PHAN CONG LAO B O N G TRONG GIA DINH

TU* GOC NHIN CUA NAM GlCil KHU Vl/C DONG B A N G SONG HONG
NG6NGANHA'
Torn tdt: Bdi viit tap trung md td sir phdn cdng lao dong trong cdc gia dinh a viing
ddng bdng sdng Hong tir gdc nhin cua nam gidi. Bdi v&i cdc cdng viic noi trg vd chdm
sdc gia dinh thudng mdt nhiiu thdi gian vd cong sire di hoan thdnh nhu ndu nudng hc^
giat gia, phu na van Id nguoi ehiu trdch nhi?m chinh. Su ddng gdp ciia nam gidi vdo cdc
cong viec ndy Id tuong ddi han chi, vd hg thudng cd qvyin lira chgn timg cdng vi$c cu
the cSng nhu khdi lugng cong viec md hg mudn tham gia. Ddi vdi cdc cdng vi^c khdc nhu
sua chua vgt trong nhd, tham gia sinh hggt cgng ddng, hay thd cung, khdn vdi to tiin,
nam gidi thudng la ngudi gdnh vde chinh trong gia dinh. Mac du cd thi co su "phong
dgi" trong cdc trd ldi cua nam gidi, tuy nhien nghien cuu ndy cUng ghi nhan sif tham gia
nhiiu hon cua hg doi vdi cdng vi?c nhd so vdi cdc nghien cuu trudc dd, mgt diiu cd thi
bdo hieu su thay ddi tick cue trong quan ni?m cua nam gidi ddi vdi cdng viic nhd.
Tit khda: gidi, vai trd gidi, gia dinh, phdn cdng lao dOng gia dinh.

1. Ddt vdn d l
Nhidu nghien cdu tgi Viet Nam nh|n dinh rdng it cd sy thay ddi trong phdn cdng lao
dOng gia dinh trong sudt thdi gian qua (Do Thi Binh vd cdng sy, 2002;
Teerawichitehainan va cOng sy, 2010). Cho dii ngay cdng cd nhilu phy nfi tham gia vao
lyc lugng lao dOng xd hOi, vd mdc dd da phdn trong sd hg lam vipe nhilu khdng k^m so
vdi nam gidi, edng viOc nOi trg vSn dupe xem la trdch nhipm rieng cd cda phu nfi. MOt
nghiSn cdu cua Vu Tuan Huy (2004) dd ehi ra rdng phy nfi dam trdch 76,3% vi§c mua
ban thuc phdm phyc vy cho gia dinh; 79,7% vipc nau nudng, 90,6% vipc rda bdt dia,
84,2% vi?e lau dgn nhd cda; va 90,0% vi?c gi^t gifi qudn do. Theo kit qua Dilu tra mdc
sdng ddn cu ndm 2008, phu nfi do thi va phy nfi ndng thdn tdn lan lugt khodng 17,5 gid
va 15,4 gid trong mgt tudn cho viOc npi trg. Trong khi dd, nam gidi do thj va nam gidi
ndng thdn chi ton Idn lugt khoang 11,2 gid va 10,2 gid, tdc la it hon khoang 1/3 so vdi
phy nfi (dSn theo Jones va TrJin, 2012: 2).
Nghien edu cda Teerawichitehainan va cpng sy (2010) eung cho thdy rdng phy nfi

' Hgc vi4n Chinh Irj Qude gia Hd Chi Minh.


24

Phdn cong lao dgng trong gia dinh tie goc nhin ...

ddm trdch khoang hon 80% cdc edng vi?c nOi trg va chdm sdc tre nhd . Trong mOt cuOc
khdo sat duoc tiln hanh vdi nam gidi Viet Nam nam 2011, khoang 64% ngudi tra ldi cho
bilt vp cda hg ehiu ddeh nhiem chinh ddi vdi vi^e nOi ti'P (Priya va cdng sy, 2012: 34). Ci
chilu ngupe lai, chi ed khoang mOt phan tu sd nam gidi dupe hdi ndi rdng hp chia sd binh
ddng hogc ciing ddm trdch cac cdng viec nha vdi vg ciia minh (Priya va cpng sy, 2012:
34). Cd thi ndi rdng, "sy phdn cdng lao ddng theo gidi ddi vdi cdc cdng viOc nOi trp o
Viet Nam trong sudt bdn thap ky qua thi hien tdn tgi dai dang cda nhting gid tri trong gia
dinh truyin thing hem la nhfing sy biln ddi mang tinh chat budc ngoat"
(Teerawichitehainan va eOng sy, 2010).
Tuy nhiSn, trong khi hau hit eac nghiSn cdu vl gidi thudng ehi tap trung thn hilu nhgn
thdc, thai dd, hdnh vi cda phu nu ddi vdi lao dOng nOi trp, rdt it nghien cdu thyc sy dao sdu
den suy nghi vd nhdn thdc cda nam gidi vl eae vdn de ndy. Hon the nfia, eac nghien cdu ve
phan edng lao dOng trong gia dnh tgi ViOt Nam hay dl cap den nhfing edng vipe nOi trp vdn
van dugc mdc dinh Id ddnh eho phu nii^, ehd thudng bd qua h o ^ khdng dl c$p den nhung
edng viee nha khac md nam gidi hay ddm nhiem nhu: siia chiia vat trong nhd, sda xe dgp, xe
may, hay dgi dipn gia dBnh tham gia cac sy kien b6n ngoai (Vu Manh Lpi vd cOng sy, 2013).
Ddy chinh la nhung khoang trong nghien cdu can dupe tap trung phan tich lam rd.
Sd dyng sd li$u thu thdp duge td 122 bdng hdi dinh lugng va 30 cude phdng vdn sau
nam gidi tai Ha NOi va Ha Nam, hai dia phuong thuOc vimg ddng bang sdng Hdng,
nghien cdu ndy dugc thyc hien nhdm md ta p h ^ ndo nhdn thdc, thai dO vd hanh vi eiia
nam gidi Viet Nam ddi vdi sy phdn edng lao dOng trong gia dinh. Nghien cihi sd dung
phuong phdp chgn mdu nglu nhiSn hO thdng, vdi hai phuong dugc chgn tgi thanh phd Ha
NOi Id Ldng Ha va Thd Quan (quan Ddng Da), va mOt xd dugc chgn tgi tinh Ha Nam id xa

Ddng Du (huyen Binh Lue). Trong sd 122 nam gidi tham gia tra ldi bdng hdi, 49,2% sinh
song tgi dd thj, 50,8% sinh sdng tgi ndng thdn. V l tudi tac, 34,4% ngudi trd ldi dudi 35
tudi, 34,4% d dO tuoi td 35 din 49, vd 31,2% ngudi trd ldi 50 tudi trd len. V l trinh dO hoc
vdn, 59% ed trinh dO tu cap ba trd xudng, va 4 1 % cdn lai dd tdt nghiOp tu cao ddng/dai
hgc trd len. V l nghi nghipp, 38,5% ngudi trd ldi dang Id cdng chuc/vidn chdc nha nude
tgi thdi dilm dupe hdi, 31,2% dang lam thud cho cdc doanh nghiOp tu nhan, va 30,3% Id
lao dOng ty do/ndng dan/thp thu cdng/kinh doanh cd thi. Kit qua nghien cdu ndy la mOt
phdn trong Luan an Tien sT cua tac gia da dupe bao vO thanh cdng tgi trudng Dgi hpc
Manchester Metropolitan, Vuong qude Anh vao thdng 9 nam 2015.

' Teerawichitehainan cQng nhin thay m§t vii thay d6i nhfi dupe tim thay qua cupe khio sit niy. Cie ong bo
dupe cho Ii cOng d i c6 tham gia nhilu hem trudc kia trong vi?c quin ly chi ti6u ciia gia dinh vi chim s6c,
dgy d5 con cii it d6 n]6i di hpc. Tuy nhien, tic gii cung luu -j ring c6 the do svr phit triln chung cia kinh te
- x i h$i, cie hp gia dinh dan trflr n ^ khi gii hon, thu nh|ip cua gia dinh e6 t h i ting glp d6i hojc gdp ba so
v6i tni6c da dSn den vi§c nam gidi muon "dinh Ifu" nhieu hon din vi?c chi tieu ciia gia dinh. Trong khi d6,
viec d?y dS con cii tuoi di hpc c6 thi lifin quan din trinh dp hpc v4n tOt hem cua nam gidi so vin nO gidi.
' Vf dy nhu ndu nudng, gi§t giu, lau dpn nhi cila, chim sdc tre nho... M^t vii nghiSn cihi eung cd de c$p
den vi^c mua sim cic dh vat c6 gii trj trong gia dinh.


Ngo Ngan iia

J:>

2. Phan cdng lao dpng trong gia dinh ngirM tra IM
Cd the ndi rang, muon hodn thanh ede cdng vipc nha thi cdn phdi cd mOt sy nhat tri
gifia cae thanh vidn trong gia dinh liSn quan din vipc phan chia chdng mdt edch thieh
hpp. Tuy nhidn, viSc phdn edng lao dOng ndy hay bj tdc dOng bdi edc quan dilm gia
dudng truyin thdng, thudng Id ddnh phan uu tien cho nam gidi. Qud trinh nay cung cd
kha nang mang lai sy bdt ddng hoac xung dOt gifia eac thdnh vidn trong gia dinh, dde biet

Id gifia cdc c^p vg chdng.
Thong nhat vdi cdc kdt qua nghien cdu trude day, sd liOu thu thdp dugc td cude
dieu tra nay tiep tuc khdng dinh su bdt binh ddng v l gidi trong vice phdn cdng lao
dOng trong gia dinh. Nhu duge trinh bdy tgi Bilu dd 1, gan 60% nam gidi cho biet
vg cda hg ddm nh|in ph^n Idn cdng vipc nha, trong khi chi ed khoang mgt phdn ba
ndi rang hp san se binh ddng viec nhd vdi vg cua minh. Cd rat it dng chdng thda
nhgn hp ehiu trdch nhiem chinh ddi vdi cdng vide nhd^. Cac phdn tich thing kS cua
nghien cdu cung chi ra rdng khdng cd bdt ky sy lidn quan ndo gifia cac ddc dilm
nhdn khdu hpc cda ngudi trd ldi nhu tudi tdc, noi cu tru, nghe nghipp, va trinh dp
hgc vdn tdi vi^c hg tham gia cdng vi$e nha nhu the nao. Nam gidi, mdc cho cd
nhiing su khde biet ve nhau khau hgc, hau het deu it tham gia cdng vide nhd hon so
vdi ban ddi cua hg.
Bieu do 1. Phan cong lao d$ng trong ^a dinh ngirM tri VA
Dan Vf; %

m
Vp lim nhilu hon

Vp ch6ng chia sS binh CSiong lim nhilu hon

Ngucri khac lim

Ngudn: So li^u khdo sdt cua de ldi, 2012.

Mpt dilm ddng luu ^ dupe nit ra tfi cdc cuOc phdng van sau Id nam gidi thudng
dung td "gidp" khi hg midu td viee hg tham gia cdng vi$c nha. Cdc cau tra ldi cua hg
thudng la "tdi sg giup ba dy khi tdi rdnh" hode "tdi thudng giup vg tdi vipc nhd luc ndo cd
ay di vdng". Dilu nay ggi ^ rdng rat nhilu ddn ong Vi^t Nam quan niOm rdng vipc nhd la
trdch nhi?m rieng cua nguoi phy nfi, vd ngudi phy nfi nghia vu phdi hoan thdnh chiing.
Cdn doi vdi nam gidi, hp cd thi tham gia giup bdt kj' khi nao va vdi bat ky vipc nha nao

^ C^n Imi ^ ring diy mdi chi don giin ii ciu tri ldi cda nam gidi vl s^r phin cdng tao d§ng trong gia dinh
cua hp mpt cich chung nhat. Ph^n sau ciia bii vilt niy s6 dl c$p din vi?c phin chia timg cdng vi^c eg the.


26

Phdn cong lao d0ng trong gia dinh tu goc nhin ..

ma hp mudn. Trong hdu hit edc trudng hgp, nam gidi cd toan quyen quyet dinh vi^c hp
cd tham gia lam cae cdng viec nha hay khdng .
Trong cac cuOc phdng vdn sau, nam gidi hay nghilm nhien coi vipc quan xuyIn
cdng vi$c nha nhu la mOt thien chuc ciia ngudi phu nfi. Ddy thudng la \dupe cae dng chdng vien ra dl "bi?n hO" cho vide it tham gia lao dOng cdng vi?c nha
ciia minh.
... Cdng viic nhd Id trdch nhi^m ciia phu nd. Ddy la thien chiec cua hg tir xa xua
din nay rdi em a.
(PVS, nam, 53 tudi, ndng dan. Ha Nam)
... Thien chirc cua ngudi phu nii la lam va vd ldm me. Trong dd, trdch nhi$m ciia
mdt ngudi va la yiu thuang ehdng minh vd qudn xuyin cdc cdng viee nhd, con
trdch nhiem cua mdt ngudi me la nudi dudng vd chdm sdc con cdi.
(PVS, nam, 52 tudi, cdn bO nha nude, HdNOi)
Quan diem nay dugc ciing ed bdi truyen thdng gia trudng phong kien vdn ton tai dai
ddng d Vidt Nam trong sudt hang nghin nam qua. Tue ngfi Vipt Nam cd eau "Dan dng
xdy nhd, ddn ba xay td dm". Theo dd, nam gidi dugc trdng dgi se xdy dyng cho gia dinh
minh mdt ngdi nhd dl tni dn - mpt vai trd mang tinh cy the, r5 rang va cd diem dimg;
trong khi trdch nhiem cua ngudi phy nfi la duy tri td am - mOt vai trd mang tinh tinh edm,
trim tupng vd lidn tue (Brickell, 2013). Trong tde phdm "Ngudn gdc cda gia dinh, che dp
tu hfiu vd nhd nude", Angghen (11884] 1972) dd dua ra luaai dilm rdng phu nfi sS duoc
giai phdng khdi cdng viec nhd mdt khi cd nhfing dilu ki?n kinh t l - xd hOi nhdt dinh. Do
la sy tham gia cda todn bO nfi gidi vdo lao dOng sdn xudt xa hdi, la sy ehuyin djch ciia cac

cdng viec nhd thdnh mOt nganh cdng nghiOp xa hOi, vd sy xa hdi hda chdc ndng chdm soc
va giao dye tre em eua gia dinh. Tuy nhien, neu xd hOi Vipt Nam vd cy thi Id nam gidi
Vi?t Nam van nhin nhgn thiin chirc t^ nhien eiia ngudi phy nfi la ddm trdch cdc cdng viSc
nha thi sy bat binh ddng gidi trong xd hOi se tiep tyc dupe duy tri, va khi dd thi su nghiep
giai phdng phy nfi xem chimg vSn cdn rat gian nan.
3. Phan cdng cdc cdng vi^c nhd cy thi trong gia dinh ngvM tra Idi
Cd thi ndi, cdng vipc nha thudng bao gom rdt nhilu vi^c nhd khac nhau trong gia
dinh. Khi thyc hien nghien edu nay, tdc gid dua ra mpt danh sdch gdm 15 cdng vipc nhd
(xem Bdng 1). Chin cdng vi^e dau tidn dupe lipt ke trong bang nay dh cap trye tilp din
nhfing vi?e ndi trg hdng ngay nhu: ndu nudng, dpn d?p, giat giS...; trong khi dd, sdu cdng
viOc cdn lai khdng phdi la vipe nOi trg, nhung chdng lai Id nhung cdng viec dugc thyc
hipn trong gia dinh, vi dy nhu: sda chua v§t trong nha, dpn dpp noi thd ty, thd cung tl
tien, hay tham gia sinh hogt cOng ddng...

* Doi luc, nam gidi Vi^t Nam thjim ehi c6n dupe ngpi khen vi biet chia si vi§c nhi vdt vp cua minh trong
khi xa hOi l^i xem vi§c phy nft quin xuyIn cdng vi?c gia dinh Ii m^t dilu hit siic binh thudng (Phing Thj
Kim Anh, 2010),


Bing 1. Phan c6ng cic c3ng vifc nhi c^ the trong gia dinh ngutri tri Iii
V(i lim Ii
chinh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Qu^t dgn/Lau chiiiVHut byi
Doric
Mua th\rc phlm
So ch4 th\rc phSm/N4u nu<^g
Rita bit dTa
Gi3t quin i o
Phoi v i ii Oi quin i o
Kliiu v i quin i o
Mua quin i o mdi
Sira ciiOa vit trong nhi
Sua chda 6 to/xe miy cua nhi
Rijra 6 td/xe miy cia nhi
Tham gia sinh ho^t cpng
dong/hpp thon/hgp to dan pho
Dpn d^p bin th£f/noi thfr t\r
Tho cung, le bii to tiSn

68,0
62,3
88,S
74,6
70,5

63,1
71,9
89,3
71,3

Vg ch6ng
san s i
binh ding
18,0
13,1
6,6
17,2
8,2
18,9
12,4
2.5
24,6

Chong
chinh
4,9
11,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
1,6
1,7

2,5


4,1
0,8
1,6

3,3
93,4
81,1
63,9

1,6

35,2

63,1

20,5
19,7

18,0
27,9

57,4
50,8

Nguiri
khiclim
Ii chinh
9,0
13,1
2,5

5,7
18,8
16,4
14,0
8,2
0,8
2,5
18,0
32,0

T6ng

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

4,1
1,6

100

100

Ngudn: So ii4u khdo sal cda di tdi, 2012.

Hai dilm dang luu y cd thi dugc rut ra td Bdng 1. Thd nhdt, bdt k^' cdng vi^e ndo
trong danh sach 15 edng vi^c dugc liet kd eiing deu cd sy tham gia, du it hay nhieu, cua
cd ngudi ehdng va ngudi vg. Thu hai, so lieu tiep tyc khdng dinh vai trd cda ngudi vp
trong viec ddm nhiem cae cdng viec nhd. Trdn 50% so ngudi tra ldi cho biet "vg lam la
ehinh" ddi vdi chin cdng vi^e ddu tien, trong khi dd, nam gidi chi phdi ehiu trdch nhiem
chinh eho sdu cdng viec cdn lai (thudng khdng phdi la nhfing viOc hdng ngay). Neu xet ve
sd lugng ciing nhu mdc dp thudng xuyen cua cdng vi?e thi cd the thdy sy khdng cdng
bdng trong phan chia cdng vi^c nha ciing nhu sy bdt binh ddi^ ve gidi trong gia dinh cua
ngudi tra ldi.
3.1. Cdc cdng vi^cphii nit thir&ng d&m nhi^m chinh trong gia ^nh
S6 lipu trong Bang 1 eho thdy, ndm edng viOc nha ma phy nu dam trdch nhilu
nhdt theo thd ty la: khdu vd qudn do (89,3%), mua thuc phdm (88,5%), ndu an
(74,6%), phai vd la iii qudn do (71,9%), vd mua qudn do mdi (71,3%). Sy tham gia
cua nam gidi vao cac hoat dpng nay khd ban che. Chi cd dudi 5% nam gidi eho bilt hp
dam trach chinh eac cdng viec nay trong gia dinh. Sd lipu nay tiep tyc khdng djnh lai
cdc kit qua nghien cdu djnh lupng khdc rdng phy nfi van la ngudi ehiu trach nhipm
chu ylu cho cae cdng vipe npi trg va chdm sdc gia dinh (Knodel va cOng sy, 2005;
Teerawichitehainan va cOng sy, 2010; Vu Manh Lgi va cOng sy, 2013). Hon thi nfia,
do hdu hit eae edng vipe ndy diu phdi dupe thyc hi?n hdng ngay, trong khi cdc cong
viec ma nam gidi hay dam trach Igi khdng dien ra thudng xuyen, lien tuc, ndn tdng


28

Phdn cdng lao dgng trong gia dinh tir goc nhin ...


lugng thdi gian ma phu nfi danh cho cdng vipc nha thudng se cao hon rat nhilu so vdi
lugng thdi gian dd cua nam gidi.
Da phdn nam gidi tham gia phdng vdn sau cho biet hg chua bao gid ty khau vd hay
sda chfia qudn do vi "khdu va theu thua van la vi|c rieng cua dan ba con gdi td trudc din
gid" (PVS, nam, 54 tudi, thp dien. Ha Nam). Tuong ty, mOt dng ching din td Ha Npi
khang khang rdng minh chua bao gid phai suy nghi vl viee khdu vd qu4n do vi phy nu
trong gia dinh anh ta ludn lam viec nay. Bdn canh cdng viec may va, nam gidi cung cho
bilt hg ban ehl di mua thyc phdm d chg vi hg khdng bilt "gia ea ehinh xdc nhu the nao
dk mac ca khdng hi hd" (PVS, nam, 30 tudi, nhan vien IT, Ha NOi); vd "phu nfi thudng
ndm rd gia ea nen hg mdc cd tdt hon cdnh dan dng" (PVS, nam, 40 tudi, edng chuc, Ha
Nam). Mdt sd nam gidi cdn eho rdng vipc di chg mua thyc phdm va mgc cd cd thi khien
hp mdt di ve nam tinh: "Chi phy nfi mdi mac ca khi mua sdm. Cdn dan dng Id phdi hao
sdng, rOng lugng, Io eho cdng to viec Idn ehd mdy ai lgi di m§c cd md rau con cd ngoai
chg" (PVS, nam, 52 tudi, cdng chdc, HdNOi).
Ngudi Viet Nam ed edu "Vang dan dng quanh nha, vang dan ba quanh bep". Do do,
ndu dn cung Id mOt trong nhung edng viec nhd md phu nu thudng phai ehiu trach nhiem
ehinh trong gia dinh. Hon thi niia, nghien cdu ndy chi ra rdng dudng nhu ed moi lien he
giua noi d eiia ngudi tra ldi va su phdn chia cdng vi^c ndu dn trong gia dinh . Nam gidi d
ndng thdn cd ve nhu it tham gia vdo ndu nudng so vdi nam gidi dd thi. Han 90% ngudi
tra ldi tgi Ha Nam cho biet vp eua hg dam trdch chinh viec ndu an, trong khi sd liSu nay d
Hd NOi chi khoang 65%. Trong sd tdt ca nam gidi dugc phdng vdn tgi Hd NOi, cd duy
nhit mOt ngudi (36 tudi, la cdn bO dang cdng tdc tgi mOt phuong cua Ha NOi) cho biet
minh la ddu bip chinh eua gia dinh. Anh khdng dinh rdng minh cd thi !am mgi cdng vi?c
ndi trg va ludn giup vg mdi khi cd ay qud ban hoSie 6m.
Trong cdc cuOc phdng vdn, mOt sd nam gidi, dae bipt la nhfing ngudi d Ha NOi, co
dl cap din vi?e ede dd gia dung dipn td nhu ndi com di^n, bIp ga, 16 vi sdng... dd giiip hp
rat nhilu trong viec chia se cdng viec nha vdi vp. Vi dy nhu, nam gidi thudng hay nhdc
din vipc ndu com bdng ndi com dipn (ddt noi com) nhu Id ddng gdp cda hp vao vi$c ndu
dn eho cd gia dinh. Rdt tide Id sd liOu td nghien cuu nay khdng thi do ludng duge li$u
vi^c su dyng do dien gia dung co ldm gidm thdi gian nam gidi tham gia vdo nOi trg bay

khdng. Tuy nhien, nghien cdu nay cimg chi ra rdng viOc sd dyng dd dipn gia dyng c6 dnh
hudng phan nao tdi sy phdn cdng lao dOng theo gidi trong gia dinh, it nhdt la ddi vdi
nhOng gia fflnh cd ho^c khdng cd mdy gidt. Cdn cd vdo Bang I ed thi thdy, "gi^t giii"
ddng thd tam tren tdng sd chin cdng vipc nha md phy nu ddm trach nhilu han nam gidi.
Tuy nhidn, phy nfi d ndng thdn dupe cho bilt la tham gia cdng vi|e ndy nhieu hon so vdi
phy nfi d dd thi. Dieu nay cd the hieu don gidn la do mdy gidt dugc sd dyng pho biln d do

* Chi-square value = 21.261; df = 2; p value < 0.001; Pearson's r = - 0.229.
* Kit qui ciSa cupe dieu tra Mi^c s6ng HO gia dhih Vi§t Nam nim 2012 chi ra ring 48,1 % s6 hO gia dinh t?l
id thj sd httu miy gi$t so vdi chi 11,5% s6 hO d nong thdn (T6ng cyc Thing k%, 2013:287).


isgo ngan na

^y

thi han so vdi ndng thdn*. Gdn mOt nda (41,2%) sd nam gidi dugc khao sat tai Ha NOi
cho biet hp chia se binh ddng cdng viOc gi^t giu vdi vp minh, trong khi hdu nhu tdt ca
(94,1%) ngudi dupe phdng vdn tai Ha Nam ndi rdng vg cua hg dam nhipm chinh cdng
viec nay'.
Nhd cd mdy gidt nin do cua ai bdn thi ngudi 4v tu giat thdi. Thudng thi hai bdc gidt
chung de tiet ki^m dien nude chirgigt rieng thi tdn ldm. Ndi chung la ai cd nhieu do
cdn gigt han thi ngudi dy se gidt luon.
(PVS, nam, can bd nhd nude dd nghi huu. Ha Nam)
Tuy nhien, d vung ndng thdn, ede gia dinh it cd dieu kifn de mua va sd dyng mdy
giat, do do quan do thudng dugc gidt bdng tay. Cdng vipc giat giu khi do khd vdt va va tdn
nhidu thdi gian. Phu nfi ndng thdn tiep tyc la ngudi dam nhiem chinh cdng vipe nay trong
gja dinh minh. Qua cae cuOe phdng van vdi nam gidi ndng thdn, mdt nhdn xet dupe nit ra
la gigt giu la mdt trong cae edng vipe nha it dupe nam gidi lam nhat. Mdt sd ngudi trd ldi
cho bilt hp sdn sdng chia se bat ky cdng viec gi vdi vg minh, ngoai trd gigt giu, ngay cd

khi nhan manh rang cdn phdi cd sy binh dang gifia nam va nfi:
Chd cOng hay giiip cd nhd chii viec nha ldm. Va chdng thi phdi binh ddng chic.
Nhung cd mdi viec gidt qudn do thi chii khdng thich dinh vdo. Cd mdi hai va chdng
d nhd nen ciing chdng cd nhiiu nhgn gi dd. Qudn do bdn moi lan tdm xong chii cic
de day, cd dy tdm sau roi gigt ludn.
(PVS, nam, 53 tudi, ndng dan, Ha Nam)
Tdm lgi, mac du phy nfi vdn ehiu trach nhiem ehinh doi vdi hau hit nhfing cong
viec nhd mang tinh chdt thudng xuyen, Idp di Idp lgi, nam gidi ed thd se chia se bdt phan
ndng nhpe cda nhihig edng vi?e nay neu cd sy ho trg cda ede do didn gia dyng. MOt diem
dang luu y khac d day la su khdc biet cd y nghia thdng ke gifia nam gidi d ndng thdn vd
dd thi trong viee hg tham gia ndu nudng va gidt giU trong gia dinh. Ngudi tra ldi tai Ha
Nam cd ve nhu hay ldng trdnh cdc cdng viec nay hon so vdi ngudi tra Idi d Hd Ndi. Dieu
nay gpi f rdng sy phan bipt mang tinh truyen thdng ve gidi ddi vdi eac cdng viOc nha eo
ve nhu vdn cdn tdn tai kha dai ddng tgi cdc vimg ndng thdn hon la d cae vung dd thi.
3.2. Cdc cdng vi$c nam gi&i thir&ng ddm nhifm chink trong gia dinh
Tdt ca nam gidi tham gia tra ldi phdng van sdu deu khdng dinh rang minh cd the
lam bat ky cdng viec nha nao. Hai ngudi tra ldi d Ha Nam thdm ehi cdn cho rdng minh
"cd thi ndu dn ngon hon" vg; trong khi mgt s6 ngudi tra ldi khac thi ndi rdng hp thudng
cho eon an, hodc hp rdt thich mSi khi dupe tdm cho con. Tuy nhien, nghien cuu nay nhdn
thdy rdng sy tich eye ti-ong thdi dO/quan nipm/khd ndng tham gia cda nam gidi vao cdc
cdng viee nha khdng ty le thuln vdi khoi lupng cdng viec ma hp thyc su dam trach. Cac
dng chdng co thi cho rdng minh ndu dn ngon hon vg, nhung eac dng ehi ndu "trong
' Chi-square value = 20.384; df = 2; p value < 0.001; Pearson's r = - 0.385.


30

Phdn cong lao dgng trong gia dinh tic goc nhin .,

nhfing dip dac biet nhu la le Tdt hodc ddm gid" (PVS, nam, 54 tuoi, thg thd cdng. Ha

Nam). Cac dng bd cd thi eho con an ho^e tdm cho eon nhxmg tan sudt tham gia vao
nhihig cdng viec nay edn phu thuOe vdo nhieu yeu td khac. Vi du nhu, "ehieu ndo ma
minh ranh thi minh se di ddn bpn nhdc rdi tdm eho nd ludn" (PVS, nam, 30 tuoi, budn
bdn nhd, Hd NOi). Dilu nay tilp tye nhdn mgnh nhdn djnh la nam gidi cd nhilu uu thi
ban nfi gidi trong vide quylt djnh cdng vi?c nhd ndo efing nhu khdi lugng edng vi|c nha
ma hp mudn tham gia.
Mdc du nam gidi cho bilt hg khdng tham gia edng vi?c nhd nhilu nhu vg cua mhih,
tuy nhien van cd mOt sd cdng viee dae thu ma nam gidi se ehiu trdch nhiOm chmh. Nghien
cdu ciia Vu Manh Lpi vd cOng su (2013) chi ra rdng nam gidi thudng dam trach vi^c sua
chfia vdt trong nha, vi du nhu sda chfia/thay thi dd dien, dd go, ho^c dudng dng nude. Rdt
hiem khi phy nfi tham gia vao cdc edng vide nay. Ket qua tuong ty cung dugc tim thdy
trong nghien cuu nay khi ma da sd edc dng chdng cho bilt hg thudng giu vai chmh trong
viOc thuc hien cac cdng vipc lien quan den sda chua vgt trong nhd ho^c duy tri quan h |
vdi cOng ddng/thdn xdm. Tu Bang 1 ed the thay ndm cdng vide md nam gidi phy trdch
chinh trong gia dinh mmh bao gdm sira chica vgt trong nha (93,4%), sica chiia d td/xe
mdy ciia nhd (81,1%), rHa d td/xe mdy cua nhd (63,9%), tham gia sinh hogt cgng
ddng/hgp thdn/hgp to ddn phd (63,1%), vd dgn d?p bdn thd/nai thd tu (57,4%).
Cd thi thdy rdng, sy phan biet gidi trong vi^c thyc hiOn cac edng vipc nha dugc thi
hipn mOt each rd net nhdt thdng qua sy phdn cdng vipc sica chiia vdt trong nhd gifia vp va
chdng. Tdt cd nam gidi tham gia trd Idi phdng van sau deu nhdn manh rdng hg cd thi lam
bat ky vi?c nha nao, trong khi dd vp cua hp lai khdng thi sua chiia vgt trong nhd dupe.
Theo cdnh nam gidi, eae cdng viee vi du nhu thay bdng den, cdu chi, sua do go, ndi dng
nude, v.v..., la vugt ngoai khd ndng eua vg minh:
Chdng CO vi^c gi bd dy ldm duac md chii khdng ldm duac cd. Thtcc ra thi minh co
thi ndu dn khdng ngon bdng hogc vd cdi qudn khdng kheo bdng, nhung minh v&n
lam du^c. Ngugrc lgi thi ba dy chua bao gid dgng din may viec sua chiia linh tinh
trong nhd cd. Den thay cdi bdng den bd dy cdn chdng biit niia la.
(PVS, nam, 47 tuoi, thp mOc, Ha Nam)
Ddi vdi nhilu nam gidi, phy nfi thudng "khdng bilt gi v l diOn ddm" (PVS, nam, 53
tudi, ndng ddn, Hd Nam) vd "khdng can thdn, ky ludng nhu ddn dng dh ldm mdy vipc sua

chfia trong nhd" (PVS, nam, 52 tuli, ndng dan. Ha Nam). Dan dng thudng dugc coi la
"khde mgnh hon, lanh Ip hon va cdn than ban" phy nfi nen hg sS "ldm nhihig viOc ndy tit
ban" (PVS, nam, 26 tudi, vien chuc, Hd Ndi). MOt nam gidi khdc din td Ha NOi chia se:
Ddn dng nhu anh em minh la phdi biit sua chiia vgt trong nha. Khdng ndi din mdy
vi^c nhu la Idp di$n hay Idp^ dng nude, mdy vi$c ndy ddnh cho th^ roi. Dan dng
trong nhd phdi ldm duyc mdy vi4c dan gidn han nhu Id thay bdng tuyp, thay cdu
chi, hay Id thdng tdc cdng. 6 nhd em thi cd minh em ldm dttftc mdy vi$c ndy thdi
(PVS, nam, 30 tudi, nhdn vidn \T)


lygo jvgannaJi
Ben canh siea chiia vdt trong nhd, mOt cdng vipc khac efing duge ban hai phan ba
nam gidi cho biet phai ddm trach chinh Id dgi di^n gia dinh tham gia sinh hogt cgng ddng,
vi du nhu eae budi hgp thdn hodc hpp td dan phd. Kit qua phdn tich td eae cuOc phdng
van sdu chi ra rdng nam gidi thudng xuyen dgi dien gia dinh tham gia cae hogt ddng nay.
Tgi cae budi hgp thdn/hpp td dan phd, ngudi tham dy se dugc p h i biln v l dudng l6i cua
Dang, ehinh sach, phap ludt cua Nha nude, hodc ban bac nhfing vdn dl lien quan din
eOng ddng*. Theo giai thich cda mOt ndng dan 52 tudi din td Ha Nam, phu nu it tham gia
hpp thdn vi hg "cd biet gi ve chinh tri ddu ma di hpp". Ong ndi thdm rdng "ngay cd khi
cac ba dy di hgp thi efing chdng quyet dupe cai gi. Cai ^ ciing phdi v l hdi chong rdi dd
chdng quyet". MOt nguoi trd ldi khde nhan xet: "Cimg c6 nhieu phy nfi di hgp ddy nhung
cdc ba dy hay ngai nen toan dim tum lai mdt gdc, ehdng dam phat bilu gi" (PVS, nam, 42
tudi, edng chdc. Ha Nam). Kdt qud nay gpi y rdng phu nfi cd it co hdi hem nam gidi trong
viec tiep can vdi cdc thdng tin lien quan din chinh sdch va phdp ludt, ciing nhu trong viec
the hiOn y kien, quan diem ciia minh trudc cdng ddng.
Theo nhgn xet cua Hd Tai Hu? Tam (2001) va Mai Huy Bich (2003), trong cac gia
dinh truyen thdng Vipt Nam, nam gidi va phy nfi khdng ehl cd cae vai tro khac nhau ma
edn chiem ITnh nhiing khoang khdng gian khac nhau trong nha. Ddi vdi phy nu, khdng
gian quen thuOe eua hp la khu bIp hode Id cac phdng phia sau nhd. Trong khi dd, nam
gidi cai qudn phong khdch noi cd bdn thd/nai thd tu t l tien. Do dd, nam gidi thudng ehiu

trdch nhiem chinh trong viec lau dgn bdn thd vd thd ciing/khan vdi td tien. T|ip quan nay
dudng nhu van duge duy tri cho den ngay nay khi ma hon mpt nda so nam gidi tham gia
nghien edu nay cho bilt hg ddm nhiOm chinh viOc lau dgn bdn thd/nai thd t{r (57,4%) va
thd ciing, Ii bdi td tien (50,8%). Cdc phdn tich thdng ke cua nghien euu khdng cho thay
sy lien quan gifia edc ddc dilm nhdn khdu hpc cda ngudi trd ldi nhu tuli tdc, noi cu tni,
nghe nghipp, va trinh dp hgc vdn tdi viec hg tham gia hai cdng vifc neu tren nhu the nao
Trong ede cude phdng van, mdt sd nam gidi cho biet viec gifi gjn noi thd ty sgch se
va le bai td tien Id "nghTa vu cua ngudi eon trai cd hieu" (PVS, nam, 40 tudi, vien chuc.
Ha Nam). Ngudi tra ldi nhan manh them rdng mac du phu nfi ciing cd thi ldm nhfing viec
ndy tit khdng kem nam gidi, nhung nam gidi vSn cdn phdi ddm trdch chinh vi no la "trach
nhipm tnryin thdng cua ddn dng". MOt ngudi tra ldi khac eung nhan manh vdo td trt^in
thdng khi midu td su sdp xep edng vipc ndy trong nhd minh:
Nd Id truyin thdng gia dinh rdi. Nhu a nhd chu thi cu trudc 23 thdng Chgp hodc
trudc ngdy gid dng bd Id chii vd con trai chii lo dgn d?p bdn thd sgch si. Cdn vg vd
con gdi chu thi lo chudn bj mdm cam thdp huang, hoa qud, tien vdng. Chu si bdn
bien dd Ii len bdn thd rdi thdp huang le ludn.
(PVS, nam, 60 tudi, huu fri, Hd NOi)

' Trong mOt nghiSn cihi khic, Vii M ^ Lpi v i cOng sy (2013) l^i chi ra ring 6 cic vung ndng thon, phy nfl
thudng d£ii di^n gia dinh dl di hpp thdn. Cic tic gii niy giii thich ring do nam gidi thu6ng xuyen phii di
lim lyng kiem tien chu cdp cho gia dinh nSn hp it quan tim den cic cuOc hpp thon.


32

Phdn cong lao dgng trong gia dinh tit gdc nhin ...

MOt dilm dang luu y dupe nit ra tu cdu tra ldi trdn la, mSic dii nam gidi cd flil dam
trdch chinh v i ^ lau dpn noi thd ty, nhung hp ciing chi lam vide nay vao nhfing dip dgc biSt,
ddi lan trong nam. Trong khi do, nhu dd phan tich d phan trude, phy nfi van phai ehiu trdch

nhiem chinh vdi nhfing cdng viec nha dien ra hang ngdy. Dieu nay gdp phdn ly giai tgi sao sd
ddu cdng viec md rieng ngudi vp hodc ngudi chdng ddm nhan ed the khdng qua chenh l^eh
nhimg ttidi gian phu nfi danh eho vice nha ludn cao hon rat nhieu so vdi nam gidi.
Tuy nhien, quy dinh truyen thdng nam gidi lau dgn bdn thd va thd ciing, le bdi td
tiin khdng cdn dugc tuan thu nghiem nggt trong cdc gia dinh hidn dgi ngay nay. Khodng
mOt phdn ndm sd ngudi tra ldi eho bilt vg cda hp thudng xuyen chdm lo cdng vipc nay.
"Bay gid thi vipc ll bai td tien ciing khdng qua edu ne nhu thdi xua nen vg hay chdng lam
eung diu thi ca" (PVS, nam, 30 tudi, nhan vien IT, Ha Ngi). Ngudi tra ldi eho bilt rdng
do phai danh phdn Idn thdi gian lam vide tai cdng ty ndn nhihig cdng vipc nay d nha diu
do "mOt tay vg em lo het". MOt ngudi tra ldi khdc phdn trdn vi^c minh it le bdi td tiin la
do tinh me tin cua vg:
Vgf anh tin ldm, sudt ngdy thdy ldm rdm khdn vdi. Nhiiu Mc cdn mdi cd thay cung
vi nhd ldm ti niia. Anh thi chdng biit mdy vi mdy cdi vi?c ndy nin cu mgc cho chi
ldm gi thi ldm.
(PVS, nam, 42 tudi, cdng chdc. Ha NOi)
4. Binh ludn
Ket qua cua nghidn cdu nay tilp tuc khdng dinh sy phan cdng lao dOi^ theo gidi
mang tinh chdt truyin thdng trong eae gia dmh Vipt Nam. Phy nfi van la nhfing ngudi
ehiu trach nhiSm ehinh ddi vdi edc cdng viec nOi trg trong nha nhu ndu nudng, gigt giu,
njra chen bat, di chg, v.v... Gan 60% sd ngudi tra ldi cho bilt rdng vg eua hp lam phdn
Idn cac edng vipc nay trong gia dmh. Cdc phan tich thong ke cua nghidn cuu cung khdng
cho thdy sy lien quan gifia cdc d ^ diem cda ngudi trd Idi nhu tudi tdc, noi cu tni, nghi
nghipp, va trinh dp hpc vdn tdi viec hp tham gia cdng vi^c nha nhu thi ndo. Nam gidi,
mdc cho cd nhfing su khdc biet vl nhau khdu hpc, hdu hit diu it tham gia cdng viec nha
hon so vdi bgn ddi cua hp . Sd lieu nay xac nhdn kit lu$n eua cae nghien cdu trudc day
rdng phy nfi Vipt Nam la ngudi ndi ti-g chinh dong gia dinh (Knodel va cOng sy, 2005;
Teerawiehtchainan vd cgng su, 2010; Vu Manh Lgi vd cOng sy, 2013). Hon nfia, nd cdn
chi ra rdng, mdc dd nin kmh tl Vi^t Nam da cd nhfing budc phat triln rdt dang kl, va m ^

Tuy nhiln, phSn tich th6ng kettrnghiSn cihi niy cQng cho thay cd dilm khic bi§t giOa nam gidi dd thj vi

ndng thdn trong vi?c tham gia ndu nudng vi gidi giS, hai cong viec v6n vhi dirpc cho U ti^ch nhi^m Iruyi
thdng ciia phy ntt. Nam gidi ndng thon dudng nhu It ddng gdp vio hai cong vi§c niy hon so vdi nam gidi
do thj. Dilu niy ggi S ring, trong khi s\r phSn cong lao dOng dya tren co sd gidi trong gia (finh v ^ rit phi
biln d ci nong thon vi dd thj viing ddng bing song Hong, cd ve nhir nd dupe min thii chjt chS d nong thdn
hon so vdi d dd thj.


du Viet Nam la mdt trong nhfing nude c6 ty Id nfi tham gia vao lye lugng lao dOng cao
nhdt the gidi^^, phy nu Vipt Nam, it nhdt Id d vung ddng bdng sdng Hdng, v§n tiep tyc
phdi ehiu "gdnh nang lao dOng kep": lao dgng kiem tiln vd lao dOng nOi trg giafflnh.Sy
tiep dien cua md hinh phan cdng lao dOng theo gidi trong gia dinh nay thuc sy rdt dang
quan nggi cho phu nfi. Khi cimg tham gia lao dOng sdn xudt, cd phy nu va nam gidi ddu
phai ddi mat vdi sdc ep cdng thdng va ddi hdi ngdy cang eao cua thi trudng lao dOng. Tuy
nhien, khdng nhu hau het nam gidi, phy nfi edn phdi danh thdi gian va edng sdc de tham
gia lao ddng nOi trg va cham sdc cdc thdnh vien khac trong gia dinh. Kdt qua la, tdng thdi
gian ma ngudi phy nfi phdi tham gia lao dOng (ca trong gia dinh vd ngodi xa hOi) se cd xu
hudng tdng len. Mdc dd nhilu nam gidi thda nhdn cd tham gia giup vg nunh vdi mOt sd
cdng vide nhd, sy gidp dd nay cd ve nhu cung khdng tuong xdng vdi sy gia tdng cua phy
nu tren thi trudng lao ddng.
Theo mdt sd nha nfi quyen xd hOi chd nghTa (Folbre va Hartmann, 1989;
Hartmann, 1979, 1981; Sokoloff, 1980), ehinh ehl dO gia trudng phy quyen da tgo ra
sy phdn cdng lao ddng theo gidi trong gia dinh. Dudi chd dO nay, do dupe ddt d vi
tri eao han phu nu nen nam gidi cd khd ndng quan ly lao ddng cda phy nfi va hudng
lgi mOt each ea trye tiep va gian tiep td su quan ly nay (Shelton vd John, 1996: 303).
Trong bdi canh eua Viet Nam, mdt xd hOi thdm dam tu tudng gia trudng Nho giao,
phu nu ludn dugc nhin nhdn vdi tu each la nhfing ngudi true tiep va ehu yeu ddm
nhiem edng viec nOi trg va chdm sdc gia dinh. Nhieu nha nghien edu cho rdng tu
tudng ndy chinh la co sd chu ylu de bidn hO eho viec nam gidi it tham gia ddng gdp
vao cdng vipc nha han nfi gidi (Pham Vdn Bich, 1999; Knodel va cOng sy, 2005;
Trdn Quy Long, 2008; Teerawichitehainan va eOng sy, 2010). Bai viet nay chi ra

rdng, m^c du cd nhfing bdng chung vl sy thay ddi trong thai dO cua nam gidi ddi vdi
tu tudng phong kiln Nho giao khi ma ngdy cdng co nhieu nam gidi tham gia phii
giiip vg minh cdng vide nhd, nhung cdng viOc nOi trg trong gia dinh, td gde nhin eua
nam gidi, vin dugc nhin nhan la khdng bdt budc ddi vdi nam gidi, va bdt bugc ddi
vdi nu gidi. CJ day, ban chdt cua td giup khi nam gidi ndi tham gia giiip vg minh
viec nhd ed thi dugc hilu la quyin luc trong viOc phdn cong lao ddng trong gia dinh
vdn thuOc vl nam gidi. Nam gidi cd the lua chgn tdng cdng vipc cy thi va khdi
lugng cdng viOc ma hp mudn tham gia trong gia dinh nhung phu nfi khdng cd quyen
do. Do vay, nghidn edu nay khdng djnh rdng, trong bii cdnh ddng bdng sdng Hong
ngay nay, su phdn cdng lao dOng ddi vdi cdng vipc nhd khdng chi don gidn la vipc
cae thdnh vien trong gia dinh chia se vipc nha vdi nhau nhu the nao, md nd cdn la
mpt edch dl "thyc hanh gidi"". Chinh nhfing quan dilm truyin thong vl vai trd gidi
v6n dd dn sau bam re tgi ding bdng sdng Hdng sudt hang thi ky qua la can cd dl
"* Khoing 71,1% phy nft trong dO tuli iao dpng t^i Vi§t Nam tham gia vio li;c lupng sin xudt (Tong cyc
Thongki.2012: 7).
'' Dilu niy d i dirpc dl c§p den trong nghien ciiu d mpt s6 nude khic (xem West v i Zimmerman, 1987).


34

Phdn cong lao dgng trong gia dinh tugoc nhin ...

cung cd cho su phan chia lao dOng bdt binh ddng ndy. Vi le do, bdt k^' n5 lye nao dl
thay ddi cdch "thyc hdnh gidi" mang tinh ehdt gia trudng Nho gido nay cung sS la
mOt qud trinh ehgm chgp va ddy khd khdn.
Tuy nhidn, dd cd sy thay ddi trong quan niem cua nam gidi ddi vdi viee nha, m§c du
mdi chi d chimg muc nao do. Sd lieu thu thap dugc cho thdy nam gidi da ldm vi^c nha
nhilu hon, va nhilu ngudi trong sd hp cving da ehung tay vdi vg minh trong cac cdng vigc
it "nam tinh" han. Mdt dilm tich eye hon nfia Id khoang mOt phan ba ngudi tra ldi eho
bilt hp chia se viee nhd binh ddng vdi vg cda minh. Ddy Id mdt sd lieu rat dang luu % vd

nd cao hon sd hdu thu thdp dugc tir nghien cdu trudc (24%) cda Priya vd eOng su (2012:
34). Trong khi sy khdc nhau ndy cd thi din td sy khac biet trong phuong phdp do ludng
cda timg cupe nghien edu, ho§e don gidn chi la do ngdu nhidn, nd vein cd the bao hidu mpt
sy thay ddi ti'eh eye trong quan nipm eua nam gidi ddi vdi edng vice nhd. Cdc nghien cdu
trong tuong lai cd thi can nhdc xem day la mOt gia thuyet nghidn cdu tidm ndng.
Nhu dd nhdc den d phdn trudc, ndy khdng loai trd khd ndng ngudi trd ldi ed thi
thdi phong sy tham gia cua minh vao cdng viec nha vdi mong mudn dugc nhin nhgn
nhu la nhung dng chong "tich eye", ngudi biet cam thdng va chia se cdng vipc nha voi
vp cda minh. Tuy nhien, it nhdt thi sy thdi phdng nay (neu cd) eiing phdn anh dugc mot
sy thay ddi rdt dang chu y trong quan nipm va thai dp cda nam gidi. Nd chung td rdng
nhieu dang may rdu dd thda nhdn tdm quan trpng va y nghia tich cyc cda viee xudt hien
trudc mdt ngudi khac nhu la mpt dng chdng "tich eye". Ddy la mOt sy thay ddi quan
trgng. Nd khdc bipt so vdi thdi ky trude ddy trong xa hOi truyin thdng, khi ma dan dng
"dieh thyc" nhin nhan viee tham gia cdng vipc nhd la khdng "nam tinh". Ngay nay, thay
vi trdnh xa cae cdng vi^c ndy, theo nhu ddi hdi eiia cdc quan ni$m gia trudng truyin
thdng, nhilu nam gidi eho bilt rdng hg cung dd tham gia dd ddn cdng viec nhd eung vp
minh. Do do, kdt qud nghidn cdu nay ehi ra rdng, tgi vung ding bdng sdng Hdng ngay
nay, sy phdn edng lao ddng gia dinh tren ca sd gidi, cimg vdi nd la cac quan dilm Nho
gido truyin thing, khdng cdn duge tudn thd mpt cdch nghidm ngat va chdt chg nhu
trude day nfia.
Tai li$u tham khao
Angghen, Ph. [1884] 1972. Ngudn gdc cua gia dinh, ciia chi dg Iu hihi vd ciia nhd nu&c. Nxb Su th|t.
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