KHOA HOC CONG NGHE

NGHE NUOI (^Hernia 6(i&na

• ThS. DUCfNG VINH HAO
Sd Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe ST

T

hap nien 30 ciia the ky tru'dc, Artemia trong viing mau chdng tidp thu, hpc hdi ky
da diTdc bie't de'n la loai thilc an tu'di thuat nudi va hien nay nd da trd thanh nghe
sdng, giau dinh du'dng cho cac loai nudi Artemia d viing ven bien nay.
thiiy san. Artemia thuoc nganh giap xac (ArArtemia du'dc nhieu qud'c gia quan tam,
thropoda), cd dac tinh vila de con, vila de dac biet la cac nu'dc cd viing duyen hai rpng
triJng bao xac khi gap dieu kien bat ldi. Idn. Tuy nhien, viec thu cac san pham sinh
Ngu'di ta cd the sii" dung Artemia dudi dang khdi va tnlng bao xac Artemia tren the gidi
sinh khdi tu'di sdng hoac ton tril difdi dang chii ye'u til cac hd nu'dc man, vinh... tuf nhien
trilng bao xac va cho nd de thu sinh khdi khi nen khdi lu'dng va chat lu'dng dinh du'dng
cd nhu cau (Hinh 1).
Artemia du'dc tha nudi
lan dau tien tai Bac
Lieu vao nam 1982
nhu'ng khdng thanh
cdng. Sau dd, trai thilc
nghiem VTnh Chau,
Dai hoc Can Thd da
tha nudi vdi nhieu md
hinh nudi thii nghiem,
phai de'n nam 1988
mdi dat du'dc nhdng
ket qua ban dau. Vao

miia khd nam 1989
md hinh nudi du'dc
thilc hien vdi quy md
15 ha, nang suat dat til
70-100kg tnlng bd xac
tirdi/ha. Thanh cdng
nay cung vdi gia ca
cao va kha dn dinh da
Hinh I: TrUng bao xdc. he thong dp tiidi'^. du trung vd Artemia
kich thich ndng dan
trudng thdnh
Ihong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Soc Trang

Trani: 17


KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
khdng dn dinh. Til nhiing nam 1980, ciing cd
nhieu qud'c gia bat dau phat trien viec tha
nwb\ Artemia nhd Indonesia, Phihppines, Viet
Nam, Ecuador, Brazil... nhdng deu khdng
thanh cdng ngoai trd d Viet Nam (Nguyen
Van Hda va ctv., 2007). Sd thanh cdng ciia
nghe nudi Artemia d Viet nam da kich thich
d mot so' nddc tdi tham quan, hpc hdi va
chuyen giao cdng nghe trong nhdng nam gan
day nhd Iran, Srilanka, An Dp va sap tdi la
mdt sd' nddc Chau Phi (Uganda,
Mozambique) nham hddng tdi phuc vu nhu
cau phat trien thiiy san ciia dia phddng va

giai quye't cdng an viec lam cung nhd cai
thi$n thu nhap cho ndng dan vung ven bien.
Theo sdheu cua Khoa Thiiy san (KTS), 2008,
Trddng Dai hpc Can Thd, dien tich nudi d
Sdc Trang cao nhat la vao nam 2001 da len
tdi hang ngan ha, bao gdm ca vung rupng
mudi Bac Lieu giap ranh. Td nam 2005 de'n
nay, dien tich nudi cua huyen VTnh Chau bie'n
ddng td 300-400 ha vdi nang suat binh quan
dat 50-70kg/ha.
Huyen VTnh Chau cd tdng dien tich dat
ndng nghiep - thiiy san chiem 39.892 ha, trong
do cd 483 ha dat san xua't theo md hinh Mudi
,

Xt

7

,

- Artemia. O vung ven bien nay, da sd ndng
dan la ngddi dan tpc Khmer ngheo, thu nhap
binh quan tren dau ngddi vao khoang 5-10
trieu ddng/nam, trong dd thu nhap tii Artemia
chiem khoang 89% trong tdng thu nhap ciia
cac hd, hpc van tha'p, 58% cbda hpc bet
chddng trinh tieu hpc (KTS, 2008) nen phat
trien kinh te d vung nay la mdt yeu cau khd
khan nhdng cap thiet. Nghe nudi Artemia d

vung VTnh Chau, Sdc Trang tap trung chii
ye'u d rupng mudi thuoc quyen quan ly eiia 3
Hdp tac xa (HTX) VTnh Phddc, VTnh Tan va
Lai Hda vdi khoang hdn 100 xa vien. Khi
bddc vao nghe nudi Artemia, ndng dan dddc
Trans 18

dau tdve ngudn gid'ng, phan ga va tien mat
td cac nha dau td. Sau dd, cac nha dau td
mua lai trdng bao xac tddi de say khd va
tieu thu. Tuy nhien, trong nhdng nam gan
day, sd' Iddng nha dau td Idn giam dang ke,
chi cdn nhdng nhdm nhd dau td gid'ng cho
mot sd hp. Nhd vay, neu ngddi nudi khdng
vay dddc ngudn vd'n td ngan hang thi gap
khd khan Idn vao dau vu nudi. Ky thuat nudi
Artemia dddc chuyen giao cho ndng dan vao
nam 1990 de'n nay khdng cd nhieu thay ddi.
Da sd'ngddi nudi cbda quan tam dau td nhieu
vao cac hang muc cdng trinh nhd he thdng
ao bdn phan ma chii ye'u sd dung cac ao phdi
nddc lam mudi san cd. Trong qui trinh nay,
phan ga hoac phan heo... dddc bdn khoang
25 kg/ha/ngay vao ao nudi de bd sung thdc
an trdc tie'p va gian tie'p cho Artemia, phan
vd cd (Urea va DAP) dddc sd dung vdi lieu
Iddng dam 4 mg/lit va lan la 1 mg/lit de kich
thich tao phat trien lam ngudn thdc an chinh
cho Artemia. Do dd qua trinh tich tu dinh
dddng trong ao nudi khdng the tranh khdi,

la mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan chinh gay
ra nhdng trd ngai trong ao nudi nhd tao nd
hoa; phdc hdp tao lam, nam va vi khuan sdng
cdng sinh d nen day phat trien gay d nhiem.
Sd bien ddi ciia thdi de't nhd ndng, lanh hoac
mda bat tbddng, mua khd ngan... va chii quan
ciia ngddi nudi da lam nang sua't nudi
Artemia giam dang ke trong nhdng nam gan
day. Theo thdng ke ciia cac HTX, nang suat
binh quan cd nam chi dat 40-50kg/ha so vdi
80-lOOkg/ha vao nhdng nam dau thap nien
90.
Hien nay, huyen VTnh Chau quy hoach
vung nudi Artemia ven bien tren cd sd canh
tac tren rupng mudi truyen thdng va giao
cho Hdp tac xa Tdm - Mudi - Artemia ciia
cac xa quan ly. Tren thdc te' cho thay san

Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Sdc Trang


KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
xua't Artemia khdng lam pha vd ke't ca'u
rupng dat san xuat mudi. Sd quan ly cua HTX
d cdng tac khoan dat cho dan va thu thue'
bang each ky hdp ddng cho thue dat vdi ngddi
dan cdng nhd thdc hien cdng tac quan ly nha
nddc ve thuy ldi, hdp tac phd bie'n ky thuat...
Ngoai ra HTX cdn dau td eon gidng, phan
bdn va thu mua che bie'n san pham nhd HTX

Lai Hda
Bieu dd: Dien tich, nang suat va san Iddng

,000.000
800,000
600,000 Dong/kg
400.000 200,000 -

450

60

400

o- 50
2

xuat trxing Artemia tddi la 276 ty ddng, chiem
khoang 8,7% gia tri tdng san pham ndng
nghiep ciia huyen.

J*

J^-—^

- 350

2006

300


40

2007

2008

2009

2010

250
200
150

20

1 li1
l
i
2005

I san iLfong (tan)

2006

2007

i N a n g suat (kg/ha)


2008

100
50
0

2009

-cJien ticti (na)

Artemia nudi d tinh Sdc Trang, giai doan:
2003-2009 (Ngudn: KTS, Dai hoe Can Thd)
Ngudn trdng tddi dddc cac cd sd che bie'n
mua ve thdng qua qua trinh xd ly vdi nddc
mudi bao hda, sau dd say khd, ddng hop va
tieu thu tren thi trddng trong va ngoai nddc.
Hien nay, san Iddng trdng hang nam san xua't
ra tai hai tinh Sdc Trang va Bac Lieu dddc
ddc Iddng chiem khoang 2-3% tdng san Iddng
ciia the gidi. Trdng Artemia eiia khu vde
huyen VTnh Chau, Viet Nam cd kich thddc
nhd va ham Iddng HUFA (Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid) cao nen ra't dddc da ehudng.
Dac biet, chung dddc sd dung lam thdc an
cho tdm, cua bien va cac loai ca bien cd kich
thddc a'u trung nhd. Gia trdng Artemia tddi
cd xu hddng tang, gia ban binh quan nam
2006 la 345.000d, 2010 la 875.000d/kg (Bieu
do 2). Nam 2009, ddc tinh tdng gia tri san

Bieu do 2: Bie'n ddng gia trdng bao xac

Artemia tddi (2006 -2010)
Tuy nhien, hien nay chinh thdc tai Sdc
Trang chi cd cd sd VTnh Nga say trdng bao
xac Artemia, san pham nay tieu thu chii yeu
tai thi trddng ndi dia. Hien trdng bao xac
Artemia xua't khau dddi dang say khd, ddng
hop vdi trpng Iddng 425g/hdp, moi thdng
cbda 12 hop, gia xua't khau 150 USD/kg trdng
thanh pham. Gia trdng bao xac Artemia khai
thac td nhien say khd tren thi trddng the' gidi
dao ddng trong khoang td 80-130 USD/kg.
Hien nay, Singapore va Thai Lan la 2 nddc
sd dung sinh khdi Artemia de lam thdc an
nudi ca canh nhieu nhat tren the gidi. Vdi
ham Iddng dam tren 50%, cha't beo tren 10%
va HUFA bie'n ddng trong khoang 0,3- 15mg/
DW (Sorgeloos et at., 1996 Lim et ai, 2003
dddc trich din bdi Nguyen Thi Hong Van,
2008). Sinh khd'i Artemia la ngudn thdc an
tddi sd'ng trong nudi thiiy san. Sinh khd'i
Artemia say khd lam thdc an cho cac dd'i

I hong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Soc Trang

Tran Si 19


KHOA HOC CONG NGHE

CONG TAC CHUYEN

GIAO TIEN BO

tddng tdm Sii, tdm Gang, ca Keo,
cua bien,...
Nham tang gia tri san xua't td
viec nudi Artemia, tinh da dau td
nghien cdu nhdng cai tien ve ky
thuat nudi nham cai thien nang suat
va hddng tdi mdt md hinh nudi dat
nang suat cao, dn dinh va ben vdng
de nang cao thu nhap cho ndng dan
dia phddng. Dau tdxay ddng xddng
che' bie'n trdng bao xac Artemia,
cdng suat say binh quan 30-45 kg
trdng tddi/ngay, tddng dddng 6-7 tan
trdng tddi/vu tai Hdp tac xa mudi tdm - Artemia VTnh Tan, huyen VTnh
Chau. Huyen VTnh Chau se dang ky
bao hd nhan hieu tap the ''Artemia
VTnh Chau " de xac lap quyen sd hdu
tri tue.
Artemia dddc du nhap vao Viet
Nam da hdn 20 nam, da trd thanh
mdt trong nhdng dd'i tddng nudi phd
bie'n d vung ven bien huyen VTnh
Chau, tinh Sdc Trang. Nudi Ar?e/nJa
ket hdp vdi nghe lam mudi cd
truyen, tren cung mdt dien tich cd
the thu cung mdt luc hai san pham
trdng bao xac Artemia va mudi gdp
phan tang thu nhap cho ndng dan •


•

KY THUAT DEN NGU'DI
T R 6 N G N A M RdM TINH
SOC

TRANG

• DUdNG HOANG VAN
Trung tdm lfng dung Tien bo KH&CN
tinh Soc Trdng

S

dc Trang la tinh cd the manh ve san xua't ndng
nghiep, hang nam Iddng rdm ra td trdng liia
khoang 1,8 trieu tan, day la ngudn nguyen lieu
chinh diing de trdng nam Rdm gdp phan tang thu
nhap, tao them viec lam va cai thien ddi sd'ng cho
ngddi san xuat.

Nghe trdng nam Rdm da phat trien d Sdc Trang til
lau, tuy nhien phan ddng ba con cbda cd dddc quy
trinh ky thuat trdng nam, chi hpc tap kinh nghiem lan
nhau. Phong trao trdng nam cung mang tinh td phat,
chda cd dddc doi ngii can bo ky thuat vien ndng cd^t
tai cd sd, do dd nang suat nam thddng khdng cao. So
vdi nhieu loai rau mau khac, chi phi dau td trdng nam
Rdm thap, it rui ro, thdi gian san xuat ngan nhdng

mang lai ldi nhuan cao nhieu-so tren ciing mot ddn vi
dien tich.

(2). Nguyen Van Hoa vd ctv.,
2007.
Artemia - Nghien cdu vd ling dung trong
nudi trdng thiiy sdn. Nha xuat bdn Ndng
nghiep.

Td nhdng thdc te' tren, Trung tam Ung dung Tien
bo Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe tinh Sdc trang da trien
khai thdc hien dd an Xay ddng md hinh nudi trdng,
sd che va che' bie'n nam d viing ddng bao dan toe
Khmer tinh Sdc Trang. Dd an nay da dao tao 25 ky
thuat vien tai 03 xa Phu My, My Thuan va xa Thuan
Hdng, day la Idc Iddng ndng cot de theo doi va tiep
tuc trien khai nhan rpng cac md hinh khi dd an ket
thue. Td chdc tap huan ky thuat trdng nam Rdm cho
340 ndng dan tai 03 xa trien khai dd an, qua cac Idp
tap huan da xay ddng va hoan thien qui trinh trdng
nam cho ndng dan, khac phuc nhdng ban che' ma
ngddi trdng nam trddc day thddng gap phai nhat la
trong khau xd ly rdm ra de trdng nam - day la khau

Transj 20

Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh Sdc Trang

TA I LIE U THAM KHA O
(1). Nguyin Thi Hong Van va ctv., 2008. Sii

dung cac nguon sinh khdi Artemia khac
nhau trong uang nudi torn Su (Penaeus
monodon). Tap chi Nghien cvCu Khoa hoc
2008 (1): 130-136 Trudng Dai hoc Can Tha.