t trien
cua Dang Trong. Cung vdi sU md rgng ngoai
thUdng, cac thUdng cang i i n lUdt dUde ra
ddi, nhUng vdi vi tri thuEln lgi ve m a t thUdng
mai, Hgi An sdm trd t h a n h thUdng cang 16n
n h i t Dang Trong va la t r a m trung chuyen
quan trgng trong tuyen thUdng mai khu vflc
va qud'c te. Va, day cung la ndi tap trung
nhieu n h i t cac thUdng n h a n ngoai kieu den
cU t r u va thUdng mai, trong dd d i u tien phai
ke den thUdng n h a n ngUdi Nhat, va sau dd
la Hoa thUdng, den khoang nfla sau the ky
N i m t r e n con dudng thUdng mai quoc te
Dong - Tay, dac biet la "con dUdng td lua
<b>32 </b> <i>Rghien curu Lich si. s6 4.2Q1Q </i>
tren bien" va "con dUdng gdm sfl tren bien",
cgng vdi ngudn tai nguyen lam, thuy, hai
s i n phong phu phuc vu cho khai thae x u i t
khau ma Hgi An thflc sfl da trd thanh mgt
thUdng cang, mgt trung tam trung chuyen
hang hoa ldn cua khu •viic va the gidi. Tfl
khoang nam 1600 trd ve sau, Hgi An da trd
thanh mgt ndi ha'p d i n dd'i vdi cac thuyen
budn Trung Hoa. NgUdi Hoa da den cang
thi nay budn ban va xay diing nen phd'
budn ban cua minh cung vdi thUdng nhan
ngUdi Nhat, nhu Idi nhan xet cua
Cristophoro Borri trong mgt chuyen di
<i>Dang Trong nam 1621: "Chua Ddng Trong </i>
<i>xUa kia cho ngiidi Nhdt, ngiidi Trung Qud'c </i>
<i>chgn mdt dia diem vd ndi thudn Idi de lap </i>
<i>mdt thdnh phd' cho tien viec budn bdn. </i>
<i>Thdnh phd' ndy ggi Id Faifo (Hgi An), mdt </i>
<i>thdnh phd ldn den do ngUdi ta ndi dUdc la </i>
<i>cd hai thdnh phd. mdt phd ngUdi Trung </i>
<i>Qud'c vd phd' ngUdi Nhdt. Mdi phd cd khu </i>
Nhu vay, nhflng cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa
diu tien d Hgi An la nhflng nhflng cum dan
cU, hay nhflng phd' thUdng mai cua ngUdi
Hoa, dUdc hinh thanh do hoat dgng thUdng
mai. Thanh p h l n cU dan chu yeu la nhflng
thUdng nhan, bao gdm hai loai chu yeu:
mgt loai la nhflng thUdng khach vi gid mua
khong thuan, hoac do thUdng vu keo dai,
khdng kip ve nUdc, danh chiu d lai qua nam
de chd ky gid sang nam mdi ve Bic; loai thfl
hai, la nhflng ngUdi mud'n cU tru vinh •vien
hoac ban vinh •vien, hg chu yeu la nhflng
thu quy hoac dai dien cho thuyen budn
hoac thUdng doan, mgt mat ban cac hang
hda ciia thuyen minh, mat khac mua s i n
cac thfl thd san nhU td lua, hUdng kj^ nam,
dudng, hat tieu, yen, vay ca, td mgc,.. de
cho thuyen cua thUdng doan cua minh mfla
xuan sau khi ve day se cd the chd dly hang
hoa ve Trung Qud'c. Trong thdi k^ nha
Thanh lat dd nha Minh, va dac biet la
chien tranh loan lac d phfa Nam Trung
Qud'c, thi hang loat nan dan di tru vao
Dang Trong, chua Nguyen da cho ph6p cac
nan dan va thUdng nhan tdi cac phu, huyen
Vdi sii gia tang manh me ve so' lUdng
ngUdi Hoa di tru, cflng vdi sfl gia tang ve
hoat dgng kinh te thUdng mai cua ngUdi
Hoa, thi trong khoang gifla nam 1645 va
nam 1653, Minh HUdng xa cua cgng ddng
ngUdi Hoa d l u tien d Viet Nam da dUdc
thanh lap (2). Minh HUdng xa la mgt ket
ciu cgng ddng lang xa ngUdi Hoa di tan den
Viet Nam va tU nguyen nhap quoc tich Viet
Nam, liy chfl "Minh" (B^) dflng diu de
tudng nhd den trieu dai nha Minh da suy
vong va chfl "HUdng" ( # ) vdi nghia la
"hUdng thdm" va cdn nghia la "hUdng hoa"
(3). Nhu vay, Minh HUdng xa cd nghia la
lang xa cua nhflng ngUdi Hoa di cU •vi If do
chfnh tri, suy ton nha Minh, tuy song tren
que ngUdi nhUng v i n gifl hfldng thdm,
hfldng hoa cua minh. P h l n ldn hg la tinh
Quang Dong, Phuc Kien cflng cd ngUdi tinh
Chiet Giang va ca nhflng ngUdi tinh khac
nfla.
Cd ca'u cua Minh Hfldng xa, theo nhU tai
<i>lieu cua Hgi An Minh Hiidng tam bdo vu </i>
<i>Thdp lao), dflng d l u la Trung Lfldng Hlu </i>
l?oat dQng hinh te ciia ngudri IJoa. <b>23 </b>
lao gia, T r I n lao gia. T h a i lao gia, LUu lao
gia (4).
<i>Sau Thdp Ido. thi cd cdn cd Luc tinh </i>
<i>hiidng ky lao h a y cdn ggi Luc tinh. Tflc la cd </i>
sau vi ky lao trong l a n g tiep tuc dflng ra bd
cong sflc, tien cua xay dflng md rgng lang.
Hg deu la cflu t h i n cua n h a Minh, g i i u
quan tUdc gia i a m thUdng dan di t a n den
cang thi Hgi An, hg bao gdm: Nguy k^ lao,
Trang k^ lao, Ngd k^ lao, Thieu ky lao,
<i>Hfla ky lao, Ngu ky lao. Luc tinh cd nhieu </i>
cong lao to ldn trong •viec cung cd' va md
rgng lang Minh Hfldng t r e n cang thi Hgi
An. Hg bd tien m u a t h e m nhieu d i t dai, lap
dia bg, k h a i k h I n d i t h o a n g t h a n h rugng,
khai thdng song ngdi, lap dinh, xay mieu,
dUng chua, n a n g cao uy tfn cua minh d
thUdng cang n a y (5). Dieu h a n h Minh
HUdng xa, cd cac chflc vu sau day: Cai xa;
Vdi sfl thiet lap cgng ddng Minh Hfldng
xa d Hgi An da k h i n g d i n h dUdc vai trd cua
hg dd'i vdi thfldng cang Hgi An. Hg khdng
chi cd flu t h e ve so' lUdng so vdi cac thUdng
n h a n khac ma cdn cd Uu t h e ve hoat dgng
thUdng mai, hg trd t h a n h liic lUdng thfldng
mai cd the t h a y t h e sfl thieu v i n g cua
nhieu thUdng n h a n N h a t B a n trong thdi ky
Chau An t h u y e n cua N h a t Ban (1592
-1635) va thUdng n h a n phUdng Tay thdi ky
chua N g u y i n td r a c a n h giac vdi cac t h u y e n
budn phUdng Tay.
<i>D a n s o ngvCdi H o a v a cd c a u n g a n h </i>
n g h e t a i H o i A n
X6t ve m a t d a n sd ngUdi Hoa d Hgi An
thi tfl khi ngUdi Hoa thiet lap cgng ddng
Minh HUdng xa tdi nay chUa tim t h i y tU
lieu nao xac dinh mgt each cu the chfnh
xac. M a t khac, do lich sfl h i n h t h a n h va dia
ban p h a n bo' dan cU cd tfnh dac thfl rieng
Tuy vay, theo sU t h u t h a p va p h a n tfch
tdng hgp tfl nhieu ngudn tU lieu khac nhau,
chung ta eung cd the Udc doan dUdc mgt
each tUdng dd'i so' lUdng dan k h l u ngUdi
Hoa d Hgi An k h o a n g gifla the ky XVII la
khoang 5.000 ngfldi, den cud'i the ky XVIII
cd khoang hdn 6000 ngfldi, theo nhfl sfl ghi
<i>chdp cua Taboulet thi d Hgi An "So' Hoa </i>
<i>kieu d ddy cd tdi 6000 ngiidi vd Id nhiing </i>
<i>dgi thiidng gia" (7). Cd the con so' 6000 chi </i>
<b>34 </b> <i>Rghien curu Ljeh siir. s6 4.2Q1Q </i>
neu nhu cgng ca da ba vao thi so' dan
khoang hdn 2000 ngUdi (9). Ngoai sd dinh ra
neu ke tre em, ngUdi gia, phu nfl, tham chf
bdt so' dan dinh de tron thue, nhflng chiing
ta cd the Udc doan cfl mdi s u i t dinh them
mgt vd va mgt con nhd thi dan so' xa Minh
Hfldng nam 1747 khoang 2598, nam 1788
khoang 2703. Mat khac, nhflng Hoa kieu
khdng phai la ngfldi Minh HUdng tai Hgi An
so' lugng bien dgng khd doan dinh, nhUng cd
le ddng n h i t vao mfla mau dich, het mfla
mau dich hg lai theo tau budn ve nfldc. Cho
nen, con so' khoang 6000 ngfldi la bao gdm ca
ngUdi Hoa Minh HUdng xa va Hoa kieu tam
tru tai Hgi An vao mfla mau dich.
Khi cgng ddng Minh Hfldng xa dflgc
thanh lap thi nhflng ngfldi trong cgng ddng
nay theo duoi nhieu nghe nghiep khac
nhau: Thfldng nhan, budn ban nhd, thg thu
cdng, t h l y thud'c, t h i y ly so', lao dgng phd
thdng, binh Ifnh, quan lai, quy tgc, nho sy...
Nhflng tri thflc, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep
cua hg vdn r i t cln chua Nguyen d Dang
Trong de phat huy nhflng tiem liic kinh te,
quan sU, phuc •vu sU nghiep cung co' the liic,
md mang bd coi. Vi vay, cac chua Nguyen
s i n sang ddn nhan, Uu dai va trgng dung
<i>nghi). Trong linh vflc hoat dgng thfldng </i>
mai, ngoai hoat dgng chfnh la bao mua,
mai bi§n, md cfla hieu dai ly, budn b i n g
ghe thuyen k h i p ndi trong va ngoai xfl. Cac
dich vu hoat dgng lien quan den thfldng
mai cung r i t phat trien nhU cho thuc nha,
cho vay liy lai, dich •vu gia'y td, an ud'ng,
vui ehdi giai trf... Ngoai ra, nghe budn ban
thud'c Bac va nghe y dUdc cung chiem ty le
ldn trong cgng ddng Minh HUdng d day.
Cgng ddng Minh Hudng dinh cU tren vung
da't mdi cd nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi de
phat trien cong-thUdng nghiep. Vi vay, cd
ca'u hoat dgng nganh nghe cua cgng ddng
cua ngUdi Hoa d day da p h l n la iam kinh
doanh, budn ban (thUdng mcti) va thu cong
nghiep.
Trong linh vUc thu cong nghigp, cU dan
<i>Minh HUdng tap hdp trong cac Hdi thd </i>
<i>ddng thuyin (Chu Tugng), Hdi thd che tao </i>
<i>do bgc (Ngan tUdng), cdc hg ldm mudi </i>
<i>(Diem hg), Kim (Liem)... Trong so ke dan </i>
dinh Minh HUdng nam 1788, thanh phln
dan cU Minh HUdng trong cac hiep hgi nay
chiem 185 ngUdi. Dac biet, mgt bg phan 16n
cua cU dan Minh HUdng lap nghigp tai pho'
Hgi An hoac cac thi tfl trong xfl Quang de
hoat dgng kinh doanh, budn ban, do do,
nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem tren linh vflc
nay da dfldc cac chua Nguyen cip chau
bing giao dam nhan cac cong viec d Ty Tau
vu nhfl kiem soat thuyen budn cac nfldc,
can do, dinh gia hang hoa, thong ng6n.„
Mgt so' ngudi dUdc phong chflc cai phu tau
hoac dfldc giao nhflng trgng trach lien quan
den hoat dgng thfldng mai, kinh te, quan
sfl. Ngfldi Minh Hfldng lam ra't nhieu chflc
dich cua xa hoac cua chfnh quyen dia
phfldng, theo sd dinh nam Thai Dflc 11
(1788) cho tha'y, so' hfldng quan, hfldng
chflc cua xa len den 506 ngfldi. Trong
thanh p h i n cfl dan Minh Hfldng co r i t ft
ngfldi san xua't nong nghiep nhUng cung
mang lai cho hg ngudn thu dang ke va dUdc
thiic hign bdi hinh thflc phat canh thu to,
cdn ngfldi Minh Hfldng triic tiep san xuit
nong nghiep chiem ty le ra't ft (10).
<b>Ijoat dpng hinh te ciia ngirdi Tjoa. </b> <b>35 </b>
<b>B a n g thd'ng ke t i n h h i n h hoat dgng n g a n h n g h e ciia cii d a n Minh hiidng </b>
<b>t h e o so dinh nfim 1747 (11) </b>
<b>STT </b>
<b>1 </b>
<b>2 </b>
<b>3 </b>
<b>4 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>6 </b>
<b>7 </b>
<b>8 </b>
<b>Dia phiicfng v a n g h e n g h i e p </b>
Ho budn ban tai Phd' Hoi An
Hg budn ban tai chau Kim Bong
Hg buon ban tai Chau Tra Nghieu
Hg buon ban tai pho' Phu Chiem
d cac vung ven Hgi An, khong ghi ro nghe nghiep
d cac phu khac khong ghi ro nghe nghiep
Nghiem tau, thong ngon
Gia yeu, eo qua, xua't gia
<b>Tong c o n g </b>
<i>So llidng </i>
<b>(ho/ngiidi) </b>
195
<b>11 </b>
<b>86 </b>
<b>47 </b>
250
194
<b>34 </b>
<b>49 </b>
<b>866 </b>
<b>T y l e </b>
<b>% </b>
22,5
<b>1,3 </b>
<b>9,9 </b>
<b>5,4 </b>
28,9
22,4
<b>3,9 </b>
<b>5,7 </b>
<b>100% </b>
<b>Nhiifng t i e n t r i e n t r o n g h o a t d o n g </b>
<b>k i n h t e c u a ngiic^i H o a of H o i A n </b>
Trong cac t h e ky XVI - XVIII, T r u n g
Qud'c thiic hien chinh sach ddng cfla d i t
nU6c (Chfnh sach H a i c i m ) , dac biet la
chfnh sach ddng cfla doi vdi N h a t Ban
<i>khong ai ddm thdng vdi Nhdt Bdn, nhiing </i>
<i>cd bgn thUdng gia gian tham dem nhiing </i>
<i>hdng hod trdn di cdc niidc Giao Chi (tdc </i>
<i>Quang Nam), ngiidi Nhdt lgi tii dd chuyen </i>
<i>van sang Nhdt Bdn. nhii vdy thi (ngiidi </i>
<i>Nhdt) khdng khdc gi triic tiep mdu dich vdi </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c vdy" (12). C u n g thdi gian dd, cd </i>
mgt giao si Bd Dao N h a thugc ddng J ^ s u i t e
la Valentin Corvalho, cung cd chdp r i n g :
<i>"gdn ddy tgi Cochinchine dd bdt ddu mdt </i>
<i>thd mdu dich rdt bdt Idi cho ngUdi Bo Ddo </i>
<i>Nha... ta thay thiidng gia Trung Qud'c dem </i>
Thfldng n h a n hoat dgng chu yeii thfldng
xuyen d day v i n la Hea thUdng, trfl Quang
Chau p h u thugc Q u a n g Dong, Mai Phong
thugc Chiet Giang, ngoai ra deu la thugc
tinh P h u c Kien ca, d u n g nhfl Idi n h a n xdt
<i>cua Thfch Dai S a n trong Hdi Ngogi ky sii </i>
<i>nhfl sau: "Vi Hdi An la mdt md ddu ldn. ndi </i>
<i>tap hdp cua thiidng khdch cdc niidc; thdng </i>
<i>bd sdng, mdt con diidng ddi ba bdn dam, ggi </i>
<i>Id Dgi diidng cdi, hai ben diidng phd'd liin </i>
<i>nhau khit rit, chu phd'thay diu ngiidi Phuc </i>
<i>Kien. vdn dn mac theo Idi tiin triiu (nhd </i>
<i>Minh)" (14). M a t khac, "ngiidi Ddng Trong </i>
<i>khdng budn bdn d ngodi vUdng qudc cua hg. </i>
<i>tiic la hg tii ldm lay viec dd vd it den ndi </i>
<i>khdng ggi Id budn bdn. vi ngodi viec cho </i>
<i>thuyin sang Xiem vd Cao Mien de mua </i>
<i>thud'c sung, thi hg bo qua cdc thd tien nghi </i>
<i>khdc cua cudc sd'ng. Ngiidi niidc ngodi di </i>
<i>tim xem ngiidi Nam ky cd nhiing thd gi dgc </i>
<i>biet hoac hg dung ngiidi Trung Hoa de chd </i>
<i>cdc thd dd sang Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn. </i>
<i>d ddy hg thu ve td't cd bgc vd tiin dUdc liiu </i>
<i>hdnh d xd Nam ky" (15). Cho nen, x6t ve </i>
<b>36 </b> <i><b>R g h i ^ curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010 </b></i>
1636, thdi chua ThUdng, cac hoat dgng mau
dich vdi Nhat Ban da hi cha'm dflt. Nhflng
tau buon Bd Dao Nha, Anh qud'c va Ha Lan
cflng d i n d i n thfla thdt. Cac tau nay, trUdc
day thudng tdi tfl Macao, Madras va
Batavia, ngay cang ving bdng, mac du
chua Hien td ra cd y khfch le cac thfldng
thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban trong xfl.
Thdi kj^ nay, ngoai cac hoat dgng thfldng
mai cua ca nfldc ndi chung va Ding Trong
ndi rieng, ngUdi Hoa h l u nhu n i m trong
tay minh t i t ca nhflng mo'i thfldng mai tfl
<i>nhd den ldn. O ta't ca nhflng hang cung ngo </i>
hem, nhflng ndi rflng nui heo hut, cho den
nhflng trung tam buon ban, nhflng hai
cang ldn nhd deu tha'y nhflng bdng dang
Hoa thfldng cflng r i t nhieu cfla hieu Trung
Qud'c hoac cd ca nhflng ngfldi Trung Qud'c
ban rong di k h i p ndi ban hang. Hg la
nhflng ngfldi d l u tien buon ban vdi Viet
Nam va sau nay khi cac lai buon phUdng
Tay tha't bai trong •viec buon ban vdi Viet
Nam thi hg lai chfnh la nhflng ngfldi dflng
ra n i m liy ta't ca nhflng mo'i quan trgng
trong budn ban. Nam 1695, lai buon Anh la
Bowyear cung da cho biet toan bg thfldng
mai d Faifo la do ngUdi Trung Qudc n i m
(16). Cung theo nhU sfl ghi chdp cua G.
Tai thUdng cang Hgi An, ngudi Hoa
khong nhflng n i m trong tay cong viec tau
vu (ve dieu nay se ndi ro d p h i n sau) d
thfldng cang nay ma trong cac hoat dgng
thUdng mai vdi thi trUdng ngi dia hg cung
bao thu mua va hang hoa trong •vung de
den k^ hgi chd hg cung ca'p cho cac tau
buon nUdc ngoai. Mat khac, hg mang
nhflng hang hoa nfldc ngoai di ban k h i p
cac hang cung ngd hem. Ben canh dd, Hoa
thUdng d Hgi An iam nhiem •vu chuyen van
hang hoa tfl Trung Qudc den hoac cd ngudn
cung ca'p hang hoa do cac tau buon den tfl
cac thUdng cang cua Trung Qudc, rdi tfl dd
hg chuydn hang hoa den cac thfldng cang
khac cua Dong Nam A va Nhat Ban, hoac
ban cho cac tau buon phfldng Tay vao mua
hgi chd. Nam 1744, Piere Poivre ghi lai
<i>ring: "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mdt cdi kho </i>
<i>chung cda tat cd cdc hdng hod vd Id ndi tru </i>
<i>ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa vdi ben </i>
<i>ddu dgc theo bd mdt con sdng viidng ddy </i>
<i>ghe thuyin" (17). Theo nhfl bao cao trong </i>
Daghregister ve cac nam 1631- 1634, Dang
Trong cd the da la mgt dia chi quen thugc.
vao Nam 1631, bao cao ghi ro cd 5 chiec
thuyen Trung Hoa rdi Trung Hoa di
Bata^via, 5 chiec khac tdi Dang Trong, 5
chiec tdi Cao Mien, 2 chiec di Batani, 2
chiec di Siam va 1 chiec di Singgora
(Songkhla) (18). Va, trong khoang tfl nam
1647 den 1720, trong so' thuyen buon
Trung Hoa tfl cac nfldc Dong Nam A tdi
Nhat Ban thi thuyen buon xuit phat Tfl
Quang Nam (chu yeu la Hgi An) chiem •vi
trf so' mgt (19). Khoang nam 1750, thfldng
nhan ngfldi Phap la Poivre chi d Hgi An
cung tha'y 60 thfldng thuyen Trung Qudc tfl
cac cang khac nhau tdi (20).
I?oat dQng hinh tef ciia ngudi I^oa... <b>37 </b>
hay mau dich da tuyen khac liy Dang
Trong la tram trung chuyen. Nhfl tam giac
mau dich Trung Qudc - Dang Trong - Nhat
Ban, Trung Qud'c Dang Trong
-Campuchia - Nhat Ban, Batavia - Dang
Trong - Trung Quoc... Ching han, vdi
thuyen buon so' 59 cua Hoa thfldng chu
thuyen la Lflu Dai Xa tfl Campuchia den
Nhat Ban vao nam 1689, nhflng thuyen
nay vao nam 1688 sau khi xuit phat tfl
Nagasaki Nhat Ban qua Phuc Chau, ngay
Vdi vai trd chi pho'i hoat dgng thfldng
mai vdi Hgi An, Hoa thfldng la nhflng
thfldng nhan chfnh n i m cac dlu mo'i kinh
doanh ngi thUdng va ngdai thUdng. ThUdng
nhan cac nUdc khac dd ve day trao doi hang
hoa dong due va h l u het qua vai trd trung
<i>gian cua ngUdi Hoa. Ben canh dd, "ly do </i>
<i>khien cd nhiiu thUdng gia nhU vdy la hdng </i>
<i>ndm tii Trung Hoa den Quinam Id vi cd the </i>
<i>tim thay d ddy mgt trung tdm budn bdn vdi </i>
<i>cdc nUdc vd cdc vung ldn can. Hd tieu diidc </i>
<i>chd tdi ddy tii Palembang. Pahang vd cdc </i>
<i>vung ldn can; long ndo tii Borneo, gd vang. </i>
<i>ngd voi. serong bourang. gumrae vd </i>
<i>lankien... do sd thd vd cdc hdng hda khdc. </i>
<i>Vdi nhiing gi cdn lgi, hg co the mua them hd </i>
<i>tieu. ngd voi. bdt gia vi bach ddu khdu cua </i>
<i>Quinam.... Do dd. thuyin ciia hg trd ve </i>
<i>Trung Hoa thiidng Id ddy hdng" (24). Theo </i>
tfnh toan cua Bowyear nam 1695 thi mdi
nam cac thUdng thuyen tfl Nhat Ban,
dat den cnn sd 80 thuyen moi nam (25).
vao nam 1773, trfldc khi khdi nghia Tay
Sdn ngfldi dia phfldng ndi vdi ngfldi Anh
r i n g mdi nam cd gin 100 thuyen budn
Trung Hoa den cang khiu Hgi An tien
hanh mau dich (26).
vao khoang cudi the ky XVII dlu XVIII,
cac thfldng gia ngfldi Hoa da gap dfldc
nhieu thuan Idi hdn khien hg cd the tao
mgt so' cd sd cho ph6p hg che ngii nen
thfldng mai Dang Trdng trong hai the ky ke
tiep. TrIn Kinh Hda dUa ra ba H do cit
<i>nghia sU kien. Thd nhdt, cugc ngUng chien </i>
gifla chua Trinh va chua Nguyen vao 1672
<i>da md diu mgt thdi k^ hoa binh d ca hai </i>
ben cho tdi khi Tay Sdn ndi day. Khi khong
cdn chien tranh de dga (do dd khong cdn
cln sfl trd giup bing b i t cfl gia nao), ca hai
chfnh the deu trd nen ft de dai hdn doi vdi
cae thfldng gia ngfldi chau Au. Tinh hinh
mdi nay tao ra cd hgi cho ngUdi Hoa ddng
vai trd trung gian gifla hai ben: Vigt Nam
<i>va ngfldi Au. Thd hai. vao thdi kj^ nay, cac </i>
cong ty thUdng mai cua ngUdi Hoa d Quang
<i>"bdt ddu cung cdp cho tdu chdu Au cdc sdn </i>
<i>pham cua Viet Nam vd ddng thdi cung cdp </i>
<i>cho Viet Nam hdng Trung Hoa vd sdn </i>
<i>pham cua chdu Au md Viet Nam cdn". Thd </i>
<i>ba, quy dinh cua Nhat Ban nam 1715 ve </i>
ngoai thfldng da ha sd thuyen cua Trung
Hoa tdi Nhat xuo'ng cdn 30 vdi tdng gia trj
<i>hang hoa la 6.000 kan (600.000 lang bac) </i>
da tac dgng manh me tren nen thfldng mai
Dang Trong nhfl iam mgt so' ldn thuyen da
Iui tdi Nhat hfldng ve cac cang khac trong
vflng Dong Nam A (27).
<b>3S </b> <i><sub>Rghien curu Ljeh 5i!lr. s6 4.2Q1Q </sub></i>
Nguyen dd^i vdi Hoa thUdng. Chua
Nguyen dflng ca ngfldi Nhat va ngUdi
Hoa vao chfnh Idi fch cua hg. Hoa thUdng
va Nhat thUdng cdn tham gia tfch cUc vao
bg may chfnh quyen Dang Trong, dieu dd
khang dinh sU chiem linh thi trUdng
Dang Trong va chi pho'i manh me nen
thUdng mai d day. Khoang cuo'i the ky
XVII, hoat dgng buon ban d Hgi An
<i>diidng phd' tren bd sdng vd hai ddy nhd, </i>
<i>cd khodng 100 ndc nhd cua ngiidi Trung </i>
<i>Qud'c. cung cd 4. 5 gia dinh ngiidi Nhdt </i>
<i>Bdn. Xiia kia ngiidi Nhdt Id cii ddn chinh </i>
<i>vd ldm chu viec thiidng mgi d hdi cdng </i>
<i>ndy, nhiing sd' dy dd gidm bdt vd cda cdi </i>
<i>cua hg cung sut kem, sii qudn tri cdng </i>
<i>viec budn bdn hien nay Igt vdo tay ngiidi </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c. hg co it nhdt do mUdi. miidi </i>
<i>hai chiec thuyin hdng ndm tii Nhdt. </i>
<i>Quang Ddng. Siam. Cambodia, Manila </i>
<i>vd tii Batavia tdi" (28). Hdn nfla, Pierre </i>
Poivre cung cd nhan x6t ve dieu nay vao
<i>nam 1744 nhfl sau: "Vi phdn budn bdn </i>
<i>xii ndy, that ra cd the ndi Id xd Ddng </i>
<i>Trong khdng phdi Id ngiidi giau vd ngiidi </i>
<i>budn bdn gidi. Cho den nay hg mdi chi </i>
<i>buon bdn vdi ngodi cung ngiidi Trung </i>
<i>Qud'c vd ngiidi Nhdt Bdn. Ngiidi Nhdt dd </i>
<i>thdi tii 25 ndm theo lenh cua Nhdt hodng. </i>
<i>cam khdng cho ddn ra khoi ddt Nhdt. </i>
<i>Viec cam ndy cung cd d Ddng Trong. Vi </i>
<i>the ngiidi Ddng Trong budc phdi bdng </i>
<i>ghi lai "thdnh phd' Hgi An nhii mgt cdi </i>
<i>kho chung cua tdt cd cdc hdng hod vd Id </i>
<i>ndi tru ngu cua thiidng nhdn ngiidi Hoa </i>
<i>vdi ben ddu dgc theo bd mgt con sdng </i>
<i>viidng. ddy ghe thuyin" (30). </i>
Nam 1696, bao cao cua Bowyear trong
chuyen dieu tra tinh hinh cua Quang Nam
<i>cho Cong ty Dong An Anh cd •viet: "tii Nhdt </i>
<i>Bdn. Quang Ddng. Xiem La. Cao Mien, </i>
<i>Manila cho den vilng gdn nhdt Id Ba </i>
<i>Thdnh, mdi ndm cd it nhdt khodng 20 </i>
<i>thuyen budn Trung Qud'c den budn bdn" </i>
(31). Den khoang nam 1750, theo nhfl sfl
mieu ta cua mgt thfldng nhan ngfldi Phap la
Pierre Poivre ve hoat dgng thfldng mai cua
<i>Hoa thfldng d Quang Nam thi "cdc thiidng </i>
<i>nhdn chdu a vd chdu Au tiing budn bdn d </i>
<i>ddy khdng the dich diidc vdi cdc thiidng </i>
<i>nhdn Trung Hoa. chung tdi thay mdi ndm cd </i>
<i>khodng hdn 60 thuyin budn cda thiidng </i>
<i>nhdn Trung Hoa tii cdc cdng thi khdc nhau </i>
<i>cua Trung Quoc tdi ddy budn bdn" (32). </i>
Ngoai ra, mgt bac sy tflng lam ngfl y cho
chua Nguyen ngfldi Dflc ten la Kofller ciing
<i>ghi ch6p ring: "mdi ndm cd khodng 80 </i>
<i>thuyin budn Trung Qud'c tii cdc vung dten </i>
<i>budn bdn (khdng bao gdm Macao, batavia vd </i>
<i>thuyin hdng cua niidc Phdp)" (33). </i>
Ben canh dd, trong nhflng thuyen Chau
i n ma Nhat Ban gfli di do cac Hoa thfldng
ngUdi Phuc Kien dam nhiem den cac khu
viic buon ban trong the ky XVII, thi Quang
Nam (Hgi An) luon chiem mgt vi trf quan
trgng, chiem hdn 31% tdng sd Chau i n
thuyen do cac thUdng nhan Fhiic Kien phu
trach tfl 1603-1624 (14/45 thuyen) (3^). Theo
<i>nhiing tfl ligu dfldc tho'ng ke qua Hoa di bien </i>
<i>thdi thi sd thuyen buon tfl 1675- 1699 (Tfl </i>
I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia n g u ^ I)oa. 39
<i>Tac gia Nicholas Tarling trong The </i>
<i>Cambridge History of Southeast Asia ciing </i>
da nha'n m a n h vai trd cua ngfldi Hoa d cang
<i>thi Hgi An nhfl sau: "Cdng Hdi An (Faifo). </i>
<i>tdc Hdi An ngdy nay. Id trung tdm mdu dich </i>
Mac du vay, c h u n g t a cung c l n p h a i biet
r i n g hoat dgng thfldng m a i d Hgi An khong
phai kdo dai lien tuc trong ca n a m ma dien
ra theo mfla, ggi la m u a m a u dich. Quy md
cua mfla m a u dich tfldng dd'i ldn va thdi
gian kdo dai k h o a n g 4 t h a n g nhfl vay, day
la dip de thfldng n h a n ngoai quoc tieu t h u
nhflng h a n g hoa m i n h m a n g den va t h u
mua nhflng m a t h a n g c i n m u a d xfl nay
dfldc t a p t r u n g ve Hgi An. Trong nhflng
mua m a u dich nhfl t h e nay nhflng ngfldi
Hoa d Dang Trong, nha't la ngUdi Minh
hUdng xa ddng mgt vai trd q u a n trgng
trong •viec td chflc va cung flng h a n g hoa.
Ddng thdi hg pho'i hdp vdi nhflng Hoa
thfldng ve m u a h a n g hoa tfl T r u n g Qudc
sang, vfla h u y dgng dfldc ngudn h a n g tfl
k h i p ndi ve cho cac t h u y e n buon ngfldi Hoa
va cac t h u y e n buon ngoai qud'c khac den
n h a n h a n g mdi mfla m a u dich. Mgt thydng
gia ldn hg C h a u d Hgi An da ghi lai lich
<i>chuyen 6 thdng qua. 6 thdng vi. Tdu budn </i>
<i>qua cung nhii vi di thudn theo gid mua. </i>
<i>Thdng rieng thdng 2 gid Tdy Bac thi d </i>
<i>Quang Chdu qua mua hdng bdn trong thdi </i>
<i>gian 4 den 5 thdng cho xong. lgi sdp dgt </i>
<i>chuyen vi. Do cudi thdng 6 ddu thdng 7. dd </i>
<i>cd gid Ddng Nam thi phdi vi cho kip mua </i>
<i>gid thudn. Neu tri den thdng 8 thi khdng </i>
<i>the vi vi nghich niidc vd nghich gid, lgi </i>
<i>phdi d lgi qua ndm sau, viia thudn gid. </i>
<i>niidc mdi vi diidc, the Id tre mdt mdt chuyen </i>
<i>budn. Dd den ky vi md tdu ndo tieu thu </i>
<i>khdng ngdt hdng hod thi thue nhd hoac cdt </i>
<i>phd'xd, cdt hdng len phd'gid lgi, ngiidi d lgi </i>
<i>coi mua bdn, cdn tdu phdi ra cda vi ngay </i>
<i>cho thudn budm xudi gid" (37). Ben canh dd, </i>
nhieu thfldng gia ngUdi Hoa khac dinh cU d
Hgi An rdi tien h a n h buon ban gifla Dang
Trong va cac cang Quang Ddng va Phuc
Kien, theo nhU ghi chdp cua gia tgc hg La d
<i>Hgi An hien nay thi "hdng ndm dong thuyin </i>
<i>tii Quang Chdu tdi Hdi An rdi ngiidc ddng </i>
<i>Thu Bon den cdc vung xung quanh de thu </i>
<i>mua cdc logi thd sdn rdi mang sang Quang </i>
<i>Chdu, cdc hdng hod d tii Quang Chdu mang </i>
NgUdi Hoa vdi m a n g lUdi rai k h i p Dang
Trong va cac thi trUdng k h u viic, hg lai
luon tao dUde nhflng mo'i iam an tot vdi
tflng dia phfldng, do vay, hg cd flu the hdn
cac thfldng n h a n khac trong •viec t h u mua
h a n g hoa. Day la bien p h a p dfldc ngfldi Hoa
t a n dung triet de, thflc hien mua dfldc t a n
gdc, b a n dflgc t a n nggn vdi hieu qua cao
nha't. Ngfldi Hoa dac biet la nhflng ngfldi
Hoa da n h a p qud'c tich d Dang Trong hg
dfldc coi nhfl la dan b a n dia nen hg r i t
r a n h ve h a n g hoa, san vat dia phfldng, va
phfldng thflc t h u m u a ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi
dan b a n dia. Tfl cac loai t r i m hfldng, h a t
<i>tieu, cau, vang m a t ga'u, sflng te,... O mien </i>
Trung, mien nui Quang Nam den cac loai
dfldng, td, lua, ven sdng Thu Bdn, hoac yen
<i>sao d Hgi An, cau, gao, ca kho,... O Gia </i>
Dinh, ndi dau hg cung cd m a t de t h u m u a
triic tie'p hoac dat trfldc (bao mua). Mgt vf
du dien h i n h cua sU bao muc* ;"}-a ngUdi
<i>Phuc Kien la "hg cho ndng ddn vay tiin </i>
<b>40 </b> <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010 </i>
De cd hang cung cip cho thuyen budn
ngoai quoc mdi khi den mua mau dich d
thUdng cang Hgi An, thi hg tho'ng ngUdi
<i>mua bdn d cdc tinh, den Tdn Quang thugc </i>
<i>tinh Binh Dinh gap anh em quen biei d rdt </i>
<i>ddng nen dng cd y dinh liiu cii d dd md kinh </i>
<i>doanh. Ong thay trong anh em cd vd diu Id </i>
<i>An Nam de de si/ mua bdn nen dng cd coi </i>
<i>diidc mdt ngiidi con gdi hg Viiu cung Id </i>
<i>ngiidi Tdu nhdp tich Minh Hiidng, biet mua </i>
<i>bdn, tinh tinh hiin hdu,... dng vi lgi nhd </i>
<i>thiia bd cd' xin cUdi ngiidi dd vd d ludn dd </i>
Nhieu van ban khac cua Minh HUdng xa
cung phan anh •viec nhieu higu buon Minh
HUdng tai Hgi An thudng cd cd sd d nhflng
thi tra'n, thi tfl, hay nhflng tu diem buon
ban khac d Dang Trong. Diia tren sfl g i n
gui ve mat quan hg huyet thdng, quan hg
cgng ddng, cU dan Minh HUdng d Hgi An
ndi rieng va d Dang Trong ndi chung cd Idi
the de ket thanh mgt mang lUdi kinh
doanh, buon ban do hg chi phdi vdi quy mo
trai rgng k h i p ndi d Dang Trong.
Mat khac, de cd dUdc nhflng hang hoa
lam san quy hiem va khoang san n h i t la
vang thi nhflng thfldng nhan ngUdi Hoa da
den tan ndi nhflng vflng cung cip hang
hoa, thflc hien mua tan go'c ban tan nggn.
Viec budn ban vdi ngfldi ThUdng cung trd
nen thuan Idi hdn bdi khoang each tdi cac
cang thi khdng qua xa, ma cac thUdng nhan
chu yeu dflng dfldng song de len tdi nhflng
•vflng cao xa xoi phfa Tay. Chung ta biet
ring, con dfldng thfldng mai quan trgng
n h i t d Dang Trong vao budi d l u chay qua
deo Ai Lao, tfl song Mekong den bd bien
Ben canh dd, d thfldng cang Hgi An cung
nhfl nhflng thfldng cang khac cua Dang
Trong, ngudi Hoa ddng vai trd quan trgng
trong viec g i n lien thi trUdng Dang Trong
<i>vdi thi trUdng que cha da't td b Trung Qudc. </i>
Theo gia pha hg Trfldng (Hgi An, gdc Minh
<i>Hfldng) cd ghi: "Hien Khdo (ngiidi cha da </i>
I}oat dQng hinh tg ciia ngurdi Ijoa... <b>41 </b>
pha hg Chau cung the hign nhflng nd liic
cua hg trong •viec tim kiem thi trfldng, md
<i>rgng quan hg mau dich vdi ben ngoai: "Ldn </i>
<i>hdi cung tinh viec bay nhay sinh phUdng, </i>
<i>sdp ddt kinh doanh. md dudng budn bdn. </i>
<i>Vi thay cdc dng em dd kham ddi viia cap </i>
<i>nen lo diu ddt nhau len diidng tien thu nen </i>
<i>chi dng Cd (Bd Tiiu) 6 Tdn Quang vi di </i>
<i>nghi cho em Id dng Hai cung dng vi Tdu, </i>
<i>triidc Id thdm nhd, tim md md vd tim </i>
<i>dudng giao thiep vdi cdc thUdng gia md </i>
<i>diidng trao ddi hdng hod qua lgi" (43). </i>
Nhflng tien trien manh me trong hoat
dgng thfldng mai cua ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An
da dem lai cho chfnh quyen chua Nguyin
nhieu ldi fch kinh te. Theo nhU sii ghi ch6p
cua Cristophoro Borri trong mgt chuyen di
<i>vao Dang Trong nam 1621 thi: "NgUdi </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c vd ngUdi Nhdt Id nhiing ngUdi </i>
<i>ldm thiidng mgi chinh yeu d xd Ddng Trong </i>
<i>tgi mdt chd phien hgp hdng ndm d mdt hdi </i>
<i>cdng vd keo ddi tdi chiing bdn thdng. NgUdi </i>
<i>Nhdt chd tren thuyin cua hg gid tri bdng </i>
<i>bdn hay ndm trieu bgc, cdn ngUdi Trung </i>
<i>Qud'c chd trong tdu hg ggi Id "Somes" </i>
<i>(thuyin manh), rdt nhiiu thii lua min vd </i>
<i>nhiiu hdng hod khdc cua xd hg. Chua thu </i>
<i>dUdc ldi nhuan ldn trong viec budn bdn ndy </i>
<i>bdng thue hdng hod vd thue hdi khdu ngdi </i>
<i>ddt ra vd cd niidc diu kiem diidc rdt nhieu </i>
tan tam cua ngudi Hoa Minh HUdng xa da
dem lai cho Chua Nguyen mgt ngudn thu
ldn qua viec thu thue t i u thuyen den va di,
mdi nam nha chua thu dugc td'i thieu cung
mgt van quan, td'i da cung 3 van quan (45).
Nhieu ngUdi Hoa trd thanh nhflng
thfldng nhan giau cd va nhieu khi chfnh
quyen cung phai dfla vao the Iflc kinh te
cua hg. Vao nam 1673, Hoang Tfl Dien da
viet thfl vay 5.000 cua thfldng gia ngfldi
Hoa ten la Nguy Ciiu Sfl (1618-1689), ong
nay thudng buon ban d Dang Trong, sau dd
tdi Nhat Ban sinh sdng (46). Nguy Cflu Sfl
gdc ngUdi Phuc Chau - Trung Quoc, huy la
Chi Diem. Sau khi ong sang Nhat cflng anh
trai la Luc Sfl chuyen buon ban hang hoa
tuyen Nagasaki tdi Hgi An va ngflgc lai.
Khi ngfldi anh ma't Cflu Sfl thay cong viec
cua ngfldi anh va den Hgi An buon ban.
Ong liy vg ngfldi Viet la ba Vo Thj Nghj,
ba nay giup ehdng buon ban r i t die Iflc,
gia dinh hg trd thanh mgt thfldng gia ldn d
Hgi An, tau be t i p nap ra vao. Cflu Sfl trd
thanh ban cua Chua Hien, dflgc Chua
trgng dai, Chua dfla vao Cflu Sfl de mua
bac n6n va vu khf tfl Nhat Ban, cdn Cflu
<i>luc chinh duyet lgi binh si, siia sang lgi </i>
<i>khi gidi ngdy thudng phdi tren phi hdn </i>
<i>ngdn llidng, diidc biet ngiidi bgn khdch </i>
<i>hiin cd tdi kinh doanh lgi dUdng luc ldm </i>
<i>dn ddc y cd phdn de, phdn dU cua cdi cung </i>
<i>nhii siic liic. Ke hen ndy xin phiin cho </i>
<i>mUdn 5.000 liidng de cung vdo nhu dung, </i>
<i>ddi den luc thudn chiiu trd lgi, tdu cap ben </i>
<i>te bang, xin kinh cdn trd lgi ngge bich, </i>
<i>khdng du sai td hdo. NhU sdn Idng, hg cd' </i>
<i>xin gdi cho vien thuyin chit Ngd Quang </i>
<i>mang vi' (48). </i>
<b>42 </b> <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010 </i>
nhfl cac vflng sdn cU6c, cac mien giau cd cac
san vat quy bau dd'i vdi cac gidi thUdng
nhan, ma khong phai lo ngai sii qua'y nhieu
hoac gay trd lUc cua nhan dan hay chfnh
quyen sd tai. Su cd mat cua Hoa thUdng
h l u het trong viec buon ban cac loai hang
hoa da tao nen sflc canh tranh manh me
dd'i vdi cac thfldng nhan khac trong vigc
the n i m dfldc h l u nhfl cac d l u mdi thfldng
mai trong thi trfldng ngi dia ya gifla Dang
Trong vdi nfldc ngoai.
Sang den the ky XVIII, khi ma hoat
thfldng mai cua Hgi An d i n d i n suy thoai,
cac trung tam kinh te thUdng mai chuyen
dich vao khu vUc Gia Dinh, Ddng Nai, Ha
Tien,... Hgi An d i n trd thanh thfldng cang
buon ban mang tfnh ngi vung hdn la hfldng
ngoai. Nhflng, nhflng hoat dgng thfldng
mai d day v l n chu yeu do ngfldi Hoa nim
gifl. Mat khac, nhieu ngfldi Hoa d Hgi An
da di cfl d i n vao trong khu vflc Sai Gdn
-Gia Dinh de tiep tuc cac hoat dgng kinh
doanh cua minh.
<i>(Cdn nvCa) </i>
<i>CHU THtCH </i>
<i>(1). Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm </i>
<i>1621, Nxb. T h i n h pho Ho Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 92. </i>
<i>(2). Tr^n Kinh H o i , Mdy diiu nhgn xet ve Minh </i>
<i>Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hoi An, Vi$t Nam </i>
Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, t r . l 8 . Ve vi'n de
<i>n i y xin xem them Tr^n Khanh: Chinh sdch cda </i>
<i>nhd nUdc phong kien Viet Nam ddi vdi ddn Trung </i>
<i>Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu Dong Nam A, so' 6-2000. v i </i>
<i>cung tac gia: SU hinh thdnh cdng dong ngUdi Hoa </i>
<i>d Viet Nam the ky 17-18 vd nda ddu the ky XIX, </i>
<i>Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 5-2001; Chau T h | </i>
<i>Hai, Chinh sdch cda cdc triiu dgi phong kien Viet </i>
<i>Nam ddi vdi ngUdi Trung Hoa di cU, Nghien cQu </i>
Dong Nam A, so 5-1999.
(3). Sau n i y v i o Minh M^ng ddi tQ "Minh
Hiidng" hifdng thdm- hiidng hoa # t h i n h "Minh
<i>HUdng" (hiidng thon %). </i>
(4). Ve ci'u tnic cua Minh HUdng Xa, xin xem
<i>Huang xd vd cdc co tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam </i>
Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon 1960; T r I n V i n An
<i>-Nguyin Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd Minh hiiOng vdi </i>
<i>thuang cdng Hdi An the'ky 16-19, Trung t i m Bao </i>
ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam, 2005.
(5). Lyc tinh (tQc sau ho) n i y dil^c cong dong
<i>Minh HUdng ve sau suy ton l i m Hdu hiin thd </i>
<i>nhdt v i dQ(?c thd hi^n nay tai Tuy Tien DUclng </i>
Minh HUdng (Dinh l i n g Minh HUdng, sd 14 TrIn
Phii, Hoi An), tnidc d6 c6 liic goi I i Truy Vien
Diidng. Cung c l n p h a n bi^t Lyc tinh cua Minh
hudng vdi Lyc tinh cua cong dong Phiic Kien I i cac
tudng soai cua n h i Minh quS cl tinh Phiic Kien,
mang cac ho Triidng, Chu, H u ^ h , Kham, ThuIn
v i T h i p Tam v i hp dilcjc the) tai chua Kim
Sdn-Hoi Quan Phiic Kien.
<i>(6). Cadiere, Les Europeens qui out vu le vieux </i>
<i>Hue Thomas Bowyear, BAVH, 1920. D i n theo </i>
<i>T r I n V i n An - Nguyen Chi Trung - T r I n Anh, Xd </i>
<i>Minh huang vdi thUOng cdng Hdi An the'ky 17-19. </i>
Trung tam Bao ton Di san - Di tfch Quang Nam,
2005, tr. 27.
<i>(7). G. Taboulet, La Geste Fracaice en </i>
<b>I}oat d^ng hinh te ciia ngirCri Ijoa. </b> <b>43 </b>
<i>dgi, Q.thugng, Cd hoc tung thU, 1974, t r . l 9 5 . </i>
(8). Theo nhOng til li^u ciia Minh HUdng dang
dilijc lUu giQ tai Trung tam quan ly v i bao tdn di
tich Hoi An.
<i>(9). Theo, T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet </i>
<i>ve Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tgi Hdi An, Vi$t </i>
Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1962, t r . l 8 .
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Gon, 1960.
<i>(13). L6on Pag6s, Histoire de la religion </i>
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<i>d i n theo T r I n Kfnh H o i : Mdy dieu nhdn xet vi </i>
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Nam Khao cd t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960, tr.lO.
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du lich. Til li^u khoa Ljeh sfl -
DHKHXH&NV-DHQGHN.
<i>(16). Xem Diidng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng thUOng </i>
<i>mgi cua ngUdi Hoa d Ddng Trong, L u i n v i n Thae </i>
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(17), (30). Lalleret Louis. Pierre Poivre. TCVD,
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<i>(19). Theo n h u Li Tana trong Xd Ddng </i>
<i>Trong-Lich sd kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam the'ky 17 vd 18, </i>
<i>cd diia ra con sd'thd'ng ke so ghe thuyin Trung Hoa </i>
<i>tii cdc nUdc Ddng Nam A tdi Nhdt Bdn </i>
<i>(1647-1720) thi Td Tongking Id 62 chiec, td Qudng Nam </i>
<i>203 chiec, Cambodia 109 chiec, Siam Id 138 chii'c, </i>
<i>Patani 49 chiec, Malacca Id 8 chiec Jakata Id 90 </i>
<i>chii'c Bantam Id 3 chii'c (Litana, Xd Ddng </i>
<i>Trong-Lich sd kinh ti- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky XVll vd </i>
<i>XVIII. Nxb. Tre, 1999, tr.lOl. </i>
<i>(20). T r I n Kinh Hoi, Phd ngUdi Diidng vd </i>
<i>thuang mgi cda hp d Hdi An thi' ky 17-18, Tan A </i>
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(21). Vai tro ndi trao ddi h i n g hoa ciia Hoi An
cing cao, sQc hi'p d i n cua Hoi An cing manh doi
v6i ngUdi Hoa. Sd thuyen tQ Dong Nam A tdi N h i t
Ban tQ 1647-1720 khoang 30% I i den tQ Quang
Nam, v i 1/4 ciia t i t ca Chau I n thuyen ciia N h i t
Ban buon ban vdi D i n g Trong, dieu n i y cho t h l y
t i m quan trpng cua D i n g Trong nhQ the n i o trong
ndn thUdng mai giQa Trung Hoa v i N h i t Ban. Cac
san p h l m trao ddi v i vai tro ndi trao doi h i n g hoa
da l i m cho nen kinh te cua D i n g Trong c6 the
phdn thjnh ft n h l t I i 150 n i m .
<i>(22), (25), (27). Xem Litana, Xd Bdng </i>
<i>Trong-Lich sie kinh te- xd hdi Viet Nam thi' ky 17 vd 18. </i>
Nxb. Tre, 1999, tr. 100, 104, 103-104.
<i>(23). T r I n Kinh Hoi, Mdu dich thuyin ngUdi </i>
<i>Hoa d Nagasaki vd van chuyen hdng hdi Nhdt Bdn </i>
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<i>(24). Buch, Oost-Indische Compagnie, tr 68, </i>
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<i>(26). Tien Giang, Mdu dich thuyin mdnh cda </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c d duy in hdi Viet Nam tii thi' ky 17 </i>
<i>-19, trong Tong tap Lich svC phdt trien hdi diiOng </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c (LUu T r i t Phong), Sach chuyen khao </i>
cua Trung tam Nghien cQu Khoa hoc Xa hoi Nhan
v i n , Vi$n Nghien cQu Trung Lfdng, Dan qudc,
t h i n g 5 n i m 1994.
<i>(28). Phan Khoang, Viet sd xd Ddng Trong </i>
<i>1558- 1777, Nxb. V i n Hoc, 2001, tr. 421. </i>
<i>(29). T h i n h The Vy, Ngogi thUOng Viet Nam </i>
<i>hoi thi'ky 17, 18 vd ddu 19, Nxb. Svl hoc, H i Noi, </i>
<b>44 </b> <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010 </i>
<i>(31). T r I n Kinh H o i : Thanh sa Hoa bdch chi </i>
<i>TrUdng Ky cap Nhdt- Nam hdng van, Singapore, </i>
Nam Dudng hoc bao, Q. 13, t i p 1, 1957, tr. 6.
<i>(32), (33). T r I n Kinh H o i , PhdngUdi Dudng vd </i>
<i>thuang mgi cua hp d Hdi An thi' ky 17-18, Tan A </i>
hoc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hdng Kong, 1969, tr. 302.
<i>(34), (35), (41). DUdng V i n Huy, Hogt ddng </i>
<i>thuang mgi cda ngUdi Hoa d Ddng Trong, L u i n </i>
v i n Thae sy khoa hoc Ljeh sfl, n i m 2008, tr. 69,
71, 86.
<i>(36). Nicholas TarUng, The Cambridge History </i>
<i>of Southeast asia. Vol I, II, Cambridge University </i>
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<i>(37). Chdu My Xuyin - Gia phd tdc Chdu, hi^n </i>
dang iQu giQ tai Trung t i m Quan ly bao tdn di tfch
Quang Nam.
(38). Theo ghi ch6p cua gia toe ho La cl Hoi An
hi$n nay, nhQng t i i H$u n i y dUpc thu t h i p trong
chuyen khao sat t h i n g tQ n g i y 13 den 26 t h i n g 8
n i m 2006 tren dia b i n Hoi An.
<i>(39). Nguyen C l m Thuy, Dinh cU cda ngUbi </i>
<i>Hoa tren ddt Nam Bp (tii thi'ky 17 den 1945). Nxb. </i>
Khoa hoc xa hoi. H i Noi, 2000, tr. 37.
(40), (43). T r I n V i n An Nguyen Chi Trung
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Quang Nam, 2005.
<i>(42). Fukui Hayao, 77ie Dry Areas in Southeast </i>
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for Southeast Asia Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto
University, 1999.
<i>(44). Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm </i>
<i>1621, Nxb. Tp.Hd Chf Minh, 1998, tr. 90. </i>
(45). Sau khi bg may quan If ngoai thQdng dUpc
h o i n thi^n thi n h i nQdc cung tien h i n h che dp
trUng thu thd doi vdi t i u thuyen x u l t n h i p cang.
Thue t n l n g thu cl cac ben cang c6 nhQng quy djnh
n h l t dinh doi vdi t i u n h i p ben v i t i u x u l t ben.
<i>Theo n h u ghi ch6p ciia Phu biin tgp luc thi "tiu </i>
<i>(46). T r I n Kinh H o i , Phd ngUdi Biidng vd </i>
<i>thuong mgi cua hp d Hdi An thi'ky 17-18, T i n A </i>
hpc bao, Q.III, sd 1, Hong Kong, 1969, tr. 298.
<i>qud'c cua Hoi An thi'ky 17, 18, 19, Hue Xua & Nay, </i>
s d l 5 , 1996, tr. 92-95.
<i>(48). Trjnh Tidn Thu^n, Quan hi Nhdt </i>
<i>Bdn-Vi4t Nam thi'ky 16-17, L u i n an Tien si Ljeh sii, </i>