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<b>TIM HIEU VE DONG TLT "B/" TRONG TIENG VIET </b>

<b>(SO SANH V6l CAU TRUC Bj DONG </b>

<b>TRONG TIENG ANH) </b>

<i>Nguyin Thi Diem Phutmg </i>
<i>Khoa Viit Nam hoc </i>
<i>Tricdng DH KHXH&N\^, DHQG Tp. HCM </i>
Do tieng Viet la ngdn ngfl khdng bie'n binh nen viee xac djnh tir
loai phai dua vao ngfl nghia chfl khdng can efl tren binh thflc. Tuy
nhien, ed mdt so nha nghien cihi ngfl phap tieng Viet da iSn Idn pham
<i>trii ngfl nghia vdi pham tru ngfl phap nen cho r^ng tfl ""br la mdt trong </i>
nhflng hinh thflc cua pham tru dang bi ddng eua dpng tfl tieng Viet.

<i>Bai viet nay dua tren quan dilm xem ""bi" nhu mot ddng tir vi </i>
<i>pb^n tfch cae each ket hop eua ""bi" (trong quan he vdi ""dugc") Uong </i>
cau, CO so sanh vdi c^'u true bi ddng trong tieng Anb, nb^m giup nguM
nude ngoai hoc tieng Viet hieu dung, hilu ro hon d l tranh nham lin
<i>xem ""bi" nhu mot dau hieu nhan dang eau bi ddng eiia tieng Viet. </i>

L M O T S O D I N H<i> NGHIA \ i 'BV' VA *'Dl/OC" TRONG </i>
TIENG VI$T

<i>Trong Van phgm Viet Nam. Bui Dflc Tinh cho r^ng dang bi ddng </i>
eua dpng tfl la "dpng tfl diln giai mot trang thai do cbu ngfl nh^n chiu''.
A.Sedng va A.Buse eung khdng thfla nhan sir tdn tai eua ddng tfl ma
lai thfla nhan su ton tai eua pham tru dang. Hai dng cho rang "bi" cung
<i>nhu ""dugc", ""cd", ""nin", ""mac plidi' la eau bi ddng [6]. </i>

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<i>thi trSnfi dupe, ngudi ta ctfu tao ddng tfl vdi nhfltig tfl ""br\ ""cd", </i>
<i>"chiuVmdcphdi"...[6] </i>

<i>j Vdi Truong Vinh Ki, ""br, ""dugc" la nhflng dpng tfl bi dpng nhu </i>
<i>\i mdt tilu loai eua ddng tfl ben canh nhfltig tieu loai chu dpng va </i>
ining tinh; va dng quan niem: "Kbi boat dpng thich thu cho ngudi tiep
nhan no thi ngudi ta dung tfl "dupe" d l tao ddng tu bj dpng" va "kbi
hoat ddng khdng thieh thu cho ngudi hay chu the tiep nhan no thi
ngudi ta dung nhutig tfl sau day tuy theo trinh dp va trudng hop eu thi
<i>ciia mdi boat ddng" ""chiu", ""bi", ""mac phdi" la nhflng dpng tfl dung </i>
nhu bj ddng.

<i>Vu Xu^n Thai trong Gdc vd nghia tic Viet thong dung dinh nghia </i>
<i>""br la "phai chiu". </i>

<i>Sach Casdngdn ngichgc vd tieng Viet thi phan loai ""bP" la "dpng </i>
itf chi trang thai thu dpng" (trang 272).

<i>Nguyin Kim Than cho ""bi", ""dugc" la nhflng thuc tfl, cd nhflng </i>
<i>hoal dpng ngfl phap Aiy du cua nhutig dpng tfl nua tac dpng, mang y </i>
nghia hi ddng vl mat ngfl nghia chfl khdng phai la dpng tfl d dang bi
<i>ddng" [6, tr.l94]. 6 n g cho ""bi", ""dugc" vl mat ngfl phap khdng khac </i>
nhflng ddng tfl khac nbung xet vl mat ngfl nghia cd nhieu su khac biel.

<i>Tddien tieng Viet (Hoang Phe chu bien) djnh nghia: "bi la dpng </i>
tir, bilu thi ebij tbi chiu su tac dpng eua viee khdng hay, hoac la ddi
tuong ciia ddng tac, banh vi khdng cd Ipi vdi minh."

<b>2. CAC CACH K^T HOP CUA "B/" </b>

<b>2.1.Tfl"bi"+danhtir </b>

Xet cae vi du sau, so sanh vdi tieng Anb:
<i>(1) Lan bi tai ngn. Lan had an accident. </i>

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<i>mue dieb bilu tbi chu thi chiu su tac ddng cua viee khdng bay, hay li </i>
ddi tupng eua ddng tac, banh vi khdng cd Ipi ddi vdi minh. O ciu 1)
chu tbi Lan gap viee khdng may la "tai nan". Cdn ngupc lai, vdi tilr
"dupe" d eau 2), chu tbi la Tom gap mdt viee vui, may min la cd "qua
tfl MT'. Cae eau nay ta ed thi thay bang:

<i>Lan gap phdi tai ngn. </i>
<i>Tom nhan qud tic MT. </i>
Tuong tu ta cd:

<i>Anh thdm nglii: Ldm sao md tliodt khoi ednh bi td tdi ddy? </i>
<i>Nd hi mot ddn chi mgng. </i>

<i>Con nai bi dgn roi. </i>

Cd tbi thay bang cae ddng tfl khac nhu:

<i>Anh thdm nglii: Ldm sao md thodt khoi ednh vudng vao tii </i>
<i>tdi ddy? </i>

<i>Nd Idnli mot ddn chi mgng. </i>
<i>Con nai trimg dgn rSi. </i>

<i>Neu thay dupe ""bi" bang nhflng ddng tfl khac nhu tren nghia \l </i>
<i>""br cung nhu bao ddng tfl khac, cd vi tri va nhiem vu trong eau chfl </i>
<i>""br khdng phai la mdt tfl chi dinh da'u dang bj ddng ciia tilng Viet. </i>

<i>Tuy nhien, cae dpng tfl thay the ""bi" mac du cung diln dat dupe </i>
<i>cung tbdng tin dd nhutig net nghia tiep nban^viee khdng hay, bii lui </i>
nhu "dan", "tai nan", "tu tpi", "mdt ddn ebi mang" eua cae chii thi la
"Lan", "nd", "con nai", "anb" da khdng cdn dupe thi hien ro nhu khi
su dung tfl "bi" va tfl "nhan qua" cung khdng thi hien dupe net nghia
<i>"tiep nhan, thu hudng dilu ed Ipi" nhu "dupe qua"- Tom cd qud tit </i>
<i>MT" la mdt dilu tot lanh cho Tom. </i>

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<b>2.2. Tir "br +tinh tir </b>

Xctcac vidti:

<i>dng Phuc bi hdroif (MDLNNM-trang 215) </i>
<i>Neu con khdng thicc day ngay, con sebi tri ddy! </i>
<i>Thic bi dm gdn mot tudn nay. </i>

<i>Su cd mat ciia ""br lam tang them y nghia "chiu dung"cbo chu </i>
ngfl nhan, chiu nhflng trang thai nhu "bd", "tri", "dm", ed bay khdng
<i>c6 ""br thi eau cung rd nghia va su cd mat hay vang mat tfl ""br khdng </i>
lim bien d6i ca'u true eau tfl chu dpng sang bi ddng va ngupc lai.

<i>Ong Phuc ha rdi! </i>

<i>Neu con khdng thicc day ngay, con si tri ddy! </i>
<i>That dm gdn mot tudn nay. </i>

Trong mdt sd eau cd y nghia bi ddng chu ngfl la nhflng danh tfl
<i>chi su vat tbi ""br cd tbi dupe lupe bd </i>

<i>Quan bi rdng Quan rdng </i>

<i>Ao bi rdch Ao rdch </i>
<i>Thuyen bi thung Thuyin thung </i>
<i>Xe bihong Xe hong </i>

<i>Hien nay cd mot bd phan thanh nien thudng hay dung ""br </i>
tmde nhutig tinh tfl ma nhfltig tinh tfl nay khdng hi mang sde thai tieu
cue nhu:

<i>Nhd ndy hoi bi to. </i>
<i>Con be ay hai bi dep. </i>

<i>Vdi nhutig eau nay tfl ""br khdng mang y nghia rang chu the tiep </i>
thu, chiu dung dilu gi khdng hay, khdng ed Ipi ma chi don thuan thi
hien su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi bang mdt sic thai di ddm, hai hudc vl
chu thi dd. Cae eau tren cd nghia la:

<i>Nhd ndy khd to. </i>
<i>Con be dy dep. </i>

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<b>2 J . Tir "bi" + ddng tu </b>

<i>Cach ket hpp nay ciia tfl ""br thudng dl bi hilu nham nhilu nhJL ^ </i>
Mot sd nha ngfl phap da cho trudng hpp nay la ket ca'u cua dang bi ^
<i><b>ddng va ""br la bilu thi dang bi ddng trong tieng Viet (Nguyen Lin, ^ </b></i>
Bui Dflc Tinh).

Nguyen nhan la do ngudi ta da dua tren dang bi ddng cua cae
<i>ngdn ngfl bien hinh nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap d l phan ticb tieng Via \ </i>
Nhieu sinb vien nude ngoai trong qua trinh hpc tie'ng Viet da nbSm lin 3
<i>xem ""br nhu trp ddng tfl "to be" trong eau bi ddng eua tilng Anh. 3 </i>

Vdi cae eau nhu:

<i>(3a) Konstantin Borovko - mdt phdng viin triiyen hinh tai Nga - i; </i>
<i>dd bi danh tic thuang tgi thdnh plid edng Vladivostok cua \\ </i>

<i>Nga'(l) ji </i>
<i>(4a) Han 50 ngudi dd bi mdt tich trong liic di trin chuyi'n xe lua \ </i>

<i>dinh minh dd (2) ^ </i>
<i>(5a) Tricdc dd, hai tac pham dgng best-seller ciia nhd vdn ndy Id T </i>

<i>"Mat md Da Vinci" vd "Phdo ddi sd'" cung bi "luge"...(3) n </i>
<i>(6a) Anh ban bi thuang mdt thdng nila (trang 161-MDLNNM) (4) [ </i>
Neu cho day la nhflng eau chii dpng thi vdi "bi danh", ta c6 ih^
cai bien lai thanh eau chii ddng nhu sau:

<i>Konstantin Borovko - mot phdng viin tri^en hinh tgi Nga - dd bi </i>
<i>mot bqn cudp ddnh tic thuang tgi thdnh phd edng Vladivostok </i>
<i>ciia Nga. </i>

Va ehuyin thanh:

<i>Mdt bgn cudp ddnh tic thuang Konstantin Borovko - mot phSn^ </i>
<i>vien truyen hinh tgi Nga tgi thdnh phd edng Vladivostok cua Nga. </i>

Nhung vdi eau (4a) ta khdng tbi khdi phuc lai dupe nbu c5ch
tren nghia la khdng thi cho mot chu thi thuc hien banh dpng xen gifla
"bi" va '*mat tieh" va neu ddi thanh

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<i>thi eau si trd nen r^t gupng ep va y nghia ciia eau cung khdng cdn day </i>
dii nhu lue ban dSu

Cau (5a) va (6a) cung khdng thi ddi thanh:

<i>(5b) Trude dd, "luge" hai tac pham dgng best-seller ciia nhd vdn </i>
<i>ndy Id "Mat md Da Vinci" vd "Phdo ddi so'". </i>

<i>(6b) Mot thdng nita thuang anh ban. </i>

Nhu vay, khdng thi ddng nha't "bi danh", "bi lupe" "bi mat tfch"
"bi thuong"... la nhu nhau vi nbu cae vi du 5b), 6b) ta khdng cd hinh
thflc chiJ ddng ddi lap vdi nd.

Theo dinh nghia ciia Wikipedia: "Dang bi dpng cua tieng Anh
dupe ca'u tao dudi binh thflc trp ddng tfl to be ket hpp vdi ddng tfl d
dang qua khfl phan tfl. Pham tru bi ddng ton tai trong su ddi lap vdi vdi
dang ehii ddng".

Nhu vay trong cSiu true eau bi ddng ciia tieng Anb, trp ddng tfl
"to be" khdng he mang chut nghia tfl vung nao ma chi mang y nghia
ngfl phap. Trong khi dd trong tie'ng Viet "bi" khdng phai la nhflng trp
ddng tfl da ma't het nghia tfl vung ma "bi" la dpng tfl doc lap hoan toan
d^y du y nghia va chflc nang ngfl phap ciia mot dpng tfl.

Xet cae vi du sau:

<i>(7a) Bdy gid nui dng But dd bi phgt trui de Idy gd, Idy cid (trang </i>
<i>13'MDLNNM). </i>

<i>(8a) Thay nhu minh bi thai tieng qud ddm vdo tim (trang </i>
<i>113-MDLNNM). </i>

Neu ta bd tfl "bi" trong bai eau tren thi nghia ciia eau hoan toan
ihay d6i, khdng the la:

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Tuong tu vdi "Nam bi phat", "Lan bi du6i viee", d day Lan, Nam
la nhflng khach thi tiep nhan cdn neu khdng cd tfl "bi", khi a'y se la
"Nam phat", "Lan dudi viee", eau hoan toan thay ddi ndi dung va Nam.
Lan lue nay lai la chu tbi thuc bien hanh ddng "phat", "du<5i viee" Do
dd, cd tbi tha'y chflc nang ciia "bi" trong cae eau uen la rat quan Uong.
cd nhiem vu ngfl phap nhu nhflng ddng tfl trung tam cua cau.

<i>Trong khi dd vdi cae ngdn ngfl bien binh, eu thi la tilng Anh ""Xo </i>
be" trong eau bi ddng ebi mang chflc nang ngfl phap, cdn "bi" Uong
<i>tieng Viet gifl nhiem vu nhu mdt dpng tfl binh thudng. Tfl (7b) vk (8b) </i>
ta ed thi dat nhung eau hoi cho ddng tfl "bi" nhu: Nui dng But bj ai
phat trui? Bi ai thoi tflng qua da'm vao tim?

Trong tie'ng Anh, eau bi ddng la eau cai bie'n tfl cau chu ddng ndn
tfl cau bi ddng cd tbi khdi phuc lai thanh cau chu ddng d l dang

<i>Tom was hit (by Tony). </i>
cau chii ddng se la:
<i>Tony hit Tom. </i>

Lue nay danh tfl lam chu ngfl trong cau bi ddng da trd thanh tilr
chi ddi tupng chi phdi cua ddng tfl (Tom)

Trong tieng Viet lai khac, xet eau:

<i>Mot Idn nica dng dy bi thua roi. (MDLNNM, tr. 117) </i>
<i>dng Phiic bi mac lica. (MDLNNM, tr. 215) </i>

Neu cho nhflng cau ed ehfla "bi" ben trCn la cau bi ddng thi la
khdng thi khdi phuc lai dang chu ddng cua nd cung nbu khdng thi cai
bien thanh ca'u true chii dpng vl ngfl nghia dupe, vi nhu vay se la:

<i>Mot Idn nfca thua dng dy. </i>
<i>Mac lica dng Phuc. </i>

Tdm lai, d each ket hpp nay cd thi ket luan nbu sau: "bi" la mdl
dpng ifl bilu thi y nghia chiu dung, cdn dpng tfl sau "bi" la ddng tir
bilu thi boat dpng va trang thai ma chu thi phai chiu dung.

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<i>Hdbdo cd nhihig con cudc bi ngudi ta ddnh bdy mdt bgn tinh, </i>
<i>buSn, nd khdng dn, khdng udng... (MDLNNM, tr.l2) </i>

<i>Bd vdi con Ddo edng sebi ho cudi vdo mdi. (MDLNNM, tr.120) </i>
<i>Dfl sau ""br ed la mdt cum ehu-vi, mdt ngfl tbi eau va ngfl dd </i>
<i>cung vln chi la bd ngfl cho dpng tfl ""bi" ma thoi, bilu tbi "ba vdi eon </i>
Dao", "nhflng eon cudc" nhan nhflng dilu khdng may, bsft Ipi. Y nghia
bi ddng bilu tbi bang ca mdt c^u tnie eu phap la y nghia bi ddng cho
<i>ca cau chfl khdng phai la dang bi dpng ciia rieng ddng tfl ""br. Cae eau </i>
uen vin la eac cau chii dpng vl mat ngfl phap. Ta ed th§' don gian bda
eiu tnie ben tren la:

/lfrifl(Blab6ngflciia>").
<i>Abi[CN-VNl </i>

2.5. Mot sd c^ch djch c^'u true bj dpng trong tieng Anh

Trong thuc te' ed nhutig cau trong tieng Anh khdng phai la ca'u
<i>tnie bi ddng nhimg khi dieb sang tie'ng Viet van ndi cd ""br nbu: "bi </i>
tai nan", "bi tu"... Ngupc lai, ed nhfltig cau tieng Anh ca'u tnie bi ddng
<i>nhung kbi dieb sang tieng Viet ngudi Viet khdng dung ""br hay </i>
<i>""dugc" trong eau dd. Vi du: </i>

<i>Binh nhdn Nam dd mdxong, bdy gid dang ddn tinh Igi.... (Mae </i>
du Nam khdng tu md ebo Nam dupe ma ngudi khac da m6 Nam).
<i>Cat tdc xong, Nam di ddn va (Ngudi khac eat tdc cho Nam, </i>
nhung d eau nay khdng dung la: "Bi (hay "dupe") eat tdc xong.
Nam di ddn vp).

Nhflng each ndi "di kham bae sT', "di nhd rang".... cung tuong
tu nhu vay. Vi the* cd nhutig ngfl canh ma chii tbi tiep nhan mot each
bj ddng nbung do thoi quen kbi khdng ed "bi", "dupe" trong cau ngudi
<i>nghe van hilu dupe la dugc cat tdc, dugc bdc sikhdm, dugc (bi) nha sT </i>
<i>nhSrdng.., </i>

Ngoai ra, tieng Anh cung cd each diln dat y nghia bi dpng
<i>nhung khdng phai la ca'u tnie bi dpng nhu cae ddng tfl suffer, </i>
<i>undergo... (binh thflc khdng bi ddng nbung nghia bi dpng). </i>

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Vi vay Uong khi day tieng Viet neu cd nhflng cau ma y nghia bi
ddng da rd nhd ngdn canh thi giao vien cung khdng nblft thiet phai
them "bi" bay "dupe" vao eau. Vi du:

<i>Mdt phan bdi bdo ciia bd ta Id Idy td cudn sdch ciia tdi viet vede </i>
<i>tdi ndy. </i>

<i>Part of her article is taken from my book on the subject. </i>

Dilu nay se giup sinb vien tranh dupe viee dua ra nhflng cAu
gupng ep, khien cudng nbu:

<i>Chiing tdi dugc dgy bdi thdy Ldm. </i>
<i>Thay vi: Thdy Ldm dgy chimg tdi. </i>

Trong VI du nay ngudi dieb khdng sai nbimg khdng phan anh
each tu duy eua ngudi ban ngfl ndi tilng Viet.

Hay mdt vi du khac:

<i>dng Bush ndi dng vd vg "bi dn tuong vi sU thdn thiin ciia ngudi </i>
<i>ddn Viet Nam." (Bush chflng kien 'sir pha'n khdi' d Viet Nam; </i>
BBC, 17/11/2006)

<i>Cach dich nay bi "lai" tilng nude ngoai nen quen xnA nghia ciia </i>
chfl Viet; "a'n tupng" la mdt viee tdt, tai sao lai dung "bi". lam cau van
trd nen rat "supng".

Trong tieng Anh mot ddng tfl ed tbi dupe sfl dung d thi chu
dpng hay bi dpng. Trong tieng Viet lai khac, ^npt sd ddng tfl khdng
bilu thi sac thai riii ro, thich thu hay may min ddi vdi chu tbi thi phai
dat Uong ngfl canh mdi ed tbi su dung "bi" bay "dupe". Chang ban:

<i>Tdi dugc dn nhfcng mdn dn do chinh tay cd dy ndu. ("dupe an" </i>
nay la niem vui cua chii thi "tdi") nhung cung cd thi la:

<i>Tdi bi dn thu cam dy sudt 3 thdng lien. (Tudi tha dd: ddi - tap 3) </i>
Cho nen bilu thi y nghia bi dpng bay chu ddng cdn phu thudc
vao ngfl canh ma tfl "bi" va "dupe" tbam gia.

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<i>Mdi 20 md dd het tien roi vi tie ddu thdng den gid "bi mdi" tdi </i>
<i>may cai ddm cudi... (y ndi da tdn nhieu tien do phai di nhieu </i>
dam cudi).

<i>Nd bi gia dinh "chdm sdc"rat kT{y ndi cha me quan If nd rJt chat </i>
cbe).

3.K^TLUAN

<i>Qua xem xet cae each ke't hpp ciia tfl ""br trong cau ta thay trong </i>
<i>trudng hpp nao thi nhutig thanh phan di sau ""bi" cung dIu bo nghia </i>
<i>cho ddng tfl ""bi" va ""bi" la mdt dpng tfl doc lap chfl khdng phai la </i>
<i>dSfu hieu ciia dang bi dpng ciia dpng tfl trong tie'ng Viet. ""Br nhu </i>
<i>nhflng ddng tfl ""dugc", ""phdi", la ddng tfl dupe su dung de bilu thj y </i>
<i>nghia tii'p thu - bi dgng, vl mat ngfl phap su cd mat ciia ""br hoan </i>
toan khdng nen xem la tieu chi nhan dien ca'u tnie bi ddng trong cau
tilng Viet.

Trong viee day tie'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai, giao vien nen
giup sinb vien hieu rd dl sinh vien khdng nham lan khi cho rang cau
<i>CO ddng tfl ""bi" (hay ""dugc") la cau bi dpng, tfl dd dSn den nhflng each </i>
diing khdng dung.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

<i>1. Mai Ngpe Chfl, Vu Dflc Ngbieu, Hoang Trpng Phien (1997), Ca </i>

<i>so ngdn ngilhgc vd tie'ng Viet, NXB Giao due. </i>

<i>2. Nguyin Van Hue (Chii bien) (2004), Giao trinh tieng Viet cho </i>
<i>ngudi nude ngoai (tap 2), NXB Giao due. </i>

<i>3. Hoang Phe (Chii bien) (2006), Tic dien tii'ng Viet, NXB Da Nang. </i>
<i>4. Nguyin Anh Que (2005), Tie'ng Viet cho ngicdi nude ngoai. Ha </i>

Ndi, NXB VHTT

<i>5. Vu Xuan Thai, Gdc vd nghia tic Viet thdng dung, NXB VHTT. </i>

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Nguyen Kim Than-Trung tam Khoa hpc xa bdi va Nhan van qu6c
<i>gia-Vien Ngdn ngfl hpc (1999), Ddng tic trong tieng Viet, NXB </i>
KHXH.

Internet:

passive voice

16.pdf

bttp://www.studvgs.net/vietnamese/wrtstrl.htm
Cae vidu trich tu:

<i>Nguyin Khac Trudng (2003), Mdnh ddt ldm ngudi nhieu ma, </i>
NXB van hpc,

1/061117

_bushvisitsvietnam.shtml

</div>

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<a href=''>www.ihanhnienonline.com </a>