Đặc điểm kết trị của số từ chỉ số lượng trong Tiếng Việt
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S6 1 (243)-2016
NGON NGU* & DCfl S 6 N G
INGON NGtT HQC VA VIET NGU* HOC|
DAC DIEM KET TRI CUA SO TlT
CHi SO LtTONG TRONG TIENG VlfT
VALENCY FEATURES OF QUANTITY NUMERAL IN VIETNAMESE
lA THJ LAN ANH
(PGS.TS; D^i hpc Sir pham Hk N$i)
Nguyen Thj Mai Hirong
(ThS; D^i hpc Hong Dlk)
Abstract: The article researches into the valency based on the broad opinion about
valency. Therefore, valency of quantity numeral in Vietnamese can be understood as the
ability to open around it vacancies that need to or can be fulfilled by grammatical
components in order to add particular meanings. All of that combining ability creates
valency of this group of numerals. By researching on tiie Vietnamese materials, we have
determined that valency of quantity numeral consists of three fundamental tagmas which
belong to the two levels: tagma of counted object, unit tagma used in counting (phrase level),
tagma of quantitative form (sentence level).
Key words: valency; quantity numeral; Vietnamese.
1. Md ddu
Nhu chung ta da biet li thuyet kit tri xudt
hifn trong nghidn cftu ngdn ngft tft nhihig
thap ki ddu cua thd ki XX gdn vdi tdn tuoi
cfta nha ngdn ngft hpc ngudi Phdp
L.Tesniere. Khdc phuc khilm khuylt cfta thft
ngft phap qud thidn vd hinh thftc cau tnic,
trong dd chi thdy vai trd chi phoi frong cdu
ciia chu ngft doi vdi ddng tft vi ngft vd so,
ngdi, gidng, cdch,...li thuylt kit tri cfta
L.Tesnidre quan tdm din binh difn ngft
nghia ttong cu phap dd tft dd din ttgng tam
chft ;y tdi vai trd cfta dpng tft vi ngft trong ca
cdu ngft n ^ a cua cau. L.Tesniere quan
nif m rdng, doi vdi mdt cdu thi khdng phdi
chft ngft, md dfng tft vi ngft mdi Id thdnh tl
quan trpng nhat. Dpng tft vi ngft ddng vai ttd
Id £nh cua cau trong su thi hien mpt qud
trinh cua hifn thyc. Mdi cdu vdi dpng tft vj
ngu dien td mgt mdn Idch nhd, frong dd cd
mgt so vai dien. Cd thi thdy, vdi vifc nghidn
cftu kit tri cua dpng tft, L. Tesniere da dem
din mft hudng tilp c$n mdi cho ngu phdp
hgc, tilp can theo dudng hudng ngft nghTa,
chftc ndng. Cdch tidp can ngft phap ndy hifn
dd vd dang dugc cdc nhd ngft phdp ttdn thi
gidi va d Vift Nam v$n dyng vdo nghidn cftu
ngu phdp theo hudng kl thiia vd phdt triin.
NIU nhu L.Tesnidre chi quan tdm din vifc
nghidn cftu kit tri cua dfng tft, ttong phgm
vi cu phdp, d cdp dp tft thi trong sy v$n dyng
cfta minh, cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc dd chft
truong md rgng "bidn df" nghidn cftu kit tri
sang cdc tft logi khdc, cap dg khdc cua ngdn
ngft.
Bai vilt ndy cua chiing tdi di theo hudng
nghidn cftu md rpng ndy. Trong bdi vilt,
chiing tdi s€ co gdng lam rd su kit hgp cu
phdp (cd frong phgm vi cym tft va cdu) cfta
sd tft chi so lugng ttong tiing Vift. Hi vpng,
bai viet sd gdp phan bl sung vd hoan thif n If
thuydt kit tri do L. Tesnidre khdi xudng.
2. Mgt so van de ve ket tri
Vd vdn de ket tri, chung tdi da cd dip
trinh bdy d hai bai bao [Tif diin hpc va Bdch
khoa thu, 5/2014; Ngdn ngii vd Bdi sdng,
9/2014]. CJ day, dd lam co sd cho bdi vilt,
chiing tdi chi xin nhdn vao mft so dilm co
bdn.
N G 6 N NGtr & Ddi
S6NG
s i 1 (243)-2016
Vdi cdch bilu nhu trdn vl kit trj, chftng^
Trdn thuc td, mdc du cdn cd nhftng quan
nifm khdc nhau vd ngi ham cua thu^t ngu tdi quan nifm cd hai logi kit th: kit to ca sdi
kit tri, nhiing each hiiu rpng hpp khac nhau (kit tl bdt bugc, dien to. kit to can cd) va kit
ve khdi nidm kit tti, tuy nhidn, chung tdi van td md rpng (kit to ty do, chu tl. kit td c6 till
mgnh dan dua ra mdt £nh nghTa kit tri (d cd).
- Kit td ca sdr bao gom nhihig kit tl ph^
bdi vidt nay chdng tdi sft dyng thuat ngft Mt
trf) ciia tft nhu sau: Kit tri Id khd ndng md thu$c vao d$c trung ngft nghia - ngft ph^
ra xung quanh tit nhung 6 trong cdn hoae co ciia tft tnmg tdm, thudng chi cd m ^ d tftng
thi duqc ldp dd^ bai nhitng thdnh to ngu logi tft vd khdng thi thilu de cho f nghia ciia
phdp nhdm bo sung nhung y nghia nhdt tl hgp tft dugc hoan chinh. Ket to co sd c6
dinh. Nhiing d ttdng nay la khd ndng kit hgp thi xudt hifn d c4 hai cdp df: cym tft vd can
tiem tang ding thdi Id khd ndng hifn thyc Cung chiu sy chi phoi an
tu cdch Id tnmg tdm cfta todn td hgp. Todn phdn bift vdi nhau d nhftng dilm sau: 1/Ke j)
bp nhiing kha ndng kit hgp do tao ndn dac nghia: Moi loai kit tl ca sd sd b6 sung cbo
trung cho mdt ldp tft vd dugc quan nifm la tft trung tam mgt lo^ y nghia nhdt dinh. V
ddc didm ket tii ciia ldp tft do. Nhftng tiianh nghia nay khdng phai Id y nghia ridng ciia
to kit hgp theo d§c dilm kit trj cfta tft dugc mpt tft cy the ma Id y nghia chung cho tdt cd
ggi la ket to. Moi loai ket to nay se bd sung nhftng tft ngft cd khd ndng ddm nhgn mft
mgt loai y nghia (ngft phdp) nhdt dinh cho tft chftc vy ngft phdp nhdt dinh d mgt d trlng
tnmg tdm. Ndi mdt each ngan gpn, ket tri nhat dinh xung quanh tft trung tam. Vi v^y,
chinh la nhftng kit hgp cd gid trj ngQ phdp - nd se la mgt logi y nghia ngft phdp; 2lVi
ftgf^ nghia de bd sung ;y nghia ngft phdp cho hinh thirc: Sy khdc nhau ve f nghia cung sS
tft, phdn bift vdi nhftng kit hgp tft vyng - dan din sy khdc nhau cfta cdc kit tl ca sd v^
mat hinh thftc. Tuy nhidn, d ^ dilm hinh
ngft nghTa thdng thudng.
thftc cua cac kit tl cdn phy thuf c vdo tiing
Cdch hiiu ttdn day cua chiing tdi vl kit logi hhih ngdn ngft. Tieng Vift Id logi Wnh
tri la cdch hieu rpng vl kit tri theo xu hudng ngdn ngft don l|lp ndn sy phdn bift cdc kit to
hifn nay: Thir nhdt, kit tri cua tft khdng gidi CO sd vl m^t hinh thftc chft ylu Id d vi tri
hgn chi d tu - dfng tft md cdn cd thi md (tr§t ty tft) cua chftng trong cdc kit hgp cu
rfng din tft thupc cdc tft loai khac niia, mien phdp Idn hon (cym tft, cdu). d khd ndng kit
Id tft dd cd kha ndng md ra cdc d trdng cd gid hgp vdi hu tft vd d ngft difu. Tuy nhidn,
tri ngft phdp. Khi xem xet kit tri cua tft trong thyc te sft dyng, do sy chi phii ciia
thupc loai ndo thi phai coi nd Id trung tam vd tinh hulng ngft canh giao tilp, vi tii cfta ket
tim cdc d trlng ngft phdp xudt hifn xung to cd thi thay doi. Do dd, xem xdt vj tri ciia
quanh nd; Thir hai, ket tri ciia tft dugc xem cdc kit t l ca sd can phdi chft y den v} tri cua
xdt trong moi quan bf vdi cu phap d ca hai chung ck d trgng thdi tinh vd trgng thdi ddng
cdp d0: cdp dg cym tft vd c ^ dg cdu \\ kit (trgng thdi hanh chftc) cung nhu sy tdc df ng
qud nghidn cftu cho thay, cd nhimg tft loai ctia cdc yeu to thufc vl ngft ednh, tinh
ddc dilm kit tri cfta tft d hai cap df nay rdt huong. Ngoai nhihig ddu hifu hinh thftc trdn,
khdc nhau; Thu ba, kit tri cua tft se dugc nhiing tft ngft diln dgt kit to ciing cho thdy
xem xet ca d khd ndng kit hpp tidm tdng sy khdc nhau gifta chiing.
(trong hf thong fihh) va ca d khd nang hifn
- Kit td md rdng Id nhftng kit to khdng
thyc hda cfta nd trong ldi ndi (d trang thai
chiu sy chi phoi, an dinh trye tilp cfta tilt
hdnh chftc).
trung tam nhung phAi dugc tft trung tdm
S6 1 (243)-2016
NG6N NGC & Dfitt S6NG
chE^) nhdn, cd thi xudt hifn vdi nhidu logi tft v§t dugc tinh dim.
khdc nhau, va sy xudt hifn do thudng Id do
Sl tft chi so lugng bilu thi Iftgng cfta sy
nhu cdu giao tilp.
vgt Tuy nhidn, cd nhflng sy v$t khdng dugc
Theo Nguyen Vdn Lf c ttong [3], dl ttanh dinh lugng mft cdch trye tilp md dugc tinh
chu quan, edm tinh, dong thdi dl phdt hifn toan, dong dim qua cdc dan vi sy v$t Do
day du cdc dac didm cua cdc kit td cdn phdi dd, ttong nhieu trudng hgp, sy cd m^t cfta
dya vao nhung thd phap hinh thftc nhdt dinh. dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim sy v ^ Id didu
Cdc thft phap Wnh thftc cdn thilt, thich hgp bdt bugc.Vi dy:
doi vdi vifc nghidn cftu kit tri ciia sd tft chi
(2) Mua den, hdn vdc mpt cdi don cdn co
so lugng Id: luge bo, b6 sung, thay the hay qudn may sai thitng d mpt ddu, do hit rudng
d|it cdu hdi, cai biln (xem tiidm [5; fr.35- np den rupng Ma. [Nam Cao]
43]).
(3) Nhtmg hai mu Bp Muom cir vita ddnh
Nhftng nhgn thftc trdn day ve kit tri sd vira keu, lam cho hg nhd Bg Muom d rugng
dugc chung tdi v|in dyng khi thn hidu kit tri /lia gdn day nghe tieng. [Td Hodi]
cfta sd tft chi sd lugng trong tieng Vift.
Vi v$y, bdn cgnh ket to sy vgt dugc tinh
2. X^c dinh md hinh kit trj cua so tir dim, cdn cd m$t kit to ca sd niia la: kit td
chi so lirgng trong tieng Vift
dan Vf dugc diing de tinh dim. Ket td ndy ttd
Tft cdch hidu trdn vl kit tri, chiing tdi xiic ldi cho cdu hdi: Loai don vi ndo cfta sy vat
dinh: Kit tri cua sS tit chi s6 lugng la khd dugc diing dz tinh ddm? Nhu vgy, d cap dp
ndng eda sd tit chi s6 lupng tgo ra xung cym tft, coi sl tft chi sl Iupng la trung tam
quanh minh cdc d trong cdn hodc co the lam eft phdp cfta cym tft, chftng tdi xdc dinh dugc
d^ bdi nhitng thdnh td cd phdp (nhirng thtfc hai kit to ca sd la: kit td s\r vdt dugc tinh
tit) mang j5 nghia bd sung nhat dinh. Ndi dim vd kit td dan vi dugc dimg di tinh dim.
cdch khdc, ket tri eda so tir chi so lufmg Id
O cap dg can, xac dinh so tft chl so lupng
thupc tinh cua sd tit chi sd lirgng kit hgp vdo d vj tri trung tdm eft phdp - ngft ngbla cua
minh nhirng thdnh td cuphdp cdn cd ho$c co cdu, nghTa Id 1dm vi to ttong cdu, chung tdi
thi. Thupc tinh kit hpp nay hdm chiia trong xac dinh dugc mft kit tl ca sd Id thi dugc
y nghia eda bdn thdn so tir chi s6 lupmg. No dinh lugng. Kit tl ndy trd ldi cho cau hdi:
chinh Id su phdn dnh nhirng ddi hdi hogc Ai/ cdi g^ dugc dem ra de dinh lugng? Vi dy:
khd ndng eda sd tit chi so lugng dugc cv the
(4) Gd ta xdo vdi mtrdp gia/Va hai muat
hda ve m$t ndo do.
mot, chdng dd sdu miroi. [Ca dao]
Sl tft chi si lugng Id nhftng so tft bilu tin
Cd thi hinh dung cdc kit tl co sd cua sd
so lugng - mOt dgng thugc tinh vgt chat cfta tft chi sl lugng qua sa dl sau:
cdc vat till ttong the gidi khach quan. Do dd,
So tit chi s6 lupng
so lugng khdng tin tgi dpc Igp ma ludn di
Kit td s^ vdt
kdm vdi cdc sy v|lt Ndi each khac, xunjg Cym tft Kit td dan v?
dugc tinh dim
quanh sl tft chi s6 lugng cd mft vi tri bdt dugc dim^ di tinh dim
(Kit to ca sd I)
(Kit tS ca sa 2)
bugc. can dugc 1dm ddy bdng kit to st^ vgt
Cau Ket to the dtrgc dinh lugng (Kit td ca
dugc tinh dim. Kit tl ndy trd ldi cho cau
hdi: Ai/cdi gj dugc tinh dim? Ket to ndy ttd sa3)
Sy vgt dugc dua ra tinh dim trong mpt sl
ldi cho cdu hdi: Ai/cdi gi dugc tinh dim? Vf
tnrdng hgp, gdn vdi thdi gian, khdng gian cy
dy:
(Xy^Trudng trdng Id mpt ngudi dd ngot thi ndnttongmd hinh kit tii cfta so tft chi sl
lugng, cdn cd thi xudt hifn cdc kit thdi gjan,
n&m muei tuoi" [Hd An]
6 vi dy ndy, "ft/dV' chfnh Id kit to chi sy kit th khdng gian. Ddy Id logi kit tl md
10
NGON NGU* & Ddi S 6 N G
S6 1 (243>2016
rfng, sy xudt hifn ciia chiing nhdm b6 sung nifm trftu tugng: quan diim, tu tudng, igp
cac tiidng tin thupc ve ngft canh tinh huong. tnrdng...; thdi gian: ngay, thdng, ndm, thien
VI dy:
niin ki, phdt, gid...; khdng gian: phia,
hudng, phuang, khodnh,...
(5) Ndm nay, chong tdi 42 tudi.
b. B4c diim hinh thdc: Khdo sat trdn ngu
(6) Canh le trdng diim mpt vdi bong hoa
[Nguyen Du]
lifu cho thdy, trong tiing Vift, sy v|t dugc
Nhu v^y, vl CO bdn, md hinh kit tri cfta tinh dim thudng cd nghia khdi qudt Id ngudi,
so tft chi sl lugng bao gIm ba kit tl co sd: v^t (dfng v^t, thyc v^t, do v$t), vifc ho§c
kit td thi dugc djnh lugng(kk to ca sd cfta cdc hifn tugng ty nhidn. Do dd, tu ngft bilu
cau), kit td dan vj dugc diing de tinh dem, thj chftng thudng Id cdc danh tft ho$c cym
kit tS stf vdt dugc tinh dim (kit tl ca sd cfta danh tft. Hinh thftc ndy dugc coi Id hinh thftc
cym tft). Ngodi ra, ttong sy hifn thyc hda kit bilu hifn ca bdn cfta kit to sy vdt dugc tmh
trj, sl tft chi sl lugng cd thi kit hgp vdo dim vi nd phi biln nhdt. VI dy:
minh cdc kit tl md rpng nhu: kit to thdi
(9) Nguyin vd Thuy la hai anh em rugt. [
gian, kit td khdng gian. Dudi day, chiing tdi LS Bidn Cuong]
se di sdu midu td tftng logi kdt cfta so tft chi
(10) Mdi c6 cdu £nh If ong cdng mep,
so lugng dya trdn nhftng ddc didm ngft nghia phinh bvng chi ndi m^t cdu binh thudng
- ngft phdp cua chftng.
cUng da vdng tai cd xung quanh roi. [Td
3. D$c dilm cdc vJkt th ciia s6 tur chi sl Hodi]
lirgng trong tiing Vift
Khi dugc bieu thi bang danh tft hay cym
danh tft, vi tri phi biln cua kit to sy vat
3.1. Kit tSstf vgt dugc tinh dim
a. Ddc diim y nghTa: Kdt to sy vat dugc dugc tinh dim Id vi tri sau sl tft chi so
tinh dem, dftng nhu tdn gpi ciia nd, bd sung, lugng: s6 t^ chl s6 lugng + kit t6 chi su
hifn thyc hda d ttong cu phap: sy vat dugc v$t dufrc tinh dim. Vf dy:
dua ra dl tinh dim cho sl tii. VI dy:
(11) Mudi tdm tudi. tdi cd hai niim vui
(7) Mdi vdo Idm c6 vdi ngdy md khach rdng Idn, hai budc di quan trpng trong cudc
khua xem y ai cUng men. [Vu Trgng Phyng] ddi: mpt ehdn budc vdo ngudng cua ngudi
Nhu ttdn da ndi, mli lidn hf gifta lugng Idn vd m^t ehdn chuan bj budc vdo ngudng
vd sy v^t hifn tugng ttong the gidi khdeh cita dgi hgc. [Nguyin Nhdt Anh]
quan Id tdt ylu, do dd, mpi sy vat, hifn
Tuy nhidn, trong thyc te sft dyng ngdn
tugng ttdn li thuylt diu cd khd ndng tinh ngft, cflng cd trudng hgp kit t l sy v§t dugc
dim dugc. Dilu dd cd nghTa, nhftng sy vgt, tinh dim dftng tiirdc so tft chi sl lugng. ;
hifn tugng trong thyc tl khdeh quan cd the Trong trudng hgp dd, bdt buf c dftng ngay
tfnh dim dugc Id vd cftng phong phii, da sau sl tft chl sl lugng phdi la mgt danh tft
dgng, bao gom cd nhflng vgt thi ty nhidn, vgt don vi. Vi dy:
thi nhan tgo vd ngay chinh bdn thdn con
(12) Cam ba bdt. thuoc ba thang. [Tyc
ngudi. Thyc tl khdo sdt cho thdy, kit to sy ngft]
v§t dugc tinh dim cd thi Id: con ngudi (bao
(13) Mitt hdnz mpt lang. che tdu mpt edn.
gim cd bf ph§n ca thi cfta ngudi): mdt, mdi, [Cadao]
tay, ehdn, anh, em, cd, bdc, gido vien, bdc
(14) Gdm tr&m cuon, bac nghin cdn.
sl..; dfng v|t: chim, di, ran, cd, ich, chd,
[Truyfn Kieu]
mSo...; thyc v^t: cdfy, cd, hoa, Id, canh, cd,
Tr^t ty sdp xIp nhu ttdn thudng chi xudt
qud...', cdc v^t thi nhan tgo: nhd cua, do
dirng, qudn do...', cdc v^t thi, hifn tugng ty hifn trong tha ca trft tinh nhdm nhdn mgnh,
thu
hftt sy chft ^ cfta ngudi tilp nh|in dii vdi
nhidn: song, nui, trdng, sao. may...; cdc khdi
sy v%t dugc ndi din. Sy sdp xep linh hogt
So 1 (243)-2016
NGON N G C & Ddi S 6 N G
nhu vgy la do su chi phdi, tac dgng cua c ^
ylu tl thugc binh difn ngft dyng (myc dfch,
nhidm vu giao tidp, su phdn bd tin trong cdu
true thdng bdo).
Ket qud khao sat cho thdy, khdng chi cd
cdc danh tft, cym danh tft ma cac dgi tft, chft
ylu la dai tft xung hd (dgi tu nhdn xung)
cung dugc dvmg de bidu thi kit t l su vgt
dugc tinh dim. Dai tft nhan xung bilu thi kit
tl sy vdt dugc tinh dem ciing cd vi tri phi
biln la vi tri sau s6 tft chi sd lugng. Vi dy:
(15) Bdt gidc, tdi tien lgi TrUi, ddng
thing hai ehdn trudc, khodc vai TrUi, hai
ehung tdi hudng xuong dudi vo ddi [Td
Hodi]
(16) Nhung md thdng ndo cd truyen dan
trong tdi thi ldi ngay ra, hai chune ta sS Idm
ehung la chinh no keu, nghia Id ehi cd mgt
no se bi bdt. [Vu Trgng Phyng]
Kit tl sy vat duge tinh ddm khdng chi
dugc bidu tin bang cac danh tft, cym danh tft,
dgi tft xung hd ma cdn dugc bilu thj bdng
cdc df ng tft, ti'nh tft. Trong v^ ttd kit to sy
vdt dugc ti'nh dem, cdc ddng tft vd tinh tft
ndy thudng dugc danh hda vd mang y nghTa
sy vdt tinh. Vi dy:
(17) Xua sao mpt hen thi nin/Gid sao
chin hgn thi quin cd mudi. [Ca dao]
(18) Ddn ta trdm ddng ngdn cay. [Ca
dao]
Vj tri phd bidn cua chung la vi tri sau so
tft chi sd lugng. Tuy nhidn,frongnhihig ngft
ednh nhdt dinh, ciing cd khi kdt tl nay dftng
trudc sd tft chi sd lugng dd chi mftc dd cfta
hanh ddng hodc nhan mgnh tinh chdt, ddc
didm nao dd. Chdng hgn:
(19) Ndi chin thi phdi lam mudi/ Ndi
mudi lam chin ke cudi ngudi ehe [Ca dao]
(20) Canh tinh khd Idm ai ai/ Chdng di
khd chin, thiip tdi khd mudi. [Ca dao]
La kit tl ca sd, ti^n li thuylt, kit tl sy
v$t dupe tftih dim thudng khdng thi vdng
khuyet. Tuy nhidn, ttdn thyc tl, vdn xdy ra
mgt so trudng hgp vang khuylt chiing trong
cdu. Vf dy:
11
(21) Nam nay Id mpt 0, nita thi nam ndm.
[Nguyin Du]
(22) Chd or nghi rdng khong nhS anh em
ta lgi chju chit linh denh ed nhu thi nay, md
phdi cuu sdng l^ mpt 0. [Td Hodi]
(23) Hai vong hoa dd sp, mpt 0 eda bdo
Gd Mo, mpt 0 eda Xudn, eiing len vdo hdng
ddu. [Vfl Trgng Phyng]
Sy vdng khuyet cua mft sl kdt to ca sd
ttong cau nhdm ttanh ldp thdng tin, tgo su
lien ket ch^t chg gifta cac dan vi ngdn ngu
trong cdu vd cflng Id dQ khang dinh dd la
phdn tin cii, hudng sy t$p trung vao phdn tin
mdi,tidudiem thdng bdo.
Nhu vgy, ttong md hinh kit tri ciia sl tft
chi so lugng, ket td sy vgt dugc tinh dem
thudng dugc bidu thj bdng cdc danh tft (cym
danh tft), cac dai tft nhdn xung va cdc dfng
tft, tinh tft dugc danh tft hda. Logi kit to nay
cd thd dung d trudc vd sau sd tft, trong dd, vj
tri dung sau Id vi tri co ban, vi tri dftng trudc
la vi tri khdng ca bdn.
3.2. Kit ti dan v/ ^pre diing S tinh
^m
Thufc tmh sl lugng cfta cdc sy vgt hifn
tugng tdn tgi trong thyc tl khach quan Id tdt
ylu. Song cd nhiing sy v|it hifn tugng khdng
thi tinh toan, dong dim mgt cdch trye tilp
ndn khdng cd kha nang kdt hgp trye tilp vdi
so tft chi sd lugng. De tinh dim mft cdch
ranh mgch, khdng hi lan Ipn giiia cdc sy v$t
hifn tugng khdng cung logi dd, ngudi ta dat
ra cdc don vi de tinh dem. Do dd, trong md
hinh kit tri ciia sl tft chi sl lugng cdn cd
mdt kit tl ca sd la kit to don vj dugc diing
dl tinh dim.
CJ day chftng tdi xdc dinh kit tl chi dan
vi dugc dung de tinh dim Id mgt logi kit td
ca sd cfta so tft chi sl lugng bdi vi ttong
qud trinh khao sdt vd phan tich ngu lifu,
chftng tdi nhgn thdy, bdng thft phap cdi
biln, cd thd dl ddng tdch bift dugc hai yen
tl: dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim va sy vat
dugc tinh dim ttong sft dyng md khdng
12
NGON NGU" & DOfI S 6 N G
Sl 1 (243)-2016
lam thay dii y nghTa co ban cfta cdu true. lupng - kit to chl dcm v/ duprc dua ra ^
Vi dy:
Unh dim - kit ti cMs^ vpt ducrctinhdim.
(24) Ba bdt cam->Cam ba bdt
Ddy dugc xem Id vj tri pho biln cfta kit
(25) Mpt lang ehe ->Che mpt lane
tl chi don vi dupe dua ra de tinh ddm trong
Kit qua khdo sat va phdn tich ttdn ngft md lunh kit tri cfta so tft chi s6 lugng d c §
lifu ti^g Vift cho thdy loai kit tl ndy cd df cym tft. VI dy:
nhiing ddc dilm sau:
(29) Miing mgt th, bS con hdn xdeh mpt
- Dac diim y nghia: Ket tl chi don vi bao ehe vdi ndm qud cau. din mirng tudi
dugc dua ra dl tinh dim bd simg, hifn thyc cdc dng quan vi&n di kiim ed vd kiim tien
hda y nghia: logi don vi dugc dftng dl tfnh phong bao. [Nam Cao]
(30) Ba ddng mpt md trdu cay/ Sao anh
dim cho so tft chi sd lugng. VI dy:
(26) Anh dung dudi ehdn mpt cdy cdi khdng hoi nhirng ngdy cdn khong [Ca dao]
xanh. [Td Hodi]
Trong mOt sd trudng hgjj, kit to ndy dftng
Cac su vat hidn tugng ttong tf nhidn tuy trudc sl tft chi so lupng de nhan mgnh loai
rdt phong phft da dgng nhimg khdng ton tgi dcm vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim hem Id so
rdi rgc. Id td ma dugc con ngudi quy vdo lugne. Trudng hgp nay thudng xdy ra vdi
nhflng Idp, nhiing loai don vj khac nhau. kit to dan vi dugc dftng dl thih dim Id kit to
Thyc td khdo sat cho thdy, kit to don vj logi dan vi quy udc. Vi dy:
dugc diing de tinh ddm cd thi Id cdc don vi
(31) Gidp em quan tdm tien cheo/ Qum
ty nhidn: tdm, bdc, cdi, con, td, ed, qud, ci^c,n&m tien cudi lgi dec buong cau. [Ca dao]
hdn, vien, thdng, dua...; cd thd Id cdc dcm vi Kit qud nghidn cuu cimg cho thdy, sy
quy udc: cdn, lit, met, tg, tdn, mdu, sao...; xudt hifn cfta kit t l don vi diing dl tinh
don vi t£ip hgp: bdy, dan, lu, lap, chdng, dim, ddc bift la kdt tl don vi tinh dim dupe
ddng...; don vi td chftc hdnh chinh: huy^n, bieu thi bdng c£u: danh tft chi don vi ty nhien
xd, thon, tinh, td, nhom,...; dan vi hdnh dfng dd cho thdy ddc thft cua tiing Vift so vdi
cfta sy vifc: trgn, can, chuyen, phen, lan, mft so ngdn ngft khdc. Trong nhilu ngdn
lugt, cu, ndm, bo, vdc, gdnh, ngum,...
ngft, sy kit hgp cfta so tft s6 lugng vdi mpt
yeu tl nao dd chi don tiiudn Id de bilu thi
- Dgc diim hinh thuc: Ket qua khdo sdt
lugng sy v^t. Cd thi thay rd dilu dd qua cdc
ttdn ngft lifu tiing Vift cho thdy, kit tl don
vi dy ttong ti^g Anh:
vi dugc dftng dd tinh ddm chu ylu Id dan vi
(32) / have five books.: (33) These five
sy v^X do dd chftng dugc thi hifn bdng cdc
pens are mine.
danh tft. Cy thi, frong tiing Vift, tiiu loai
(34) I would like two cups of coffee.
danh tft don vi Id hinh thftc bilu hifn pho
Cdn trong tiing Vift, ket trj cfta sl tft cH
biln nhdt cfta loai kit tl nay. VI du:
sl lugng mgt m^t vfta bieu thj lugng sy vat
(27) Sdng nay neu khong vpi di bdt dua nhung m$t khdc the hifn rd cdch tri nh|n ciia
khdc thi tdi biiu thim chi dy vdi eh^c qud ngudi Vift vl sy v|lt. Vd kit tl dcm vi diing
phgt thd nita. [Ngd Tdt Td]
dl tinh dim 1dm ndn sy khdc bift nay. Ngucd
(28) Hdn bd cd hai dum vdo cdi tay ndi Vift de ddng nhin ra sy khdc nhau ciia su
rdt to. [Nam Cao]
v|t ttong cdc each diing: hai con thityin/hd
Bd sung -^ nghia logi dan vi dugc dftng de cdi thuyin, ndm vi sao/ ndm dng sao/ ndm
tftih dim, kit td ndy thudng dime liln ngay ngdi sao; mpt Id thu/ mpt bite thu,...
sau sl tft chi sl lupng va trudc ket tl chi sy
3.1.3. Kit td thi dugc dinh lugng
vdt dugc tinh dim. Cd thi md hinh hda vi tri
Ndu kit tl sy v|t dugc thih dim vd kitti
cfta loai ket to ndy nhu sau: S6 tir chl si don vj dugc dftng dl tmh dim Id logi kit to
s l 1 (243)-2016
N G 6 N NGf
& DClfl S 6 N G
13
tidu bidu cfta so tft chi sd lugng trong pham kit tri cua so tft chi sl lugng bao gom 3 kit
vi cym tft thi kit t6 chi chft thi dugc dinh t6 ca sd thuf c hai c ^ df Id: kit td s^e vpt
lugng la kit to bit bugc cfta s6 tft s6 lugng dugc tinh dim, kit td dan vf dtrgc dimg d§
trong phgm vi cdu. Logi kit t l ndy cd dac tinh dim. kit ti thi dugc dinh lugng. Nhftng
diem nhu sau:
kit to ndy chiu sy chi phii dn dinh trye tilp
Dgc diem y nghia: Kit to the dugc djnh cua so tft chi so lugng. Khi dugc hifn thyc
lugng b6 sung cho so tft chi so lugng y hda, chftng gdp phdn bgc 10 nhihig dac diem
ngbia eft phdp chu thd dugc dua ra dl dinh ban chdt nhdt cfta s6 tft chi s6 lugng-Nghidn
lugng (tudi tdc, gia cd,...). Kdt tl ndy dugc ciiu d$c dilm kit ttj cfta sd tft chl sl lugng
xdc dinh ttong mli quan hf cd phdp: sl tft trong tiing Vift thd hifn rd quan nifm cfta
lam trung tam ngft phap - ngu nghTa Qam vi ngudi nghidn cftu vl kit tti Id mft quan
to) trong cau. VI dy:
nifm ndi rfng bidn df kit hi so vdi
(35) Mot neudi mudi chin doi muai/Mgt L.Tesnidre. Nghidn cftu ddc dilm kit tri cfta
nguai vita d^p vita tuoi nhu minh [Ca dao] sl tft chi sd lugng trong tiing Vift ddc bift
Kit qud khdo sdt eho thdy the dugc djnh la nghidn cftu cdc kit tl ca sd cd y nghia
lugng trong thuc ti khach quan khd da quan trpng trong vifc nhgn difn va phdn
dgng. phong phu. Do dd nd cd the cd ndt dinh tft logi sl tii tixing tieng Vift Kit qua
nghia khdi quat Id ngudi, vat (dpng v^t, thyc nghidn cuu d$c didm ket trj cfta so tft chi so
vat,...).
lugng trong tiing Vift cdn giup chftng tdi
Dgc diim hinh thitc: Ket tl chi the dugc phat hifn dugc dgc trung ngft nghTa - ngft
dinh lugng dugc bidu hifn bdng danh tft, phdp ridng bift cua sl tft chi lugng ttong
cym danh tft hoae dgi tii. (Jua khao sdt ngft tidng Vift so vdi cdc ngdn ngft khac.
Ufu, chftng tdi thdy loai kit tl ndy thudng
T A I lA^V THAM K H A O
diing trudc so tft chi sl lugng, cd the kit hgp
1. Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Bde diim kit
trye tilp ho$c gjan tilp thdng qua cdc phy tft
chi thdi (dd. sdp, mdi...) hojc cac tft dg, gdn, tri eua nhom vi tit ehi quan h$ vi tri thupc
khodng, chirng ng6t,...C6 the md Idnh hda tinh trong tieng Vi^t, Tgp chi Tft dien hgc vd
vi tri cfta chftng nhu sau: Kit t6 the duyc Bdch khoa thu so thang 5.
2. Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Tir trdng
dinh lupng -So tir ckisS lupng. Vf dy:
(36) Qi ndm nay dd ngoai sdu mirei. trong tha Hdn Mgc Td: nhin tit li tht^it kit
tri. Tap chf Ngdn ngft vd Ddi sing, sl thdng
[Nam Cao]
(37) Mdt cdu be trgc mudi ba, toe cdn di 9.
trdi ddo, mde mpt bp do ndu thdm mdu vd dd 3. Asher R.E (ed). (1994), The
encyclopedia of language and linguistics. 9
eua ngtrdi vung bien. [Ha An]
vol. Oford and New York: Pergamon Press
4. Ket lugn
4. Dmh van E)ftc (2010), Cde bdi gidng
Nhu vdy, kit tri ciia sl tft chi s6 lugng
trong tiing Vift chinh la khd ndng md ra vi tir phdp hgc tiing Vi$t (tit logi nhin tit
xung quanh nd nhOng d trlng can h o ^ cd binh di$n chuc ndng), Nxb Dgi hpc QuIc
thi ldp ddy bdi nhiing thdnh td ngft phdp gia, Hd Npi.
5. Nguyin Vdn Lgc (2000), Kit trf eua
nhdm bd sung nhiing ^ nghia nhdt dinh.
Todn bg kha ndng kit hgp dd tgo ndn kit tri dgng tit tiing Vi$t, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Npi.
cfta nhdm so tft ndy. Nghidn cftu ttdn ngft
6. Tesniere L.(1969), Elements de syntax
lifu tiing Vift, chftng tdi dd xdc dinh dugc struetwale, Paris -Klincksieck.
