Sijsi*!:

>^

IVGHIEN ClTU VE TIIE T 1 \ H

'-"

JO.J

TRAN TRONG Dl/ONG*

T

ud H n h la mdt n h a n vat lich sQ ndi
tid'ng trong lich sQ dan toe. Lanh
vQc ma dng da ed nhQng cd'ng hidn quan
trong n h i t ddi vdi nhan dan i y ehinh la sQ
nghi?p y hoc l i y IQng, vdi nhQng tae p h i m
y dQdc cdn t r u y i n lai den ngay nay, nhQ:
Thdp tam phuang gia gidm, Hdng Nghia
Gidc Tuy thU, DUcfc tinh chi nam... Cd the
ndi nhQ nha nghien cQu Ld T r i n DQc, dng
la "ngQdi xay dQng n i n mdng cho n i n y hoe
cd truyen Viet Nam". Khdng nhQng the,
thiin sQ - y sQ Tud H n h edn la mot nha
khoa bang, tham gia vao cdng vide quan ly
d i t nQdc, dai dien nhQng ngQdi tri thQc cua
ca mot dan toe di sQ sang Bic qud'c. Md
hinh nhan each cua Tud H n h (md hinh
tdng quan) cd the coi la mdt dac trQng v l

loai hinh hoc nhan vat lich sQ d i n g iQu y.
The' nhQng, cho d i n nay, danh tinh, hanh
trang cung nhQ sQ nghidp cua dng v i n
dang cdn la v i n d l edn phai tranh lu^n ban
bac.
Bai vid't se di vao bidn lu^n vdi eic t i c
gia cho r i n g : Tud H n h sd'ng vao thdi Le
Trung HQng ( t h i ky XVI- XVII), nhQ T r i n
Van Giap, Nguyen Lang, Ld Van Quan va
Ha Van T i n . V l cd ban, nhiing bidn lu^n
cua chiing tdi se dQa tren nhQng tQ lieu
thanh van va t r u y i n t h u y l t dan gian. TQ
dd, bai vid't se di d i n xae dinh v l than t h i .
*ThS. Vi?n Nghien cQu Han Nom

sQ nghidp eung nhQ h a n h trang cua nhan
vat lich sQ nay.
1. T u e T i n h l i e u co p h a i la ngQdri
cvia t h e k y XVII?
NgQdi d i u tidn cho r i n g Tud H n h song
vao thdi Le la T r i n Van Giap. Ong cho
r i n g : Tu? H n h sd'ng vao thdi Ld T h i n Tdng
(1732-1735) cd Id la Nguyin Qud'c H n h (di
thi, dd va lam quan den h i t ddi). Ong vilt:
"Theo tuc t r u y i n Tud H n h t h i i n sQ tdn
thQc la Nguyin B i H n h , dau T h i i hoe sinh
ddi T r i n Du Tdng (1341-1369). NhQng tim
trong cac sieh Ddng khoa luc, khdng t h i y
chdp tdn cac Thai hoc sinh ddi T r i n Du
Tdng va cung khdng t h i y ten Nguyin B i

H n h {B i& W) dku Thai hoc sinh ddi
T r i n . Khao ddi Ld Du Tdng (1705-1731) thi
ehi t h i y cd tdn Nguyin Qud'c Tinh (Kc H W
), ngQdi lang Ong Mae, huydn Ddng Ngan,
t r i n Kinh Bic, dau ddng H i n si khoa Vinh
Thinh thQ 6 (1710), tQc la nam thQ 6 ddi Le
Dvi Tdng ma khdng t h i y cd tdn Nguyin B i
H n h . v a y cd the, t r u y i n t h u y l t sai tQ Le
Du Tdng sang T r i n Dy Tdng va tQ Nguyin
Qud'c Tinh Sang Nguyin Ba H n h " (1).
T r i n v a n Giip cd hai lap luan: thQ n h i t
la khdng tim t h i y ai tdn la Nguyin Ba
H n h dau Thai hoc sinh ddi T r i n Du Tdng
trong cac s i e h ghi chdp v l vide dang khoa.
NhQng theo sQ khao s i t ciia Mai Hdng qua


40

cud'n Ddng khoa luc A.2752 (ThQ vidn Vien
Nghidn cQu H i n Ndm) k h i c in nam 1779
thi "chi t h i y chdp 4 khoa thi dQdi t r i i u nha
T r i n : 1247, 1250, 1274, 1304 tQ d i y dd'n
nam 1399 khdng t h i y chdp nQa. NhQ vay,
Ddng khoa luc thieu g i n sudt thd' ky XIV.
Khdng ridng nhQng khoa thi Thai hoc sinh
cQ 7 nam mdt l i n theo thQdng Id ma sQ
khdng chdp, eae khoa thi sQ ed ndi trdn,
nhQ khoa Giap D i n (1314) v l t r i i u T r i n
Dud Tdng cung cac khoa Tan Dau (1381)

khoa Giip Ty (1384) ve trieu P h i De, khoa
Ky Dau (1393) t r i i u T r i n Thuan Tdng d i u
thieu ca".
Mat khac, theo nhQ nhQng thdng tin v l
Tue H n h qua cud'n Dgi Viet lich triiu ddng
khoa luc do Vd Duy Doin bidn tap nam
Thinh DQc 2 (1654) thi Nguyen Ba H n h la
mdt nhan vat lich sQ cd that, khac vdi
Nguyin Qud'c Tinh ngQdi Bic Ninh. Vi the,
vide T r i n Van Giap cho r i n g cd sQ n h i m
l i n do sao chdp hay t r u y i n thuye't tQ T r i n
Du Tdng sang Ld Du Tdng, tQ Nguyin
Qud'c Tinh sang Nguyin Ba H n h la mot gia
thuyd't r i t yd'u,,nlu khdng mud'n ndi r i n g
khd cd the xay ra. Rd rang, day la hai n h a n
vat lich sQ khac nhau sd'ng d hai trieu dai
k h i c nhau, cich nhau ba tram nam, va qud
quan cung khac nhau. NhQ t h i , vide hoc
gia T r i n Van Giap "dp duydn" Nguyin B i
H n h thanh Nguyin Qud'c Tinh, de chQng
minh r i n g Tue H n h la nhan vat cua t h i ky
XVII la mot vide "got chan" cho vQa vdi tQ
lieu ma dng cd.
Cung y kid'n vdi T r i n Van Giap, Nguyin
Lang cho r i n g : "Thiin sQ Tud H n h sinh
v i o cudi the ki XVII... Bai tQa sach Khod
hu luc dQdc vie't n a m 1631 cho nen ta bid't
dng sinh vao cudi the ki XVIT' (2). y k i l n
nay diia vao bai tQa eua van ban Thiin
tdng khda hU ngQ luc AB.268 vid't nam

1631 (bi vilt n h i m la 1734, da dQdc

Rghign curu L|ch siJr. sg 8.2010
Nguyen Hue Chi, Mai Hdng cai chinh).
NhQng, bai tQa nay la do ngQdi k h i c - Hu?
Duydn vid't, nam 1631 chi la nam v i l t ciia
bai tQa, thQ nQa ndi dung cua bai tQa nay
khdng cd thdng tin nao eho bid't v l ban giai
nghia. Nam viet bai tQa ed the viet vao b i t
ky mdt thdi diem nao dd trong q u i trinh
t r u y i n ban ciia Khda hU luc, vk quan trong
n h i t nd cd the doe lap vdi p h i n giai nghia d
trong dd, cho nen khdng the xae quyet v l
v i n de dieh gia cung nhQ thdi diem giai
nghia thdng qua bai tQa nay dQdc.
Trong cud'n Nghien cihi vi chQ Ndm
(1981), Ld v a n Quan cung cd xu hQdng
chQng minh Tud H n h la ngQdi cua the ky
XVII. Ong dQa r a ba cQ lieu trong Thap
tam phuang gia gidm de chQng minh t i c
p h i m nay dQdc trQdc t i c vao t h i ky XVII
de tQ dd k h i n g dinh Tud H n h la ngQdi
sd'ng vao the' ky XVII.
ThQ nhdt v l dia danh, dng cho r i n g eic
dia danh trong cau "hoac di Sdn Tay Quang
Ddng/ Quang Nam, Thuan Hda, Dai Ddng,
Phien Di/ Tuydn Quang, HQng Hda chQ
ty..." [bai 9 td 21b, AB.306] d i u x u i t hidn
vao thi'ky XV, trQ Tuydn Quang x u i t hidn
vao ddi T r i n (3).

ThQ hai v l tdn cie cay thud'c, chQ ki
trong hodng ki, dng cd so sanh vdi cie loai
cay i y trong Thdn Ndng bdn thdo kinh
(trQdc t h i ky XVI, chQ ki v i l t la fp) va Bdn
thdo cUang muc cua Ly Thi Tran (sau t h i
ky, chQ XVI ki vie't la H), k i t luan dQa ra
nhQ sau: 'Trong Thap tam phUOng gia
gidm chQ ki ^ trong hodng ki da x u i t hien
5 l i n d 5 bai khac nhau. NhQ vay, cang
chQng td tai Ueu nay viet sau the'ky XVI"
Tuy nhidn, de hai lap luan khdng l?ch
nhau v l thdi gian, Ld Van Quan da loai bd
ngay ca luan diem thQ n h i t cua minh vQa


Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh
dQa ra: "Dilu kidn de tae gia vid't t i c p h i m
Thdp tam phUOng gia gidm Ik phai sau Idii
cac cQ lieu trdn da x u i t hidn. Do dd vide
xae dinh thdi ki xuat hidn van ban, chung
ta khdng chi can cQ vao da sd' dia danh de
dQa tac p h i m nay x u i t hidn vao khoang
the ki thQ XV. Nd'u nhQ vay se khdng phu
hdp vdi cQ lieu v l ten cay thud'c hidn cd d
trong sach" (5).
CQ lieu thQ ba ma Ld Van Quan dQa ra
la cie cQ lieu v l ngdn ngQ (van phong, each
dung tQ, va v i n dieu). V l van phong, dng
tim t h i y mot c i u true eau kieu nhQ "mot
bat nQdc ca chidn thang" trong bai 9 gid'ng

vdi cac cau d cie bai khae. Ong tim t h i y
loai cau thQdng x u i t hidn chQ "he" va chQ
"hoac" d d i u cau, vi du "hoac la nam nQ tre
gia" (6). Tuy nhidn, dng chQa the dQa ra
dQdc kd't luan chic c h i n nao v l van phong.
Lieu dd la van phong cua the ky XVII trong
khi dng khdng h i so sanh vdi cae kieu eau
tQdng tQ vdi cac van ban trQdc - cung hay
sau dd? Lieu dd cd phai la van phong dac
trQng chi x u i t hien d t h i ky XVII? Trong
khi, kieu cau nay v i n x u i t hien r i t n h i l u
trong tid'ng Viet hidn dai!
V l each dung tQ, Ld Van Quan tim t h i y
tQ bai 1 d i n bai 13 cd 7 l i n chQ "ca - ^ " vdi
nghia Ik to ldn; 16 l i n chQ "phdng - # " vdi
nghia phong chihig; 7 l i n chQ "thid't - W
vdi nghia la thdi (7). Tuy nliidn, dng cung
khdng the dQa ra kd't luan, bdi cac sd lieu
d i u v i n khdng dQdc so sanh v l Uch dai.
Theo chung tdi, nhQng tQ cd trdn day
khdng the cho phdp k h i n g dinh t i c p h i m
Thap tam phuang gia gidm \k thudc t h i ky
XVII, bdi chung d i u thudc Idp tQ vQng
chung cua tid'ng Viet tQ t h i ky XII dd'n t h i
ky XIX, vi du nhQ tQ "ea" vdi nghia la ldn
da x u i t hidn 25 l i n trong Phat thuyet (8)
( t h i ky XII), 18 l i n trong Qud'c dm thi tap
(9) ( t h i ky XV) va 6 l i n trong lOida hU luc

41

gidi dm (10) (nam 1865). Cdn tQ "phdng" va
"thilt" d i u la tQ vay mQdn tnic tiep tQ
tilng Han. V l v i n dieu, Ld Van Q u i n nhan
xdt: "vin dieu trong cac cau thd tQ bai 1
den bai 13 diu gieo vdn dung ludt (TTD
n h i n manh). Vi du: dii vdng md cd trao tay,
thdi ta chdng ddi phUcfng ndy cho ai" (11).
Cudi eung, tac gia dQa ra kd't luan tQ ba
chQng cQ v l ngdn ngQ nhQ sau: "du xdt mat
nay hay mat khac, chung ta t h i y v i n cd sQ
thd'ng n h i t : Thdp tam phuang gia gidm \k
do mdt tae gia vid't ra, va x u i t hidn vao thd'
ky X V i r (12).
Cd the t h i y , kd't luan eua Ld Van Quan
trdn cd sd ngdn ngQ la chQa thuye't phuc,
vdi ly do v l thao tac khoa hoc nhQ chiing
tdi da ndu. Lap luan thQ hai cua dng v l tdn
cay thud'c la cd p h i n hQu ly. Song, chi qua
mdt hai ten ridng c i biet nhQ v^y thi chQa
the di d i n kd't luan thiic sQ ehie c h i n . Vdi
ba diem Ld Van Q u i n dQa ra, chung tdi
tam thdi dQa ra nhiing n h a n dinh nhQ sau:
1. Van ban Thdp tam phUcfng gia gidm
AB.306 cd mot sd' dia danh tQ ddi T r i n dd'n
ddi Ld sd ( t h i k y XIH- XV);
2. Mdt so ten thud'c cung x u i t hidn trong
Bdn thdo cUOng muc chQng td van ban nay
cd sQ tham gia bien tap cua ngQdi ddi sau
(the ky XVII), day la mot dae trQng r i t
quan trong eua cie van ban y hoc;

3. TrQdng hdp tQ cd x u i t hidn trong van
ban (ma Le Van Q u i n dQa ra) lai thudc v l
Idp tQ vQng chung ed ban eua tilng Viet cd
(XII-XVI) va tieng Viet Trung - Can dai
(XVII-XIX).
NhQ vay, vdi nhQng cQ lieu ndi chQng
trong van ban, chQa the k h i n g dinh sach
Thap tam phuang gia gidm thudc v l t h i ky
XVII. v a di nhien eang chQa the xae quye't
r i n g Tud H n h - tac gia cua nd la ngQdi eiia
giai doan nay.


42

Ha v a n T i n diia trdn eic cQ lieu bi ki
tai chua Giam (Cim Giing, Hai DQdng) cho
r i n g Tud H n h sd'ng vao quang giai doan
cudi t h i ky XVII d i u t h i ky XVIII.
Chung tdi xin trich nguyen van: "Rit
may la t i m bia Vinh Thinh thQ 13 (1717)
v i n cdn nguydn v?n. Bia cd 4 mat, chQ ldn
di ten bia chay quanh 4 mat: Nghiem
Quang thiin tU danh lam cdtich hUng cdng
cdu tdc thdnh tUOng bi ky. Ddng ghi nidn
dai eiia bia d mat cudi: Vinh Thinh thdp
tam nien tam nguyet thdp nhi nhgt (Vinh
Thinh nam thQ 13 t h i n g 3 ngay 12). Ngay
ddng d i u bia eho bid't ngQdi lam bia la sa di
tii NhQ Qng hieu Tud Phai. Bia ndi v l

nhQng l i n tao tQdng d trong chua. TrQdc
h i t la ndi de'n l i n due tQdng Quan Am 24
tay vao nam Tan Mao (1711). Sau khi hoan
thanh, chua lap bia thi ngbidm sQ da tich.
"Ngbidm svf" dd la ai? Trong danh s i e h
nhQng ngQdi bd cdng cua de lam vide nay,
ta gap ddng d i u ghi HUng cdng hgi chu sa
mdn Chdn An Gidc Tinh Tue Tinh thiin sU.
NhQ vay la t h i i n sQ Tud H n h cd cii ten
d i y du la Chan An Giac Tinh Tud H n h , da
dQng d i u trong vide due tQdng Quan Am
nam 1711. Cd ngQdi cho la Tud H n h v i n
cdn sd'ng vao nam lap bia tQc 1717. NhQng
dilu nay khdng dung. Luc dd dng da chit,
v a y dng che't vao nam nao. May thay, d
mat bia bdn canh cd cau ghi ro: Quy Ty
nien tdn sU tich mich, tU nien thdn de tQ tru
tri tdng sa di tU NhU Qng hieu Tue Phdi
kien lap sao vdn tU lUu truyin cd tich di
hau lai tri (Nam Quy Ty tdn sQ tich, nam
dd dd tQ la sQ tru tri sa di tQ la NhQ ting
hieu la Tud Phai dQng (bia) sao lai bai van
de iQu truyen d i u xQa cho mai sau bid't).
v a y la ed the bid't Tud H n h m i t nam Quy
Ty tQc nam 1713... Dang mQng la tren mdt
cay hQdng (cdt thien dai) b i n g d i diing
nam Vinh Thinh thQ 2 (1706) cd ddng chQ:

Rghign ciJni Lich siSr. sg 8.2010
hihig cdng hdi thd uan tdn tdy thd tU du

xudt gia tiem tu gidi hgnh True ldm ddu dd
Ma ha ti khdu Chi Ngu hoa thUOng sa mdn
Chdn An. Chan An, nhQ ta da t h i y , tQc
Tue H n h . Qua cau nay ta t h i y Tud H n h
da x u i t gia tQ bd. NhQ vay, la khdng cd
chuydn dng di hoe, lam quan, rdi mdi x u i t
gia va chd't d Trung Qud'c nhQ t r u y i n
thuyd't da ndi" (13).
Tuy nhidn, chung tdi t h i y r i n g , bai vid't
cua Giio sQ Ha Van T i n chi khai t h i c tQ
lieu mot chilu. Ong chQa d l cap d i n cie
thQ tieh t h a n h van khac, nliQ cac sach Dgi
Viet ddng khoa luc, Hdng Nghia gidc tU y
thu, Thdp tam phUcfng gia gidm, Lich triiu
hien chUcfng logi chi, Hdi DUOng phong vdt
chi, Qud'c sQ di bien... Chung tdi khdng phu
nhan r i n g cd mdt t h i i n sQ phap hieu Tud
H n h tQng tu t a p tai chua Giam. NhQng vi
t h i i n sQ nay khdng phai la y sQ Tud H n h
ma lau nay moi ngQdi v i n n h i c den. ChQng
cQ la t h i i n sQ Tue Tinh J i ; f t h i ky XVIIXVIII cd hieu la Chan An Giic H n h ( U S
K t t ) , khae b i n vdi tii eua Tud H n h ( J i l i )
ddi T r i n (Tring TQ Vd Dat » i F ^ ^ ) . Xdt
theo bai kd t r u y i n thQa (14) ddng Lam Te
t h i ky XVII-XVIII thi Chan An Tud Tinh (
H S 38 y#) se ngang hang vdi dng Chan
Nguydn Tud Dang ( S T C S J S ) tu tai chua
Quynh Lam, Long Dong d Ydn TQ, tQc la
hai dng nay d i u la hoc trd cua Minh LQdng,
cdn Minh LQdng ( ^ A ) va Minh H a n h (^fi^)

thi d i u la dd tQ t r u y i n thQa y bat cua Vien
v a n Chuyet Chuyet t h i i n sQ (W^X^W^W^)
(1590 - 1644) (15).
Mot ly do nQa de chung tdi cho r i n g cd
hai t h i i n sQ Tud H n h khac n h a u dd la, eic
ndi dung cd di cap dd'n qua tQ lieu van bia
tai chua Giim C i m Giang khdng h i cd
thdng tin nao trung khit vdi h a n h trang va
trQdc tac eua Trang TQ Vd Dat Tu? H n h .
Chi cd mot ehi t i l t trung hdp n g i u nhidn la


Rghign curu vg Tug infnh
Chan An Chan An Giac Tinh Tud Tinh (M
S J l t t J i t y ? ) tu h a n h ngay tai qud hQdng
cua Trang TQ Vd Dat Tu? H n h ( S t ^ ^ a a J i t
l i ) ddi T r i n .
2. N g h i e n cijfu v e T u e T i n h q u a c a c
n g u o n tQ l i e u
Trong cud'n sach Thiin tdng khda hU
ngQ luc (AB.268), trang d i u cd ghi: Thiin
tQ Than Trai phdp hieu Hue Tinh tU Vd
Dgt gidi nghia
(m^^^^^W^W^M
^ ft? H) nghia la: ' T h a t tQ chd'n t h i i n lam
la Than Trai, p h i p hi?u Hu? H n h , tQ la Vd
Dat giai nghia". (ba l i n d ea 3 quyen
Thuang - Trung - Hg td 5b, 31b, 77b).
H o n g tid'ng Han cd dQdc sQ dung trong nha
chua, chQ Hue K thdng vdi Tue J i (16). Cie

sach Hdi Duang phong vdt chi vk Thiin
tdng khda hU ngQ luc ghi la Hue H n h . Dgi
Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc, Hdng nghia
Gidc Tu y thU, Nam dUcfc thdn hieu, Thdp
tam phuang gia gidm, Nguyen tien sinh bdo
y thu... d i u ghi la Tu? H n h . NhQ the, Hu?
H n h hay Tu? H n h la phap hi?u cua mot
nhan vat Uch sQ ndi tieng ma trQdc nay
chiing ta d i u bilt tdi.
T Q Ueu lich sQ sdm n h i t v l Tud H n h cd
le la sic phong nam Hdng Phuc thQ n h i t
(1572) triiu Ld, phong Tud H n h lam thanh
hoang tai xa Ydn L Q huy?n Thuy Nguydn,
Hai Phdng do Ddng cie Dai hoe si tai vien
Quan Mat Nguyen Binh soan. Tuy nhidn,
hidn chiing tdi chQa tiep can dQdc van ban
gd'c cua tQ Ueu nay. Theo Ld T r i n DQc (17),
ban sic phong nay dQdc chdp trong t h i n
pha d i n Yen L Q do ddng chi bi thQ huyen
iiy huydn C i m Giang sQu t i m , va ban sao
chup de d tinh hdi y hoc dan tdc Hai HQng
(cu) (18). Trong dd, Ld T r i n DQc cd trieh
mdt doan v l phap hieu va my tQ nhQ sau:
"DQdng canh Thanh Hoang Hdng Nghia
giac tQ, trung thien tidn thanh, quang dai

43

b e i n g t l . Hud H n h t h i i n sQ, cQ si linh Qng,
thdng minh chinh trQc, dQdng uy tich phuc,

thQdng thQdng d i n g phuc t h i n , cao minh
dai VQdng" (19). Le T r i n DQc khdng dieh
doan trdn, nhQng theo cich viet hoa va
c h i m cau thi cd ve nhQ doan van trdn edn
cd mdt so' diem c i n ban lai. Chung tdi tam
phidn am va hieu diem lai nhQ sau: DQdng
eanh Thanh Hoang: - Hdng Nghia, Giac TQ,
Trung Thien Tien Thanh, Quang Dai
Hoing Te, Hud H n h t h i i n sQ; - C Q Si Linh
Qng, Thdng Minh Chinh TrQc, DQdng Uy
Tich Phuc, thQdng thQdng d i n g phuc t h i n
Cao Minh Dai VQdng". Nghia la ' T h a n h
Hoang da't nay gdm: - Hu? H n h t h i i n sQ
dQpc ban my tQ la H u n g Thidn Tidn
Thanh, Quang Dai H o i n g Td', tQ la Hdng
Nghia, thuy la Giac TQ; - Cao Minh Dai
VQdng la phuc t h i n hang thQdng thQdng
ding, dQdc ban my tQ la C Q Si Linh tTng,
Thdng Minh Chinh TrQc, DQdng Uy H c h
Phuc". Ngoai ra, Ld T r i n DQc cung cho
bid't, hien nay, d i n cdn cho tdng tQ than
m i u cua Tud H n h la T h i n h m i u Hoang
Thi Ngoc, t h a n phu cua Tu? H n h la T h i n h
phu Nguyin Van Vy cung tidn cdng Pham
v a n Gia buy la Trinh; va Tu? H n h cdn
dQdc thd chung vdi cac vi t h a n h hoang khac
cua xa la: ba ho L Q ddi Ly; TQdng Ddng Hai
ddi Ly va tQdng T r i n Qud'c NhQdng ddi
Trin.
T Q Ueu lich sQ thQ hai ghi chdp v l Tue

H n h la cud'n Dgi Viet lich triiu ddng khoa
luc {-k m m. m ^ ^ k.) do Vo Duy Doan
bidn tap nam Thinh DQc 2 (1654). Sau dd
cud'n nay da dQdc Ld Nguydn Trung bidn
tap tid'p vao nam Thieu Tri thQ 3 (1843) cd
chdp nhQ sau: "D? n h i t giap 3 ngQdi: Dao
S Q Hch: H a n g nguydn, Ld Hien Phu: Bang
nhan, T r i n Dinh Tham: Tham hoa. D$ nhj
giap hQu sai gdm: Nguyen Ba H n h , ngQdi
Hai Ddng, di sQ Bic lam Diln hd, nha


44

Minh giQ lai, di tu l i y hieu la Tud H n h ; La
Tu, ngQdi Thach Ha, D? tam giap Le H i l n
TQ" (20). Doan van tren la chdp v l nhQng
ngQdi dd dai khoa trong khoa thi Giip D i n
nidn hi$u Long Khanh (1374). NhQ t h i ,
theo tQ lieu cd n h i t hi?n cdn nay, Tue H n h
ten that la Nguyin Ba H n h , qud d xQ Hai
Ddng (nay thudc dia phan hai tinh Hai
DQdng va HQng Yen), dng la mot nha khoa
bang, dd Dd nhi giap HQu sai, cd x u i t gia,
l i y phap hieu la Tud H n h . Trong khi la
ngQdi tu hanh nhQng dng v i n tham chinh,
v i n nhiem chQc, va di cdng can sang nha
Minh.
T Q lieu nQa d l cap den Tue H n h la t i m
bia cua Nguyen Danh Nho nam 1699 tai

van chi qud hQdng cua Tue H n h . Tile la
vao ddi Nguyin, t i m bia van chi da hi dap
v3 (21). Tuy nhidn, nam 1939, khdng bilt
khai thac tQ ngudn tQ lieu bi ki nao tai dia
phQdng, Nguyen Xuan DQdng da cdng bd'
bai vid't Truyen Tue Tinh trdn Ddng Y tung
bdo, sd' 01 (ngay 1-8-1939), trong bai vid't
nay cd doan "nam Tan Mao nidn hieu
Thi?u Phong (1351) dng Tue H n h thi do
vao Hoang Giap". Va sau dd, nam 1957,
Hdng Sdn da vid't bM Di thdm din thd Tue
Tinh tren Tap chi Nhdn thuat (sd' 4, 5
thang 2-3/1957, tr. 4) vdi thdng tin d i y du
hdn: 'Trong d i n khdng cd mdt t i m bia nao,
chi t h i y m i y t i m d van chi canh din. Mot
t i m ghi ro 32 vi dai khoa trong lang Nghia
Phu va tdng v a n Thai, cd ghi ten Tue H n h
dau Hoang Giap nam Tan Mao (1351); tdn
dng Nguyin Danh Nho dd Hd'n sy khoa
Canh T u i t t r i i u Ld (1670), chinh H e n si
Nguyin Danh Nho (22) la ngQdi da lap bia
v a n chi tQ nam Binh Ty la nam Chinh Hoa
thQ 17 ddi Ld Hy Tdng (1696)" (23). Theo
nhQ thdng tin cua nhiing tQ U?u trdn, cd
diem khac biet duy n h i t v l Tue H n h la
thdng tin v l nam dd dai khoa: cud'n Dai

Rghign curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2010
Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc ghi dng dd de
nhi giap hQu sai nam 1351; edn tQ Ueu van

bia tai van ehi ghi dng do vao nam 1374.
Nghidn cQu v l v i n di nky, Mai Hdng da ly
giai va dQa ra gia thuyet nhQ sau: "NhQ
vay, tuy bia cua Nguyen Danh Nho k h i c
nam 1699 nhQ dia phQdng da xic nhan,
nhQng cling da dQdc Nguyin Xuan DQdng
d i n lai trong Ddng y tung bdo nam 1929
khi k h i n g dinh Tue H n h dau khoa Tan
Mao (1351). Ld Huy Phac ndi Nguyin Tud
H n h dau khoa Tan Mao (1351). Cdn Le
Huy Phach ndi Nguyin Ba H n h dau nam
1374 dQdi t r i i u T r i n Due Tdng chic cung
da diia vao mdt tQ lieu khac, cd le la Dgi
Viet lich dgi ddng khoa luc theo ban sao
cua Nam Phong. Vi cie khoa thi T h i i hoc
sinh nhQ thQdng Id, d i u khdng ghi tdn
ngQdi dau, va tQ nam 1345 khdng dQdc sQ
chdp nQa, thi ta cung ed the tim dQdc vide
thi dau cua Tud H n h vao khoa Tan Mao
(1351). Hdn nQa nhQng ngQdi dau Thai hoc
sinh dQdc thi vao thi dinh, thi Tu? H n h da
cd tidu c h u i n dQ thi. V l d? nhi giip cua
khoa nay, sQ chi ghi La Tu ma khdng cd
Tud H n h , eung nhQ dd tam giap Ld Hidn
TQ de khuyet, thi ta cd the hieu r i n g sQ chi
chdp tdn, nhiing ngQdi dQdc bd du lam
quan ma thdi. NhQ vay, chung tdi t h i y cd
n h i l u kha nang Tue H n h da dau Thai hoe
sinh nam 1351, va sau lai thi dau Hoang
Giap nam 1374..." (24). Cich lap luan trdn

la kha hQu ly.
Bai tQa ciia Nam dUac thdn hiiu dQdc
vid't vao cudi hd n a m Vinh Thinh thQ 13
..
(1717) cd doan nhQ sau:

« « , ±.^mK. ftSAtfeo 'limm^m., m


Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh

mm . 9tmmx . nm'bnizmi^o n ^ s

m^^tm^iam" (25).
Phien dm: Thidn Nam khai vu, nghidp y
thuat gia vd iQ thidn bach gia, phdng ky trQ
thQ lap ngdn, t a n iQdng tri hoe gia t i c mdc
thQdng ngQ da. Viet hQu tue lao hieu Tud
tinh, ThQdng Hdng, C i m Giang, Nghia Phu
nhan da. Cdng t h i i n gia iQu, bac cQu am
dQdng chi mat, nghidn dan Ky Bien chi
truyin, tQ trQ Qud'c dm bdn thdo, tdng luc
bach tam thap linh vi; phuc dl ky kinh tri
nghiem tan bdnh thap tam phQdng, thQdng
ban tam thap t h i t chuy dieh x u i t phQdng
ngdn, vQng t h a n h bien thQ. Chi me khai
tic, giac ngd tQ nhan, ky dung tam tuan
nhan hau da. Bidn hoan thu tQ, tang ban
vu Giao Thuy Hd Xa tQ bi thien n h i t
phQdng, cdng hoach chi nam chi tidn, iQu

truyin h i t kim, t h a n h van tQ bd hi.
Dinh Dau ehi xuan Liiu Chang thQ
phQdng, di ky thQ tie'n hiln, cung ph\ing
VQdng ThQdng ngQ lam chi khoanh, kid'n
ky tQ k h i c thQdng da dao am chi mau, dac
menh y quan tQdng gia khao duy?t. Ngd gia
cai chi, ngoa gia dinh chi, phuc dd ky thidn
thQ, phan vi thQdng h a nhi quyen. ThQ
thanh tQ gia Hdng Nghia Gidc TU y thU.
Phd h a thQ phQdng san dieh, cdng chQ npi
ky gia hu? thidn h a ehu d'e da. TQdng k i l n

45
nap ddng nhan vu tho vQc, td' tQ the' Q x u i n
dai. Khdi tieu tieu bd tai! T h i n thao phung.
minh gia lac dd tiiu bidn, c i n iQdc t h u a t
canh khai di b i l n ki thien doan van.
Thi Vinh Thinh t h a p tam nien quy ha
cdc nhat.
Thi npi phu eic quan tQdng gia khao
dinh.
Y vien cac quan t i i khao gia tang.
Nghia Id: 'Trdi Nam md nQdc, nghidp
nha y ke cd tram nghin ngQdi; [nhQng thQ]
tim hdi xem ai trong so' dd cd trQdc thQ lap
ngdn de b i c c i u md bd'n cho nhQng ngQdi
mud'n theo hoc [thi t h i y r i n g it di nhQ] ea
trdn cay! Ben cd bae tuc lao hieu Tud H n h ,
ngQdi Nghia Phu, C i m Giang, phu ThQdng
Hdng. Ong ngQdi chd'n n h a chiln, nghidn

cQu k h i p id h u y i n bi dao am dQdng, n g i m
sau v l sQ t r u y i n ndi cua t h u a t nha Ky
Bien, tii vid't Qud'c dm bdn thdo, t i t ca hdn
630 vi, sau lai dem kinh nay tri nghi?m 13
phQdng cho cie bdnh mdi, 37 phQdng
chuydn tri thQdng ban, dieh sang phQdng
ngdn, xlp t h a n h bien vQng, chi dQdng cho
ngQdi me, khai md eho ke cung t i c , giac
ngo nhan sinh, dung tam cua ngQdi that la
nhan hau v^y! Bien trQ xong bdn cho k h i c
in, tang ban d chua Hd Xa huy?n Giao
Thuy. Mdt phQdng trdi dd, cung dat dQdc
cai tidn ciia chi nam, t r u y i n mai dd'n nay,
tie'ng tam ndi k h i p bd'n phQdng.
Mua xuan n a m Dinh Dau, n h a in Liiu
Chang dem s i e h nay tidn hidn, kinh dang
VQdng ThQdng; khi ngai ngQ lam, t h i y chQ
k h i c cdn cd n h i l u chd sai sdt, ben dac sai y
quan khao duyet thdm, ehd sai thi sQa lai,
chd l i m thi dinh ngoa, lai xd'p t h a n h bidn
muc, phan lam hai quyen thQdng - ha. S i e h
xong, ban tang ten la Hdng Nghia Gidc TU
y thu rdi sai n h a in san k h i c de cdng bd'
sach a'y k h i p trong nQdc. An dQc cua ngai
thiic tQdi gdi k h i p thidn h a nay vay. Mong


46

Rghign curu Lich si. sg 8.201Q


giup dQdc bach tinh vao coi tho; vdt ddi nay
tdi dai xuan. [NhQ the] h i cd the ndi ring
dd chi la cai ddng gdp nhd nhoi!?
Chung t h i n kinh phung.

chuyen dung thud'c Nam cQu ngQdi r i t cdng
hi?u, trQ tac cd cac tap DUcfc tinh chi nam
vk Thdp tam phUOng gia gidm iQu hanh d
ddi" (29).

Trong bai Nam duac qud'c ngQ phu (M
Jg a ^ it) cd cau: "cam dn thay truyin bit
tQ
phQdng, nhQ dQc thinh md an sinh I9; si
tQa.
nay Trang TQ cdn hdi vung, Vd Dat bidn
Thdi: Ngay lanh thang quy ha (thing 03) khi rdi, luan nam dQdc chdp lam mdt
nidn hieu Vinh Thinh thQ 13 (1717).
phii..." (30). Nam duac thdn hieu d diu 3
Cie quan Thi ndi phu khao dinh cho ro quyen diu ghi: "Cim Giang Hud Hnh tidn
sinh soan tap/ tap trQ - fS Xt S^ if 5fe ^ j i
thdm.

MQng thiy vide bidn sieh da xong, kinh
cin iQdc thuat vai vide goi la miy ldi lim

Cac quan trong Y vidn lai khao tid'p nQa
de tang bd'*'.
Trang diu quydn thQdng cua cud'n sieh

nay cdn ghi: ^ S ^ « ^ ^ 3 a m p ? 3 i ^

^y^m^±mm±^Mim "Hdng Nghia
dQdng Hang TQ Vd Dat tuc thiin Tud Hnh
trQdc, Ddng Quan Hoe Nhai, dat si Ld DQc
Toan Phap Thanh d chua Hod Nhai thanh
Ddng Quan sao chdp" (26). Le Trin DQc lap
luan ring: "Nam dUOc qud'c ngQ phu eua
Tud Hnh da dQdc Ld DQc Toan d Hde Nhai,
thanh Ddng Quan (thdi thudc Minh) sao luc
va tra soan lai. Ten Ddng Quan dd'n nam
1467 hi xda bd va thay bing phii Trung Dd.
NhQ vay, ngQdi sao chdp lai bai phu thud'c
Nam d vao the ky XV" (27). NhQ thi, cd the
thiy Tue Hnh dQdc ghi nhan la ngQdi diu
tidn cd cdng dieh cac tac phim y dQdc hoe
Trung Qud'c sang tieng Viet (bing each sQ
dung h? thd'ng ky am chQ Ndm). NgQdi sao
chdp van ban sd'ng d the ky XV, nhQ the tac
phim nay cung nhQ tac gia cua nd - Tu?
Hnh cd le phai sd'ng trQdc dd.
VI cie tac phim ciia Tu? Hnh, Dam
Trai Trin Huy Phac (28) trong Hdi Duong
phong vdt cAi JS J¥ a ^ ! i (ki hieu A.882)
vid't nam Gia Long thQ 10 (1812) ghi: 'Thiy
thud'c Tu? Hnh tidn sinh, ngQdi xa Nghia
Phu, huyen Cim Giang (Hai DQdng)

m m #".


Phan Huy Chu (1782-1840) trong Lich
triiu hien chuang logi chi (M ^MM
^^)
thien Vdn tich chi ghi: "sach Nam dUcfc
thdn hieu, 6 quyen, Tud Hnh tidn sinh d
Cim Giang soan" (31).
Theo Ld Trin DQc, sieh Hong Nghia
Gidc TUy thu (^ &9t^
m ^)(ki hi?u
A.162) ghi: "ThQdng cd lao thien Hoang
SQdng Vd Trach Tu? Hnh soan tap" [td
35a, td 36b]. Tuy nhien, chung tdi kiem tra
lai sieh nay thi khdng cd ddng nao ghi nhQ
trdn. Khdng bid't cd sQ nhim lin nao d day?
Qud'c sQ di bien ( S i i l H) (32) ghi:
'TrQdc kia vao thdi Ly - Trin, Le DQc Toan
ngQdi My LQ tQ xQng la Tud Hnh thiin sQ,
hii thud'c nam tri bdnh cho ngQdi nQdc
Nam, tieng vang dd'n Nam Td'ng. Hoang
hau nha Td'ng cd bdnh sai sQ mang le mdi
sang d Giang Nam. Sau (dng) mit d dit
Td'ng, dQdc vua Td'ng an tang, dQng mdt
tim da de ghi nhd. Sau cd ngQdi d Van Dai
dd dat lam quan dQ(?c cQ di sQ phQdng Bic,
dem tim da iy vl, dQng d dia gidi Van Dai
de ndu rd cdng dQc chQa tri b$nh cho ngQdi,
sieh vid't cd Thdp tam phuang. Ddi vua Le
Di^ Tdng ban cho ten goi la Giac TQ. Tim
da ghi nhd r i t linh iing, dan chung vi t h i
ma lap din thd. Thing nay (tQc thang 5



Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh
nhuan) dieh bdnh dau lan tran, ed ngQdi
m i c bdnh, dQng tnide cQa d i n keu khdc,
bdng t h i y mot dng gia [36a] hai thao dQdc
chQa cho, tri bdnh r i t linh nghiem. The la
xa g i n nghe tin t l ti^u trQdc cdng d i n xin
thud'c. TQ Thanh Ngh? trd len phia Bic, tQ
Thai Lang trd xud'ng phia Nam, ngQdi di
trdn dQdng d i n (Van DM) nhQ m i c ciii, gdp
t i l n lam l i , khdng eho ngan dam la xa.
Sau, thang 8, vua sM quan kham phM dd'n
dem t i m da chdn di, thu l i y tien bac sung
vao kho cdng" (33).
NhQ vay, tQ lieu trdn day cho biet mdt
thdng tin khdng h i t h i y chdp trong cie tQ
lieu khac, tdn that cua Tud H n h la Ld DQc
Toan, ngQdi My LQ. Ong khdng phai di sQ
sang Td'ng hay hi cd'ng sang Bic ma dQdc
vdi sang tri bdnh cho Hoang hau nha Td'ng,
rdi sau dd c h i t trdn d i t khach. Chung tdi
cho r i n g , nhQng ghi chdp tren day cua
Qud'c sQ di bien chi mang tinh c h i t tham
khao vi day la mdt tQ lieu mang it n h i l u
mau sic da sQ, bdi ngay ea tae gia cua cud'n
sach nay hidn gid cung chQa dam chic la
cua Phan Thuc Tnic nhQ T r i n Kinh Hda
da thac nhan (cu the xin xem Nguyin Td
Lan) (34). Ngay doan van trdn cung cho

t h i y tinh dai khai cua ngQdi vid't sQ, t i c gia
vilt ang chQng Tud H n h sd'ng vao ddi Ly
T r i n , tQdng Qng vdi t r i i u Nam Td'ng (11311279) bdn Trung Qud'c. Trong khi cac sQ
lieu khac d i u ghi dng sd'ng vao ddi T r i n
mat, tQdng iing vdi giM doan cudi Nguydn
d i u Minh. NhQ t h i do sM lech den hdn 100
nam. Them nQa, sach nay lai chdp ten that
cua Tue H n h la Ld DQc Toan. Chung tdi coi
day la mot n h i m l i n cua ngQdi bidn soan
khi n h i m ten ngQdi sao chdp cud'n Nam
duac qud'c ngQ da neu d tren thanh ten cua
tac gia Tue H n h . Mat khac, Qud'c sQ di
bien cdn chdp n h i m tdn lang cua Tud H n h ,
tQ Nghia Lu t h a n h My Lu.. ChQ nghia gian

47

the (-5?.) cd tQ dang g i n gid'ng vdi chQ my

m).

Tuy nhidn, vide p h i bd t i m bia thd Tu?
H n h la cd the tin cay dQdc. Mat k h i c , sQ
lieu trdn cho bid't mot thdng tin kha thii, i y
la vide vua Ld Du Tdng ban cho dng la Giic
TQ. Chung tdi coi day la mot thuy hieu
(hieu dat cho ngQdi da m i t ) cua Tu? H n h .
Dd'n day, chung ta mdi hieu dQdc tdn sieh
Hdng Nghia Gidc Tu y thU nghia la "sieh y
hoc cua Hdng Nghia - tdn thuy la Giac TQ".

Hdng Nghia la quan hieu tQc tdn hieu dat
theo qud quan cua Tud H n h , chQ Hdng
trong Hdng Chau thQdng (35), chQ Nghia
trong Nghia L Q . Cdn "Hdng Nghia dQdng"
cd le ehinh la cQa hang thud'c cua Tud H n h ,
chQ khdng phm la tdn hieu cua dng nhQ Le
T r i n DQc (36), day cung khdng phai la
t h u i n chi qud quan nhQ Ld Van Quan (37)
da k h i n g dinh.
NgoM ra, cung phai ke d i n mdt sd' tQ
lieu tai dia phQdng. Trong dd t r u y i n thuyd't
cd the coi la mdt ngudn t h a m khao. T r u y i n
t h u y l t dan gian ludn thd'ng n h i t tin r i n g
Tud H n h la ngQdi ddi T r i n , ed thi dd tien si
nam 35 tudi rdi bi cd'ng sang n h a Minh
nam 45 tudi. Theo Ld T r i n DQc: "cac van t l
va ddi Uin d d i n Bia (xa C i m Van) va d i n
Thanh thuoc Nam (xa C i m Vu) thd Tu?
H n h d i u ghi: 'Tud H n h dau nhi giap t i l n
sy ddi nha T r i n , di sQ sang Trung Qud'c va
lam thay thud'c d bdn i y (Danh khdi nhi
giap tidu T r i n giam/ SQ m?nh thap toan
tinh Bic y) hay (doat giap van chQdng danh
iQdng qud'c/ Hoat n h a n dQc trach phd thien
thu" (38).
V I tQ lieu tid'ng Viet, tQ ngay 14 d i n 157-1936, Nguyin Trong T h u a t cd chdp lai
mot ban t h i n tich v l Tu? H n h cua nhan
dan dia phQdng gOi ldn vua Bao Dai, bM
vilt nay dQdc dang tren Dud'c tue. Ndi dung



48

ban t h i n tich i y nhQ sau: "Vi t h i n thQ 3
ciia xa Nghia Phu huyen Cam Giang tinh
Hai DQdng. Sii tich cua dQc Nguyen Ba
H n h . Nguydn ngai la ngQdi lang. Khi edn
bd hoc hanh r i t thdng minh. Dd'n nam 34
tudi, khoa Tan Mao ngM do de nhi giap
H e n si v l ddi vua Du Tdng nha T r i n nam
thQ 5. NgM khdng chiu ra lam quan va
khdng l i y vd, ehi xu hQdng v l dao Phat va
nghien cQu ve khoa thud'c Nam. NgM di
chu du k h i p m i l n ThQdng du, kinh nghiem
cac thQ la de cQu n h a n dp the. Sau ngM v l
tu d chua Hd Xa tinh Nam Dinh. Lam dQdc
n h i l u sach thud'c Nam nhQ pho Thap tam
phuang gia gidm, Phu nhdn thdn, 36 chQng
thuang hdn, vk ngki cdng dQc dQdc n h i l u
canh chua cung vdi ba Lieu Hanh chQa
benh d chua Ydn Trang, lang nay cd truy tQ
cdng dQc ngai, tac tQdng ngai, hien nay hay
cdn thd. Dd'n nam Nham Thin, vua b i t ngM
phM di sQ sang Tau, khi gid ba hoang h a u
la Td'ng vQdng phi hi bdnh hau san, ngM
chQa khdi, vua nha Minh phong cho ngai la
DM y t h i i n sQ, rdi iQu ngM d bdn iy. NgM
bid't the' khdng v l dQdc, ed lam mdt pho
sieh thud'c Nam nhan ^i \k Hdng Nghia
Gidc Tu y thU gQi v l lang, sau ngai hda d

ben a'y. Cd bia k h i c de lai..." (39). Cd the
ndi nhQ Dd T i t Ldi, day la mot ban t h i n
tich vilt vao d i u t h i ky XX. Dd T i t Ldi
da phd phan chi t i l t Tud H n h "eung vdi ba
Lieu Hanh chQa bdnh d chua Ydn Trang",
dng lap luan r i n g Liiu Hanh la mdt nhan
vat eiia the ky XVII. Ong ly giai nhQ sau:
"ed the dQdi thdi phong kid'n hay Phap
thudc mud'n dQdc vua phong t h i n cho mot
nhan vat nao trong lang xa, dia phQdng c i n
lam mot ban t h a n h tich eua nhan vki dd...
Cd le do dd, n h a n t h i y Tud H n h da dieh
Khda hu luc ciia vua T r i n Thai Tdng, ndn
ngQdi ta nghi ngay la Tud H n h phai sd'ng
va boat ddng tQ thdi T r i n ; da cd tac p h i m

Rghign curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2010
it n h i t phM cd hoe vi, the la g i n ludn hoe vi
ma khdng de y tdi thdi gian i y cd ky thi hay
khdng hoac gan vao mdt khoa thi nao ma
trong xa cung cd ngQdi da thi dd; hoac vi
c h i t khdng b i l t chdn d dau ndn gan ludn
cho chuydn phai cd'ng sang H u n g Qud'c,
c h i t chdn ben dd... Va nguy hiem hdn nQa
la vi qua tin d t r u y i n thuyet nen khdng tim
xem t r u y i n thuyd't i y b i t ngudn tQ bao gid,
va rdi khdng tin ca den nhQng tQ li^u
khach quan ro ret nhQ van bia d chua
Giam..." (40). NhQng thiic t l , t r u y i n thuylt
nay h i u nhQ khdng cd thdng tin sai lech gi

so vdi eac van ban ma chung tdi da ndu ldn
d tren. Vide cho t r u y i n thuye't chi la ngoa
truyin, la ldi thdu ddt hay bia dat Uch sQ
nhQ sQ suy lu^n cua Dd T i t Ldi la he qua
eua sQ t h i l u thdn va xQ ly sM tQ lieu. Mdt
nguyen n h a n k h i c nQa, each vilt khdng
that chinh xic khi dan xen h a n h trang
n h a n vat vdi giai doan Tue H n h hien iing
se d i n dd'n cich doc sM van ban nhQ Dd
T i t Ldi. Di nhidn, phM ke dd'n chi t i l t cac
vi Hdi chu hQng cdng due tQdng Phat dQdc
ghi trong van bia chua Giam. Trong dd, 'Vi
hdi chu dQng d i u la Chan An Giac Tinh
Tud Tinh thien sQ; Vi hdi ehu bac n h i t la
Liiu Hanh cdng chua, s i c phong Che
T h i n g Hda Dieu DM VQdng..." (41). Vide
n h i m l i n giQa Chan An Giic Tinh Tud
H n h thdi Le vdi T r i n g TQ Vd Dat Tud H n h
thdi T r i n cu the xin xem tQ lieu sau (42).
Cdn vide L i i u Hanh dQdc ghi vdi tQ each la
Hdi chu hQng cdng cd the coi la mot trong
nhQng tQ li?u sdm vid't v l vide dQa thd m i u
vao ngdi chua Viet vao giM doan nay.
Mot so tQ lieu nQa d i u the ky XX cd di
cap dd'n Tu? H n h d i u n h i t quan ghi Tu?
H n h la ngQdi ddi T r i n , vi d\i nhQ Nguyin
Xuan DQdng nam 1939 (43) va Gaspardone
(44).



49

Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh
C h i p ndi cie thdng tin trdn (cdng vdi tQ
lieu ma Le T r i n DQc da khai thac qua cud'n
t h i n pha) (45), chung tdi cd the bid't nhQ
sau v l nhan vat lich sQ nay. Tdn that la
Nguyen Ba H n h , quan hieu la Hdng Nghia,
cdn cd Nho hieu la Than H M hay Vd Dat,
Dao hieu Trang TQ, phap hieu la Tud H n h
(Hud H n h ) , x u i t than tQ mdt gia dinh b i n
ndng, cha la Nguydn Cdng Vy, m? la Hoang
Thi Ngoc d Nghia LQ, huy?n Da Cim, Hdng
Chau ThQdng (nay la thdn Nghia Phu,
xa c i m Vu, huydn C i m Binh, tinh HQng
Yen). Ong la ngQdi ddi H i n thudc nidn dai
vua T r i n Du Tdng. Len sau tudi, cha m?
diu m i t , dng dQdc n h a sQ d chua Hai Triiu
d Yen Trang dQa v l nudi cho an hoc (tQc
chua Giam, xa C i m Sdn). Dd'n 10 tudi, dQdc
chua Giao Thuy d Sdn Nam (Nam Dinh)
dQa v l cho d hoc vdi nha sQ chua Dung
Nhue trong huydn. O diy, dng dQdc goi la
H e u Hue, sau l i y phap hieu la Hue H n h
(Tue Hnh). Ong dQdc hoe Nho va y de giup
vide trong chua. Vi vay, dng la ngQdi "tinh
thdng le am dQdng h u y i n bi, va dao Ki Biln tinh truyen". 6 n g do de nhi giip hQu
sM khoa Tan Mao nam 1351, nhQng khdng
ra lam quan, ndn khdng dQdc chdp trong
Ddng khoa luc. Ong v i n tid'p tuc tu hanh

va chQa bdnh giup dan d cae chua lan can,
nhQ chua Ho Xa (Nghia Xa). Nam 30 tudi,
dng v l tru tri d chua Yen Trang. Ong da tu
bd lai chua nay va 24 ngdi chua khac d h a t
Sdn Nam va qud hQdng, day y hoc eho cac
tang ni d? tQ, md rdng vide chQa bdnh lam
phuc. Nam 45 tudi, dng thi dd Hoang giap
khoa Giap D i n nien hieu Long Khanh
(1374). Cd the vao giM doan nay dng cdn

md hieu thud'c lay ten Hdng Nghia DQdng b
ngay tren que hQdng. Nam 1384, 55 tudi,
dng di sQ sang n h a Minh (1368 - 1644).
Nha Minh giQ dng lai lam d ThM y vi?n.
Ong m i t ben d i t Bic, khdng biet la vao
nam nao. Tac p h i m gdm ed: Thdp tam
phuang gia gidm, Nhdn thdn phu, ThUcfng
hdn thdp thdt chuy, Nam duac thdn hieu,
Hdng Nghia Gidc TUy thU (Tud H n h y thQ),
Thiin tdng khda hU ngQ luc (dieh Ndm),
Bdn thdo (dieh Ndm, da m i t ) , Duac tinh chi
nam, Nam dUcfc qud'c ngQ phu, TrUc gidi
chi nam duac tinh phu...
Cd the t h i y , Tud H n h la mot trong
nhQng nhan vat Uch sQ cd n h i l u diem ddng
gdp cho lich sQ. Ong la ngQdi ddi T r i n mat,
la mot tang quan - thudc v l loai hinh nhan
vat lich sQ dac trQng cua giM doan d i u dpc
lap tQ chu, thid't lap qud'c gia tQ tri. VQa di
tu vQa nhap thd' dd la xu the chung cua

thdi dai "hda quang ddng t r i n " . V l mat y
hoc, dng la t h i y thud'c d i u tien trong lich
sQ de IM cie trQdc t i c v l y dQdc hoc, ddng
gdp cho lich sQ khdng phM la nhd. V l mat
van hda, cd the coi dng la mpt trong nhiing
ngQdi d i u tien xay diing ban s i c dan tdc
Viet. Ong chinh la dieh gia cd danh tinh
d i u tidn trong lich sQ Viet Nam dieh sach
Han van (sach Khda hU luc) r a van xudi
Ndm (46). Khdng nhiing the, dng cdn
chuyen dieh eic bM thud'c sang thd Ndm v i
phu Ndm, va dieh ca sieh Bdn thdo ndi
tid'ng sang tid'ng Viet... Tuy nhidn, vi$c
nghidn cQu v l dng v i n cdn dang d phia
trQdc. Bdi con dQdng tim dd'n nhQng tQ li?u
gd'c khdng phai la ngay mpt ngay hM m i cd
dQdc.

CHU THICH
(1). Tr^n Van Giap. Liigc truyen cdc tdc gia Viet
Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi. 1977. tr. 421.

(2). Nguyen Lang, Viet Nam Ph&t gido sd lu^n.
Nxb. van hgc. Ha Ngi. tr. 153.


50

Rghign cum Lich sJr. sg 8.2010
(3). Le v a n Quan. Nghien cdu ve chd Ndm.


Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1981, tr. 155-156.
(4). Le van Quan. Sdd, tr. 156.
(5) Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr.l56
(6). Le van Quin. Sdd, tr. 157.
(7). Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr. 158.
(8). Hoang Thi Ngg. Chd Ndm vd tie'ng Viet qua
bdn gidi dm "Phdt thuyet dgi bdo phu mdu dn

am nay c6 le khcli diu trong tieng Han trung dai.
v a tui vige dong am d i n den vige dilng thong ve
m§t van ti^ eho hai ehiJ nay.
(17). Le Tr4n Diie. Tinh hinh y hoc thdi Trdn.
T?Lp chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 5-1985, tr. 71-76.
(17). Nay khong r5 cd quan nay thuge tinh Hai
DUdng hay Hung Yen.
(18). Nguyen Ba Tinh. Tue Tinh todn tap. Nxb.

trgng kinh". Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi, 1999.

Y hge. Ha Ngi, 2007 tr. 367.

tr. 182.

(19). Vo Duy Doan soan (1654), Le Nguyen
Trung soan tiep (1843). Dgi Viet lich trieu ddng
khoa luc [Chuyen dSn theo Tr^n Duy Von. Viet
Nam dgi khoa td dien. Quyen trung. Kf higu
Vhv.20. S t t 6 l 3 b ] .


(9). Ph^ng Minh Hieu. Bdng tra chd Ndm trong
"Qude dm thi tap" (Ban thao). Nhan day xin cam
dn tae gia da ehia se tU ligu.
(10). Trfin Trgng DUdng. Khdo sdt he thdng td
cd trong bdn gidi dm Khoa hii luc AB.367 cua Hba
Thugng Phuc Dien. Trong Thdng bdo Hdn Ndm
hoc {nam 2005). Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ngi,
2006, tr. 192.
(11). Le v a n Quan. Sdd, tr. 159
(12). Le van Quan. Sdd, tr. 159.
(13). Ha v a n Ta'n. Bia chiia Gidm vdi Thiin sii
Tue Tinh. Thong bao Khao co hgc. Nxb. Khoa hge
xa hgi, 1992, tr. 256-257.

(20). Su vigc nay eh6p d thang 10, Dgi Nam
thiic luc chinh bien (A S I t tt IE H), D$ tam ky,
quyen LXI nhU sau: "... Vao thang 10 nam Thigu
Tri thiJ 6 (1846) xa Van Trai thuge huygn C^m
Giang tinh Hai Diidng gin day diigc cai bia da cd,
ngoa truyin la Hug Tinh Thien sii giang th^
(thien sii ngiicli lang Nghia Phii, huygn Cim
Giang) la'y thuoc nam chQa khoi hgnh, gin xa
tranh nhau den cfiu dao, hang ngay ke den hang
nghin hang tram, quan tinh a^y khong the ngan
ca'm duge, dem vigc a'y tau len. Vua bao rang; "Vigc

(14). Chan Nguyen Tug Dang. 1825 (Minh
Mgnh thii 6, ban in) Kien tinh thdnh Phdt. Sa di ni
Digu Thjnh (ehCia Siing Phuc, Tho Khoi, huygn
Gia Lam). ThU vign Vign Nghien ciiu Han Nom, kf

higu A.2597. Cuon sach nay c6 ghi bai kg truyen
thiia nhu sau: Tri Tug Thanh Tinh/ Dao Diie Vien
Minh/ Chan NhU Tinh Hai/ Tieh Chieu Pho
Thong...
(15). Cy the xin xem: Le Quoe Vigt, Ph?im Van
Tua'n. Di tim danh vd tiidng thien sii Vien Khdng.
T?ip chf Hdn N6m, so 6 (79)-2006, tr. 58-65.
(16). Hdn ngd dgi tii dien (3t S A ? ^ ) (T|lp
trung). Tii Xuyen tix thii xua't ban xa & Ho Bic tii
thu xua't ban xa, 1995, tr. 3210. Mat khac, hai chQ
nay deu la til dong am trong tieng Beijing, sU dong

a'y thugc v l hoang dUcing, nen pha bo ngay di, de
bo si^ me ho$c cho ngUcli ddi". B6n sai d^p do bia.
Den day, an sat Nguyen Khic Trach vao hiu, vua
trigu vao hoi den vige da'y. Tr^ch tau; "Bgn h?
t h i n kfnh theo chi vua, mai bo bia da, tit d6 di l^i
ciu dao mdi het". Vua bao ring; "Dkn hdn khong
biet gi, de eho ldi ngoa truyen liia doi dugc, cot cl
ngUdi tren phai ran ca'm, hieu dy". Tuy nhien.
Cling chua the xae quyet ta'm bia bi dap e6 phai la
bia Nguyen Danh Nho dvJng hay khong.
(21). Nguyen Danh Nho higu la Sim Hien
(1638 - 1699), ngudi xa Nghia Phii, huygn C^m
Giang, tinh Hai DUdng. Nguyin Danh Nho thi do
Dg tam giap dong Tien si xua't than nam Canh
Tua't, nien higu Canh Trj thii 8 (1670) ddi vua Le


Rghign curu vi Tug Tinh


51

Huyen Tong. Ong lam quan chiJc Boi tyng Hiiu thj
lang, tudc Nam va dugc eii di sU sang nha Thanh
(Trung Quoe). Sau khi ma't, ong dugc tSng Ta thi
lang Bg Cong, tUdc tii. Tae phim; - C6 thd trong
Todn Viet thi luc ... [Trinh Khac M^inh. Ten tii ten
hieu cdc tdc gia Hdn Ndm Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa
hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 2006, tr. 345]. Ciing theo Mai
Hong, Nguyin Danh Nho di sii sang Bae, c6 gh6
qua tham mg Tug Tinh va cho in giap bia mg Tug
Tinh ve de lap din thd. Va'n d l dat ra la tai sao la
in giap? Neu ta'm bia d6 ehi la bia mg, ddn thuin
chi ghi danh tfnh, thuy higu thi khong nha't thilt
phai in ye. Theo chiing toi, d6 c6 le la mgt ta'm bia
ghi ch6p vl hanh trang, cong diie ciia Tug Tinh.
Chfnh vi nhiing thong tin lich sii quan trgng trong
d6 (ma b trong nUde khong con), Nguyin Danh
Nho da cho in gi$ip l^i. Va theo suy luan cua chiing
toi, ta'm bia da tai din Bia thd Tug Tinh chinh la
mgt phd bdn cua ta'm bia ben da't Bie. NhUng hign
gid, phii ban da hi pha hong. Con chinh ban ben
Trung Quoe thi khong biet c6 con hay khong.
(22). Chuyen din theo Mai Hong. Tim hieu tii
lieu vi Tue Tinh. Tap chf Hdn Ndm sd 2-1985.
(23). Mai Hdng. Bdd.
(24). Tug Tinh. Nam dUdc thdn hieu ( S 81 #
5&). Nxb. Y hge, 1960. [Cung xem ban dieh trich
theo Do Ta't Lgi. Tu$ Tinh sinh va hogt dgng cl the

ky nao? T^p chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 03 (228)1986,
tr.
13 va
chii thfch
sd 11],
; Cdng xem ban djch
trich theo Mai Hdng. bdd. Hong Nghia Gidc Tii y
thu (Q Thugng vd Q Hg). ^ » » Sf H * . A. 162
488 tr. 31x 22, 1 tUa cua Thi ngi phd, vie't ndm
Vinh
Thinh
13
(1717).
httpil Iwww.hannom.ore.vn

;

(25). ^ II X Sir H ff. A.162.tr 2a
(26). Le Trin Diic. Tinh hinh y hgc thdi Trdn.
T^p chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 5-1985, tr. 71-76.
Chii thfch sd 9.

(27). Trin Huy Phac (1754 - 1834), ngUcfi
xa Binh Vgng, huygn Thugng Phiic, tinh Ha Dong
(nay thugc huygn ThUdng Tin, tinh Ha Tay). Trin
Huy Phac thi dau HUdng cdng nam Dinh D^u,
nien higu Canh Hung thii 31 (1770) ddi vua Le
Hien Tong. Thdi Le va thdi Tay Sdn, hign chUa r5
than the si^ nghigp cua ong. Thdi Nguyen, ong lam
Trg giao xU Hai DUdng va Quang Yen, sau dugc

thang Ddc hgc Thanh Hoa, phong tudc Phac Ngge
hiu. Tac pham; - Hdi DUcfng phong vdt chi .- Cao
Bang phong thd ky • Bien soan sach; Viet sd tap
yeu - C6 thd, van trong eac sach; An Nam tgp chf,
Binh Vgng Nguyen tgc bfnh phai pha, Chieu bieu
tap, Ligt tinh phong vat phii,... [Theo Trjnh Khic
Mgnh. 2006, sdd, tr. 94].
(28), (30). Chuyen din theo Mai Hong. Bdd.
(29). Nam dugc thdn hieu.A.1270ll-3 (Ql).
(31). Qude sd di bien ( 3 i i l H) bdn viet.
A.1045/l-2;718 Tr; 30.5x20.5. ThU vi^n Vign
Nghien cUu Han Nom. Sach ch^p lich sii triiu
Nguyin tu Gia Long (1801-1819) den Thigu Trj
(1841-1847), c6 danh higu 16 ngUcfi thugc tong tgc
nha Nguyen, tii Nguyen Bac den Nguyin Kim.
Ngoai ra sach nay eon c6 1 ban in tai mang kf hi$u
Paris.MG.FV.57171 do TrUcing Dgi hgc Trung van
Hdng Cong in nam 1973, 407 tr.
(32). Quoe sd di bien (B i i l l i ) (Quyen hg).
A. 1045/1-2. tr.35b. (Ban djch tU hgu, sip xuit ban
phong Nghien ciiu Ljch sii Dja 1^, Vign Nghien eiiu
Han Nom, nhan day xin cam dn cac djch gia da
eung ca'p tu ligu).
(33). Nguyin To Lan. Phan Thuc TrUc co phdi
Id tdc gid cda "Qude sii di bien'? Tgp chf Nghiin
eitu Lich sd, sd 12-2006.
(34). Dia danh ndi chfnh quan ciia Tug Tinh tit
nam 1397 vl trUde ggi la Hdng Chfiu Thugng.
(35). Le Trin DUc. Tinh hinh y hgc thdi Trdn.
Tgp ehf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 5-1985, tr. 72, xem

chii thfeh sd 2.


Rghign curu Lich sir. s6 8.2010

52
(36). Le v a n Quan djch: "Hong Nghia dubng,

(42). Nguyin Xuan DUdng. Tue Tmh, 'Dong y

tuc thiin Tue Tinh trd {= trUdc tac ciia nha sU Tug

tiing bao", sdngay 1-10-1939 va Viet Nam y bdo sd

Tinh que cl Hdng NghTa). Nghien cdu vi chd Ndm.

9, ngay 1-3-1941, chuyen d i n theo Do T i t Lgi. Tue

Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1981. tr. 154].
(37). Le Trin Diic. Su nghiep cua Tue Tinh.

Tinh sinh vd hogt dong d the ky ndo? T^p chf
Nghien cdu lich sd, sd03 (228)-1986, tr. 42.

Tap chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 100 (7/1967), tr. 48.

(43). Theo Do Ta't Lgi [sdd, tr. 42] thi p h i n tieu

(38). Nguyen Trgng Thu^t. 1936-1937. Dud'c


sii Tug Tinh trong ban dieh Nam dUgc thdn hieu

Tue. Sdngay 14-7-1936 va 15-7-1937. [Chuyen din

(do phong Tu thu hua'n luygn Vign Nghien ciiu

theo Do Ta't Lgi. 1986. Tue Tinh sinh vd hogt dgng

Dong Y khao dieh, nha xua't ban Y hge Ha Ngi

d the ky ndo? Tgp chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd

xuit ban nam 1960) c6 dogn viet; Gaspardone

03(228)-1986, tr. 44, chii sd 13 tr. 69].

trong

cudn

Bibliographic

annamite

[BEFEO

(39). Dd Ta't Lgi. Tue Tinh sinh vd hogt dgng d

XXXrV (1934) 1-173] cho r i n g Tug Tinh sinh vao


the ky ndo? Tap chf Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd

ddi Trin Dug Tong. Theo Do T i t Lgi, ngUdi chip

03(228)-1986, tr. 44, chii sd3, tr. 44-45.

biit viet tieu sii Tug Tinh trong cudn sach nay la

(40). Do Ta't Lgi. Bdd, tr.43.
(41). Mai Hdng va Ph6 Diic Thao trong bai Ve
nhdn vat lich sd Tue Tinh. Tap chf Nghien cdu
Lich sd, sd 01(272)-1994, tr. 62 da viet; "Tim bia
nay noi vl cong vigc tac tugng Phat ba Quan Am,
sdn lai cac tugng va tu sxia. b chiia Nghiem Quang
do nha sU Sa mon Chan An Giac Tinh higu Tug
Tinh ehii tri. Chii Tjnh viet Bang vdi Tranh (/f am
la Tinh, tat sinh thiet) c6 nghia la thanh tinh. Con
danh y ddi trUde lam thudc b chiia iy c6 de lai sach
thudc va da giai nghia sach Thiin tdng khoa hU luc
la Th^n Trai, Trang Tvf Vo Dat Tug Tinh. Chii
Tinh viet Lap vdi Tranh (Jt) hay Thanh vdi Tranh
( # am la Tinh, t$p tfnh thiet) co nghia la yen tinh.
Hai ngUdi c6 ten higu, chQ Han viet khac nhau,
nghia khac nhau, am thi na na gidng nhau, ma
bigt higu ciia moi ngUdi c6 6 chil thi khac nhau ro
rgt". Thuc ra, hai chii khae nhau, chii fl dgc am
Han Vigt la tjnh, eon chU 1^ dgc la Tinh.

bac SI Le Khanh Ddng. Do T i t Lgi da dgc kiem tra
cudn thu myc nay ma'y l i n nhUng chUa thiy dogn

tren cl dau. Chiing toi cQng ehUa c6 dieu kign tiep
xiic cudn sach nay, nen cii tgm neu ra de sau dl bl
tra cUu.
(44). Nguyin Ba Tinh. 2004. Tue Tinh todn tap.
Le Trin DUc (higu dfnh va khao ciiu). Nxb. Y hgc.
Ha Ngi. tr. 9. Theo Le Trin Diic, cudn t h i n pha
nay dugc thd cl din Yen Lu, huygn Thiiy Nguyen,
Thanh phd Hai Phong. Hign chiing toi ciing khong
tim thiy cudn t h i n pha nao v l Tug "Hnh duge trii
tai Thu vign Vign Nghien ciiu Han Nom.
(45). Nguyen Ba T^nh. Tue Tinh todn tap. Nxb.
Y hgc. Ha Ngi, 2007.
(46) Trin Thai Tong. Thiin tdng khoa hU ngd
luc. Tug Tinh giai nghia. Trin Trgng DUdng khao
ciiu & phien chii. Trung tfim Nghien ciiu Qude hgc
& Nxb. v a n hge, Ha Ngi, 2009.