Đặc điểm ngữ âm của thán từ tiếng Hán (đối chiếu với tiếng Việt)
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NG6N N G C & Bdi S6NG
S6 10 (240)-201S i
DAC DIEM NGtr AM CUA THAN itT TIENG HAN
^ 6 l CHIEU yen TIENG VIET)
ON TEIE SIGNIFICANT PHONETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE
INTERJECTIONS (IN CONTRAST TO VIETNAMESE )
D 6 THU
LAN
(TS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngflr, DHQG H i N$i)
Abstract: The article focuses on researching and analyzing the significant phonetic
characteristics of Chinese interjections in contrast to Vietnamese ones. Through the analysis of
practical examples using the Praat software, the article has proved that the tones of Chinese and
Vietnamese interjections are peculiar, which are very different from the tones of other kinds of
words in the same language system. When used in the utterance, under the influence of
intonation, the tone of interjections in the Chinese and Vietnamese language can create different
variations. Accordingly, the article also proposes a number of applications relating to the
phonetic characteristics in the teaching of Chinese interjection.
Key words: Interjection; the phonetic; the tone; Chinese; Vietnamese.
1. Thdn til \k mOt trong nhiing t i lo^i pho Hdn trong s^r doi chieu vdi thdn til tilng Vi^
bi^n cQa mpi ngon ngi(. VI the, thdn tir dugc Ket qud thu dugc sau khi p h ^ tfch cdc vf d|i
51^ dying thudng xuyen trong giao tilp h ^ g th\rc te bdng phkn mhm Praat cho thiy, khi
ngdy ciing nhu trong cdc tdc pham' vdn dir<7c sOr dyng trong phdt ngon, dudi tdc d$ng
chucmg. Vdi khd nSng bieu cdm linh ho^t vd cua ngft di|u, thanh di^u ciia thdn tCr trong
tinh te, thdn tii c6 the ldm cdu tho^i trd nen tieng Hdn vd tieng V i ^ c6 s^ khdc bi$t khd r8
sinh d$ng, c6 thl Idm cho thl gidi tinh cdm n6t so vdi cdc tir lo^i khdc trong cimg h$ thing
cua con ngudi them phan da d^ng, phong phu. ngdn ngft. Dudi day, chung tdi sS lin lu^t
C6 thl nh$n thiy, nhthig cdm xijc md thdn tCr trinh bdy cdc d$c dilm ngft dm ndy ciia thdn ^
bieu d^t thudng rat phiic t^p vd tinh te. Ngudi tilng Hdn trong svr doi chiiu vdi thdn tii tilng
su d\mg ngo^i ngQ neu c6 the su dyng chfnh Vi?t.
xde thdn ti^ thufmg dui^c ngudi bdn ngft danh
Thtt nhat, trong tieng Hdn ph6 thdng c6
gid rat cao.
ndm lo?i thanh di^u la am binh 55 (thanh 1), v(
2. Khdo sdt bdng cdch ph6ng van t^rc tilp dvi: d, md; ducmg binh 35 (thanh 2), v( dy: d,
150 sinh vien Vi?t Nam dang hpc tieng H ^ md; thudng thanh 214 (thanh 3), vf dy: d, mS;
trinh do trung cip, chiing toi n h ^ thay,96% so khdc thanh 51 (thanh 4), vf dy: d, md. Ngoii a,
ngudi tham gia khdo sdt phdt dm chua chfnh cdn mpt thanh di$u ftOa, dpc nh? vd ngfin,
xde thdn tilr tieng Hdn trong cdc cau tho^i ciia khdng dupc bieu thj trong phan phienfimtilng
bdi kh6a. D^i da s6 sinh viSn dupc ph6ng van Hdn ggi Id thanh nh? (thmih 5), vf dy: a. ma,
n6i ring khdng tvr tin khi sii dyng thdn tir bdng Tuy v^y, thanh di|u ciia thdn tCr thudng vuflt
ngofj ngii', vd mgt trong nhftng nguy6n nhan ra khdi h§ thong ndy [6, tr. 10, 11 j ; c6 dm cao
dupc nhilu ngudi dl c$p den la do hp cdm
thiy khdng tv nhien, khfing '*thu§n tai" mSi hem (vf dy thdn tijr i{| bilu thj sg thit vgnjt
khi [ ^ n6i thdn tti bing tieng Hdn.
khdng dong y - Bieu dhl), cd fim thip hon (vf
V§y U do ndo khiln ngirdi hpc tieng Hdn dy thdn tir •$ bilu th} nu6i tiec - Bilu d6 3), c6
thudng g$p khd khdn trong vi^c phdt am hay
fim kdo ddi hon (vf dy thdn tir * bilu thj sf
sii dyng thdn tii trong giao tiep? Dl trd ldi cau
hdi ndy, chiing tdi dS tien hdnh nghign ctht, ng^c nhien - Bilu do 4), c6 fim ngin hon (vl
khdo sdt d$c dilm ngft fim ciia thdn tilr tilng
dy thdn tir ifi bilu thj sv bu6n phiin - Bilu di
S610 (240^.2015
NG6N NGC& Bin S6NG
33
5). Cd the nh^n thiy F5 dilu n^y khi so sdnh
bilu dh 1 - Bieu db thanh di$u tilng Hdn vdi
cdc bieu do 2,3,4,5 dudi dfiy:
Biiu dd 4: Biiu dd thdng so Pitch cua thdn
tu$f(l)
Trong cdu "#, &ii-^m9m"
• Trudng hgpfimn g ^ hem:
Biiu^ dd 1: Bieu do thanh diiu tiing Hdn
[Ngudn ddn:
http:/Avww.fed. cuhk. edu. hk/'~hlder/jecc/jecc._y
6nl/jece_v6nljO 7gh. htm]
- Trudng hgpfimcao horn:
cM thdn
Trong cdu "JSS^, «, WM^T,
^SW-b
Biiu dd 2: Bieu do thdng sd Pitch ciia thdn Gi6ng nhu tilng Hdn, tieng Vift cung Id
tuf$
mpt ngdn ngft c6 thanh di$u,vdi 6 thanh di$u
Trong cfiu " # .
m^i^^MM-Mmm^ khdc nhau Id: huyen (thanh 2), hdi (thanh 3),
ng3 (thanh 4), sdc (thanh 5), n$ng (thanh 6).
Mpt so am tiet khi vilt khdng cd dau, nhung
Trudng hgpfimthip hon:
khi phdt am van cd thanh di$u phfin bi^ vdi
cdc thanh khdc gpi Id thanh Ididng diu (thanh
1) [theo 1]. So sdnh vdi sdu thanh difu co bdn
ndy cua tieng Vi$t, cd nhQng thdn tur cd fim
dgc cao hon (vf dy thdn tilr a bilu th) sv vui
mimg, ng^ nhidn), cd thdn tir cdfimdpc t h ^
hon (vf dy thdn tir Mtm bilu 1$ sy bye tiic ho$c
de dga), cd thdn tii cdfimdgc k^o ddi hon (vf
dy thdn tijr u bieu thj sy nun^ nju) vd cQng cd
nhflng thdn tft cdfimdpc ngfin hon (vf dy thfin
Biiu dd 3: Biiu dd thdng sd Pitch cia thdn tur hu bilu lp s\r byetisc,khd ch)u). D6i chiiu
tiri^
bieu do 6; Biiu dd thanh di$u tiing Vi$t vdi
cdc bilu do 7, 8,9, cd thl nh§n thiyrtSsy khdc
Trong cau "0, 007 /
bipt giiia chung.
- Trudng hppfimk6o ddi hon:
34
N G 6 N N G f & Ddi S 6 N G
S610(240)-2015
Biiu dd 9: Biiu dd Ihdng si Pitch cia thdn
tic "Hi"
Trong cfiu: "Thimd chiu dugc d, hii"
Thi hai, thanh di^u cOa m$t thfin tit tilng
Hfin, Uong cing mOt cfiu, vfio cfic tinh huing
giao tilp khfic nhau cd thl t?o ra nhOng biln
thl khfic nhau. Vi d\f: trong bfii UXt^ttB
(Vudn hoa cua ngudi khing li), thfin tii (
Biiu di 6: Biiu dd thanh diiu lieng Viit Uong cfiu " ô , fifl-illil*â!" (6, chuy^ gi
[Ngudn ddn:
xfiy ra vĐy nhi!) c6 thl
- Trudng hmfimcao hon:
mim Praat phfit fim cila 3 ngudi Tnmg Quic
khfic nhau, chiiing toi thu d u ^ cfic ket qui
khfic nhau sau dfiy:
-Ngucri thur 1:
Bieu do 7: Biiu do thdng sd Pitch cua thdn
tit "A ",tiongcdu: "A,me da vi!
• Tnrtmg hgpfimkeo dai hon:
Bieu do 10a: Biiu dd thdng i
thdn tu 91(1)
Trong cfiu; " * , SH-^I39WI"
- NguM thli 2 :
Bii
thdng sd Pitch cda thdn
til "If
Trong cau; "(X con khdng di ddu.
• Tnr6ng hmfimngfin hon:
Biiu do 10b: Biiu dd thdng i
thanli 0(2)
Trong cfiu; " * ,
ii//-^m9Wl"
-Ngudithur 3:
S6 10 (240^-2015
NGON NGtr & Bin S 6 N G
35
Bieu dd lib: Biiu do thdng sd Pitch ciia
thdn tie'•di"p)
Bieu dd 10c: Bieu do thdng sd Pitch cua
Trong cfiu: "6i! Td qudc giang scm hiing
thdn tit 10 (3)
vt Ddt anh hiing cda thi ki hai muoi"
-Ngudi thli" 3:
Trong cfiu: " # ,
iZft^mmm"
D6i vdi tieng Vi§t, bdng cdch yeu ciu ba
ngudi Vi§t Nam ciing dpc cfiu tha: "6i! To
qu6c giang son hiing vT. Dit anh hiing ciia thl
ki hai muoi." (T6 Hihi). Sau dd, diing phan
mim Praat de phfin tich fim vyc va fim dipu
ciia ciia thdn tft "oi", chiing tdi cung thu dugc
cdc kit qufi khfic nhau tuong ty nhu khi khdo
Biiu do lie: Biiu dd thdng i
sdt trong tilng Hfin nhu sau:
thdn tit "Oi "(3)
-Ngudi thirl:
Trong cfiu: "Oi! Td qu6c giang san hiing
vi. Ddt anh himg cua thi Id hai muoi "
Thit ba, ciing m$t tfadn tft nhung khi xuit
hi?n trong nhihig cfiu tho^i khdc nhau, dp cao
va hudng thdng gidng thanh di^u c ^ thdn tft
dd cung cd thl khdng xde djnh [6, tr 10]. Vf
dy, thdn tft ft [d] vdi ngft di^u Ign cao (bieu
th) sy ng^ nhidn), d nhthig miirc d$ cdm thdn
khdc nhau, cd the dugc phdt fim vdi fim vyc
khdc nhau. Ghi fim cfich phdtfimciia thdn tCr
Bieu ddi la: Biiu dd thong so Pitch eda ^ bilu th) sy ng^ nhidn trong hai cfiu hOi
thdn tit''di"(l)
tho^i tieng Hdn khdc nhau vd phfin tich bfing
Trong cfiu; "Oil Td quoc giang san hung ph^ mim Praat chiing tdi thu dugc hai kit
vt Dtit anh himg eua the ki hai mucn "
qud khdc nhau nhu sau:
- Ngudi thur 2:
NGdN N G C A Bin S 6 N G
36
B.^12:
Bieu dd thdng sd Pitch cda thdn tit WB.ddl3:
Trong cau: " f i . S J R 7 " Trong cdu: " 4 ? ,
_
^J^^o ^¥MM0M^^
^iii^^^jn ?
S6 10 (240)-2015
Biiu dd thdng sd Pitch cda tfmn tit W
^^& "'^'^ ^^ '^^ * ^ ^ ^ ^^^
ciing cd
the dugc phfit am thdnh cfic fim vyc khfic nhau
nhu sau:
Trong tieng Vift ciing vfy, ciing mpt thdn
tft "d" - bieu thj sy dot ngdt hoac hieu ra, 6
B.ddH: Bieu dd thong sd Pitch cua thdn tir "d" B.dSlS: Biiu dd thdng so Pitch cua thdn tir
"d"
Trong cdu: "A. nhd ra rdi." Trong vd thdn tu 1^ j^ilu thj sy nu6i tile) diu mang
cdu: "A, ra thi."
TTiit tu, trudng hpp thdn tft cd ciing m§t thanh 4. Thl nhung than tii ^ thudng dupc
lo^i thanh difu, dp cao vd hudng thdng gidng phdt dm rit cao. Trong khi dd, thdn tft USthi Iji
thanh di^u ctia nd cung cd the khdng xac djnh dugc phdt dm tuong doi thip. Xem bieu d l
[6, tr. 10]. Vf dy, trong cfic sdch tra cuu, thdn minh hpa:
til % (bieu thj sy thit vpng, khdng dong tinh)
B.dold.Biiu dd thdng so Pitch ctia thdn tit 0
B.Sl 7:B.d6 thdng so Pitch cia thdn tit 9
Trong cfiu"*, ^0i^0^M~MMM-F65W?"
Trong c&u " # , Sf07
/"
Trong tieng Vi$t ciing v|iy, cimg mang thanh 1, nhung cdc thdn tii "ha", "cr" dugc phfit fim
vdi cdcfimvyc khfic hdn nhau. Xem bieu db minh hpa:
So 10 (240)-2015
N G 6 N N G f & DOfi S 6 N G
37
B.dd 18: B.dd thdng so Pitch ciia than tit
B ddi9 B.dd thdng s6 Pitch cua thdn tir "cr"
"ha ". Trong cdu "Ha! thich qud! "
Trong cdu "O! anh cSng d ddy a? "
Tuy nhidn, cho du thanh dipu ctia thdn tft
(3) Cung mpt thdn tft, nhung khi xuit hipn
rit d$c thil so vdi thanh di$u ciia cac tft lo^i trong nhftng cdu tho^i khdc nhau, dp cao vd
khfic, vd cho du thanh difu ciia thdn tft ludn hudng thfing gidng thanh di?u ciia thfin tft dd
ludn vugt ra ngodi hp thong ngii am ciia mpt cung CO the khdng xde djnh.
ngdn ngft, thl nd vSn c6 nhftng d^c diem gin
(4) Trudng hgp thdn tft cd ciing mOt thanh
gfli vdi dudng n^t fim dipu ciia nhdm cac thanh dif u, dd cao vfi hudng thdng gidng thanh dif u
di?u CO bdn. Ndi cdch khdc, tuy rdng am vyc cua nd ciing cd the khdng xde djnh.
ciia thdn tir cd nhihig diem khdc bi?t ve dm
Bdn c^nh dd, gifing vidn cung ndn d6i chiiu
vyc so vdi cdc thanh di?u co ban, nhung cdc vdi nhiing d^c trung ngii dm co bdn ndy ciia
kilu dirdng n6t fim di?u nhu binh (bdng thdn tft tieng Hdn vdi cdc d$c diem tuong d6ng
phdng), thfing (ldn), khiic (gfiy), gidng (xu6ng) ciia thdn tft tieng Vift de ngudi hgc cd thl d l
v l d^i the Id nhu nhau. Ddy chinh id co sd d l ddng nh|A bilt vd ndm bit.
cd thl d^i thl ghi "thanh di9u" cho thdn tft
Thit hai, gidng vien cin hudng din cho
trong cfic tir dien vd sdch gido khoa tieng Hdn sinh vien cdch nh|n bilt v l m6i lidn hf khd
vd tiing Vi§t
ch^t che giiia d$c dilm v l thanh difu vd fim
3. Cd thl thiy, chinh nhftng d$c trung ve tilt vdi y nghta bilu thj ciia thdn tft trong tilng
ngftfim ciia than tft tilng Hdn dupc de c|ip bdn Hdn. Cd thl dya vdo m6i quan hf gifta thanh
trdn Id m^t yong nhOng nguyen nhdn gdy khd difu, d^c diem phdt am vdi ;^ nghta bilu thj d l
nhilu trd ng^i cho ngudi hgc khi sft dyng thfin n h ^ biet, phdng dodn ^ nghta, sic thdi bilu
tft trong giao tiep. Xuat phdt tft thyc t l ndy, cfim ciia thdn tft tilng Hdn. Cy thl nhu sau:
chting tdi xin dugc dua ra mpt so de xuat budc
diu, hi vpng cd thl gidm bdt khd khan cho
ngudi d^y vd ngudi hpc ngo^i ngft ndi chung,
dong thdi cd the gdp phan nfing cao chit lugng
gifing d^y vd hgc t$p than tft tieng Hdn.
Thit nhdt, khi gidng d^y ve thdn tft tilng
Hfin, gidng vidn c ^ luu ;? cho sinh vien ve 4
d$c trung CO bfin ve ngft fim cua thdn tft frong
tilng Hdn Id:
(1) Thanh dipu ciia thdn tft thudng vupt ra
khdi hf th6ng cdc thanh difu ca bdn.
(2) Trong cung mpt cfiu, vdo cdc tinh hu6ng
giao tilp khfic nhau, thanh difu ctia mpt thdn
tOr cd the t^o ra nhihig bien the khac nhau.
(l)Ddc diem ve thanh di?u
a. Thanh binh (-): thudng phdt fim tuong
d6i ngdn, bilu thj ^ nghta bit ngd, liy lfim 1^
ho$c khen nggi. Vf dy: 1^ . ^ ± ^ ^ m ^ I
(Chao. pho phudng th^t ndo nhift!)
b. Thanh thdng (/) thudng bilu thj s\f ng^p
nhidn, nghi ngd hay hdi dhn. Vf dy: ^ , ttife
i 7 ? ( 0 , anh ay cung di roi fi?)
c. Thanh gifing (\) thudng bilu d^t y nhfic
nhd, khdng hdi Idng, hay sy h6i h|in, tinh ngp.
Vf dy: Ig . flpiJIfJaSW? Q s ^ anh cd nghe
thiy khdng day hfi?)
NG6N NGC* & Ddi S6NG
38
d. Thanh gdy (A/) thudng bilu thj y treu
diia. Vf dy: ^
, fi^fliraiff fitmiSEo (Qi, cdc
b^n vfta hay g$p nhau nhi).
e. Thanh gifing thdng (V) thudng bilu thi y
phli djnh, khdng vui. Vf dy:
^ . S ^ ^ S E ^ S t ^ T - O i f i y , ndi thl Id
khdng diing dfiu day.)
(2) Dgc diim viphdt dm
a. Trong khd nhilu trudng hpp, than tft bilu
thj sy n g ^ nhidn hay khen nggi dugc bdt dau
bdng nguydn dm [a] ho^c nguyen am [o], ciing
cd trudng hgp dimg cdch I$p lai hai nguyen fim
ndy dl phdt dm keo dai thdn tft, ho$c them mft
dm xfit m$t ludi d phfa trudc de t^o sy cdng
thdng trong phdt am, ngoai ra, cdn cd trudng
hgp nfing cao phan ludi phfa trudc t^o thanh
nguydn fim [i]. Vi dy:
(1) B u g I
ffiafi5l?mKl^nlP#ff7
•fTrdi ^! ldm rdch mat niem phong lp thu6c
ciia tdi r6i.)
(2) « ! a W f i # M ^ 7 6 5 ; * ; ^ < , (Oi! Tdi
mdc l5i tdn r6i.)
( 3 ) ^ ! S;3|57o ( 6 kia! Ong da din.)
(4) ^ I i ? 7 ! ^ 4 ^ 7 0 (Ay! T6t qud! Tdi
tning roi.)
b. Trong mgt so trudng hgp, nhftng thdn tft
diing dl bilu thj sy thuang cam ho^c thuong
tile cd thl dya vao vifc k^o ddi nguydn dm
[a], phin ludi phfa trudc nfing cao, am difu tilr
tft h9 thap Idm cho am phdt ra trd nen thdm
thilt, cung cd trudng hpp l$p l^i thdn tft, them
fim ma sdL.. Vidy:
(i)M ! ^i^i-Hl^^W^
. M^ffiABJE !
(Oi. vl hai biia dn moi ngay ma mft den dirt cfi
hoi.)
(2) qglglg I ^ n i . *JL^JJiL7<. fTrdi
gi! Hdng r6i, khdng thiy con gai dau niia.)
c. NhGng than tft bilu thj phan ng ho§c xem
thudng, thdng thudng, Id nhiing tinh cdm bft
phdt, xuit hifn kha ty nhien, cho ndn thudng
S6 10 (240)-2015
su dyng phy dm va dung khd nhilu fim tdc. Vf
dy:
(1) IS I W - t H ^ & S J I t t ^ ! (Hft! Ai cin
cdi tat thoi ciia mfiy!)
(2) n?! ^ e ^ I m^m I ?:^aw**?^i
(Xi! Do diu b^c! Do xiu xa! Do nhd qug
khdng biet dilu!)
4. Kiii dugc sft dyng trong phdt ngdn, dtnJi
tdc dfng ciia ngft difu, thanh difu ciia thdn tii
tilng Hdn biln dSi rat phiic t^p, cd thl t ^ ra
nhieu bien the khdc nhau, rit khd ndm bdt
Chinh nhung d | c trung nfiy Ifi nguyen nhfin
khiln rit nhilu ngudi cho ring thdn tft Id thdnh
phin khd sft dyng nhit khi hgc tieng Hdn. D£
gi^p ngudi hgc cd thl phfit fim chfnh xfic tfidn
tft tilng Hdn, vifc d6i chieu cdc d$c tnmg co
bfin ve ngft fim giiia thdn tft tieng Hfin vd thin
tft tilng Vift Id cin thilt. Hi vgng nhfhig d^
xuit trong bdi viet cd thl gdp phin nfing cao
chat lugng gidng d^y ciing nhu khd ndng ndm
bit, sft dyng thdn td trong qud trinh d^y vd hpc
tieng Han.
T A I LEpU THAM K H A O
1. Le Quang Thidm (2008), Nghien dot Mi
chieu cdc ngdn ngit, Nhd xuit bdn Dpi hpc Quic
gia, Hd Npi.
2. ^ 7 5 : 1 ^ (1984) , <3gftft5Rif i R ^ W a
^>
< S ^ W 5 E > moim.
3. ^J=?i(1987)
(162-163).
<PSi^Sf?E> , MMn
A^n(^^m^m)mo3
m. (49-55).
4. ^ # 3 ^ (1983). (nXi^aWB^figW^
^mn^^n
. g <tfsiis:am>«3)iii
(23 - 27).
5. i^^a(1996)
{SfiftSlffinX^i
sa . (60 - 63).
6. «tS(2oo8), <5x?w*s54$jSk. a
n^mm> , s^w^»HSfl, (9-16). J
