S5 2 (244)-2016

NG6N NGC & Dcn S6NG

17

DUNG HOC V6l MIEU TA DONG DAI LICH SU^:
Ttr «BEN" TRONG TIENG VIET
T f THE Ki XV DEN THE KI XVII
PRAGMATICS THROUGH A HISTORICAL SYNCHRONIC PERSPECTIVE:
"BEN" IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE XV TO XVII CENTURIES
NGUYEN VAN C H I N H
(PGS.TS; D?i hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hd NOi)
lA DONG
(TS; 0^i hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Ha Ngi)
Abstract: The current paper examines the word ben (then) in some Vietnamese ancient
documents from a historical synchronic perspective. The meanings and usages of the word ben
has involved many processes, such as the temporal denotation; the causa! shading; the speakers'
evaluation on the anomaly and contrary which bypass the conditional and logical prerequisites;
and the loss of factors on epistemic state and the causal interaction in the epistemic development
causing ben becomes a word emphasizing on the exactness. The paper suggests that prospective
studies on historical grammar can provide profound and systematic insights into the grammatical
system in the past and pave the way to studies on grammaticalization and cultural-linguistic
textual analysis.
Key words: historical synchronic description; pragmatics; causality; conditional and logical
prerequisites; textual analysis.
1. Trong mOt bai viet trudc day, chiing tdi bdn ngft khi dieu tra ngdn ngft dfi bifin soan
dd cd dip phan tich vfi tft ben trong tilng Viet tft diln hay khdng. Xin dan cy the:
Bfin; mas, porem: fed. Ben chfta chung
hifin dai (xem 4). Bdi vifit nay di ngugc ddng
thdi gian, tim hilu vfi tii ben trong mOt trang tdi mas liura nos: fed libera nos. [1,37]

Phin dich ra tilng Viet:
thai ddng dai lich sft: Ben cuati&igViOt trong
Ben: Nhung. Ben chfta chiing tdi:
khodng thdi gian tft the ki XV din thi ki
XVn. Ngudn tu lipu i^hao cftu cua bdi viet lay Nhung xin cftu chiing tdi [1,37}
Tft diln tft cl cfta Vuong LOc Id mgt
tft mOt sd vdn bdn Ndm dd duge cdc nhd
cdng trinh nhilu cdng phu, cung d p eho ta
nghifin Cliu Quic ngft hod.
Cd die thiy rang, su quan tdm danh cho mdt khoi lugng tii co khd phong phii, song
ben trong tieng Viet hien dgi dd it ma cang ciing khdng thay ed m|t tft ben thuOe phgm
ngugc ddng thdi gian lai cdng it di. Trong tii vi md ngft phdp quan tdm (chi cd mOt tii ben
diln Viet B 6 La ciia A. de Rhodra, ben ehi cd vdi nghia Id 'cdnh hoa'). Cd le, ngudi dd
mOt nghia duy nhit dugc thu tiiap vd cho cdc ddnh cho tft ben trong ngft phdp xua su quan
tirong duong Bl Dao Nha, La tinh vdi gid tij tdm nghifin eiiu rifing biet Id N.V.
ngft nghia, theo cdc tac gjd phifin dich bO tft Stankevitch. Song, nhiing nhgn xet cfta bd
dien ndy ra tilng Viet hiOn dgi. Id nheng; them nhdm vdo mat ngft nghia chftc nang ciia tft
nfta, trong todn bO tft myc lgi chi ed vdn v^n ben, qua bdn thdo md chinh tdc gid gfti tdng
duy nhat mOt vi dy ma ngft cdnh thi lgi qud chiing tdi, cung mdi chi Id mOt ddi y buoc
hpp, khdng dft dl xdc minh ^fiu kiOn diing dau, cd phin dai luge, gidi han trong mOt
Cling nhu tmh xdc thvrc cua nd. Th|im chi, nhdm ngft cdnh vd trong khudn khd khdo sat
ngudi ta cd tbl hodi nghi rdng, UOu A. de mgt van bdn (Truyln Id mgn lyc gidi dm).
Rohdes cd hilu dung tft ndy cuatiengViet qua Cd the trich ra ddy nhiing dilm quan trpng
su truyen dat dien ^di ciia cac cgng tdc vifin nhdt:


18

NG6N NGIJ* & B(n S6NG


So 2 (244)-2016

nhilu bmh diOn. Chdi^ han ngbia vd sy Ufin h^
logic ngtt ngjiia giiia cdc phdt ngdn, dgc trung
cua hanh vi ngdn ngft, ngft nghia cua vj tii, s^
vgn dOng cua thdng tm vd logic bfin trong c%
sy phdt tiien nglua,.. .Dudi (My chung toi xi|
di vao nhftng cdch dftng cy thi cua ben.
2. Ben tnrdc het cd thi dugc diing vdi nghia
thdn gjan: Sy tinh dugc ndi tdi diln ra lik
ngay sau m i c khdng cd sy gian cdch keo dai
nhu cd the nghi, cd the chd dgi. Vdi •y nghia
66, ben tuong duong vdi "liip tftc, tiic M,
ngay, Uln" tiong tilng Vift hifn dai. Tieu
diem chii y ciia ngudi ndi trong trudng b^
nay chinh Id dgc tinh diln tiln, tilp nli ciia sir
tiiji so vdi mdc. Cdi m l e dd ed thi Id mot s\i
Ihih ndo dd khac theo l l i hii chitinhIVBJC
Ki fliyc, eang ^ sau vdo tu hpu ddt doi h o ^ Id thdi dilm cua hdnh vi ngdn ngft do
tugng vao tieu dilm chft y dfi phan tich nd mpt nhihig ngudi tham gia giao tilp tiiyc hiOn, tfe
edch nhilu chiiu, nhilu tang bac vd he thing thdi ^fim ndi. Trong each diing ndy ben c6 ihl
hon cai^ thay nhftng hieu biet cua chftng ta ve di voi nhftng vi tft rlt khdc nhau, cd kilm to
ben trong Ijch sft, nOi dung ngft nghia chuc hay khdng kiem tia, miln sao, dd Id nhftng s\i
ndng ciia nd, each diing ciia nd trong giao tiep tiidi cd the din, cd thi diln ra, xdy ra hay dugc
ro rdng edn thilu rlt nhilu. Thvrc t l cho thiy thyc hiOn d mOt lftc ndo dd trfin ddng v§n dong
rang, d the ki XV - XVII, ben da la mOt trong eiia thdi ^an, nhin nhu mOt cdi g^ ffiem tinh.
nhftng ylu t l ngdn ngft duge sft dvmg khd rOng Nd cd the di sau vd ndm bfin trong tam tac
rai. Sy van dOng phat trien nghia ciia nd theo dOng cua ylu to phu dinh, mdt khdc, ciir^
hudng ngft phdp hod, tinh thdi hod ddp ftng khdng bj bd hep trong phgm vi nhftng sy tinh
nhftng nhu cau giao tifip nhan thftc mOt thdi da dien ra ttong hipn thvrc md cd flie xuit hi?n

eiia cOng ding da Idm hinh thanh ca mOt mgng cd trong nhftng nOi dung sy tinh mang tinh
ngft nghia chftc ndng da dgng hon ngdy nay tiem tdng gan vdi mong muon, clu khiln.
nhilu, ding thdi gdn liln vdi nhung nhdn to
Quan sdt mOt vdi vi dy cy the:
ngft dyng, phan anh nhilu m?it cua tuong tde.
(1) Ta m&i vdng m$nh Di qudn [di cdc
lifin nhdn. Dilu nay dan tdi may hO qud. Thft nai xem x^tj. Song vi cd nguoi din Uioan
nhit Id, ben chii yeu dugc sft dyng trong vdn khoan chdng ben di. [2]
xudi vd trong van van mang tinh kl chuyOn.
(2) Cdc c(fv cd, ai hay vi ta nuoi giit dk.
Chinh d ddy, edc hdnh dOng phdt ngdn gdn bd
con ndy thi ben md rpng long] [3,41]
vdi nhau trong nhilu chiiu (sy kien - sy kipn;
Vl dy (1) la mOt ngft ednh rat fien hlnh cho
sy kien - tam H nhgn thftc hanh dOng cfta eon
Ally rd gia trj thdi gian vira ndi tdi cua ben. 0
ngudi; n^rdi ndi - ngudi nghe - ngudi ke
day ben ndm trong tam tdc dOng ciia yeu tS
chuyOn; ifiem m i c - thdi gian vd nhan qud,...)
phu ffinh (vi ed nguoi den khoan khoan chang
kfio theo sy xuat hien vdi tdn so cao cua ben.
bfin di = vi ed nguoi din nen dl chim chaml^
Thft hai Id, viOc tim hilu mOt ylu t l mang d ^
chdng di ngay). Ta thiy, vipc ra di ciia nhan
tinh nhu vgy ddi hdi phai xuit phdt tii sy phdn
v|it la tiidng tin ^ lui vdo hau trudng, da n k
tich ngft c^ih nghifim ngdt theo chiiu sau vd
tirong vimg tika gid dinh cua nghia. Dli tu^Qg
cd hO thong, chu y linh hoat tdi nhifiu nhan t l .
cd ra di thyc hipn lOnh cfta Dfi quan^ cdi nSn


'Trudc dOng tii cd thfi diing tii ben (43
lan), ndi chung d bdn Gidi am, hu tft ben chi
cho chung ta tiily rdng, cd mOt hanh dOng nay
da hodn tit ngay sau khi cd hdnh dOng tiudc
vd cd thi, do la hau qud cua hdnh dOng trude.
Ndi ehui^, ben Gidi dm dieh ben Id rat phft
hgp (vdi ban Hdn vdn - chiing tdi ehu tiifim
LD, NVC),... b^n la hu tft c6 Han ViOt nhung
cd Ie nd chua thyc sy dugc ViOt hod". O mOt
cho khdc mang tinh tdng kit chung, ba vilt
thfim "hfi tiling hu tft trong ban Gidi dm vl co
ban la an khdp vdi hO thong hu tft tieng Vipt
Men dai, chi cd hai ^ e m khac Id vin edn thilu
se va van dang edn dung ben (hu tir nay den
tilng Vifit hien dai thi thifin ve cd sac thdi tu
tii)" (xem 3).


S62(244)-2016

NGON NGtr & DOfl S 6 N G

19

trong thdng bdo chinh thftc vdo luc ndi va bi
Nhdn din quan tren cim^ budn ban, chdn
phft dinh chi la tinh chit Uln ngay moc cua lua nudi tdm cdc moi diiu cdu xin khdn vdi dt
thdi gian thvrc hifin bdnh dgng md thdi. Vi dy dugc bang long (= tham chl din, quan tren
(2) Id mOt phat ngdn dang Idiuyin lOnh tryc Cling ngudi budn bdn, ke trdng Ida nudi tdm,

tilp "Cdc cdy cd, ai hay vi ta nudi giit diea contit thdy mgi difiu cau xm khan vdi diu duge
nay thi ben m& rpng Idngl" (= Cac cdy cd, ai bangldn^)[3,51].
cd thfi vi ta nudi gift dfta con ndy thi md rOng
Cd the nhdn tlidy rdng, viOc clu xin Byt phft
n^y longra!).O day, ben cung ndm trong tifiu hO cfta khdp chiing smh dien ra khdng theo
^em cua Ipnh, cdi mdc,ttongtrudng hgp ndy, mOt trinh ty kl tiep kh^h quan nao, khdng
chinh la hdnh dOng phat ngdn cua ngirdi ndi: phdi Id hMi ty cua su kipn. Chdng hgn, viec
lap tftc md rOng ngay Idi^ ra, ngay sau khi clu xin eon thfta ty, viec clu xin thuan lgi
ngudi ndi ndi ra Idi yfiu eiu ndy.
trong ldm dn budn ban, chfta trft tat bOnh,... cd
Quan sat them mgt vM vi dy thuOc dang Idi the diln ra quanh nam xen ke nhau khdng bat
ndi gidn tilp
buOc phai ketiepnhau theo trinh ty cl dinh ve
(3) Trdi th^ dn qudc tham long/ Tinh mdt thdi gjan; vipc cau dao theo lOnh ciia nha
thdn sdm cudp hp Hiing vk toy/ Sai tdi ben nuoc ciing phai tuy thugc vao tinh hinh miia
xudng mdi ddv/ Ddu thai muon khi me rdy mang cy the, nam cd ndm khdng, vy ed vy
sinh ra (Sai tdi ldp tftc xuIng mdi nha nay/ khdng. Sy sip xep trudc sau d day r5 rdng chi
DIU thai, mugn khi me md sinh ra) [4.33]
Id sy sip xep theo gdc nhin chft quan ciia
(4) Truang Vi khdn kheo qud u/Khien ngudi ndi, do ngudi ndi Ivia chpn dl UOt kfi cdc
ngudi ben gang cdm cd ciea doanh (Khien luOn cft md thdi. Ngudi ndi, ttong vi dy ndy
ngucri lap tftc co ging cdm ed d cfta doanh) [4, trude hit ndi den nhftng viOc cd ^ ngjua d^
96]
biOt, ed tam anh hudng d pham vi quoc gia vd
3. Tft sy kl tiep tiirc tiep, tiic thi vl ni|t do nhd nuoc ban lenh, ehi dao thvrc hipn rdi
thdi gian cfta mOt sy tinh so vdi moc chuyin tilp theo la nhiing viectiiuOcpham vi ca nhan
sang nhftng cdch dung ma tinh tftc thi bj mat nhung lai la dieu ddc bifit quan trpng theo quan
di chi cdn Igi Id sy ndi tilp, tilp flieo sau sy niem van hod, dao n ^ a phuong Ddng
viOc da ndi, dd kl ttong thdi gian. Thgm ehi, (chuypn sinh con cdi nli ddi tdng dirdng) rdi
ben cd ihl dugc md rOng ra thanh sy ke tilp culi cimg mdi Id din viOe efta ed nhdn thudc

ciia nhiing ngi dung dugc trinh bay, tftc Id du mpi tdng^ ldp trong edng viOc ldm dn.
trinh ty sdp xep, trinh ty Uet kfi cde sy kiOn ma
4. Sy nditifip,ke tiep trong thdi gian, nhu
ngudi ndi Ivra chpn theo mgt gdc nhin ndo do, mOt quy lugt pho bien, cd the di kfim vdi
mOt thft trinh ty sifiu ngdn ngft. Chiing ta hay nhftng sac thdi nhdn qud, hO qua dii logi ldm ca
quan sat vd cimg phdn tich Id" vi du sau ^ y :
sd cho sy hinh thdnh f nghia mdi gdn vdi sic
(5) [Ddt Cd Chdu, B\tt Phdp Vdn rdt linh thdi nhdn qud, hf qud dd. Ching hgn, so sanh
thieng...] ndng ndi sdu bp binh tdt vdng m$nhtrongtiengNga gifta Siedavat' (theo, ti^ theo,
nhd nu&c din cdu ddo thiea bao nhieu tai nan
kl theo) voi Sleduet, sto; SledovatePno (tft dd
deu khdi (= ndng ndi sdu bg bpuh tat vang md, the la, thanh thft, vi vdy) hay lifin hfi them
mOnh nha nude den cau ddo thi thay bao nhieu vdi nhiing each diing gin vdi ttft ty thdi gian
tai nan nhu vdy diu qua khdi hit);
vd nhdn qua cua lifin tft 'va' cfta tl hgp 'tii dd'
Ben din quan lang, sfthUr chung ddn hiimttong tilng Vipt ciing nhu tuong duong cua
cimg con dy din chua cdu xin deu thdi du^rc chiingtixmgnhieu ngdn ngft khdc. MOt tinh
nhu thita mudn (= rli / rli nfta/ tiep dd,.. .din Mnh nhu vgy eiing dd xdy ra vdi tft ben trong
quan lang sT thft ehiing ddn hiem ciing con din qua khft. 6 ddy cln ph^n ra hai trudng hgp
chfta clu xin diu thdi dugc nhu y muon).
ldn:


20

N G 6 N NGf & B(n S 6 N G

4a. Trudng hgp thft nhit, cftng Id each diing
duy nhat cua ben vhi cdn duge tiep tyc luu gjft
cho den tgn ngdy nay troi^ khi cac each dftr^

Ididc dd roi ryng m i t (cui^ xm ndi thfim ring
khdng nfin coi day Id cdch diing chi don thuan
mang "tinh tu tu", mOt cdeh dinh tinh ^ cd tft
Idu thudng vdi ham ^ yeu td ngdn ngft dugc
xfit khdng cd mOt gjd tii ngft nghm chftc nang
dich thyc ndo ngodi cai gid tri tu sftc, dua day
dugc thfim vdo cho sinh dOng ldi ndi thugc
mOt phong each chftc ndng). 6 trudi^ hgp ndy
ben chi ra ring hdnh dgi^ ftng xft dugc thiic
hiOn Id mOt hanh dOng phdn ung cd ehd dich,
cd Ivra chpn mang ti'nh he qud cua ehu thfi
dftng tiirdc mpt tinh huong, hodn cdnh nao dd
ciia ddi song, cd sy thuc diy ciia nhiing nhdn
t l thuOc nhan thftc d chft thi. Chii flifi tren co
sd nh§n thftc tinh cdm ciia ban than minh trude
mOt linh huong ma chu dOng hinh thdnh f do,
myc dich vd thvrc hiOn hdnh dOng ftng xft
tuong thich. Chinh do dac tinh ngft nghia dd
ben trong tnrdng hgp ndy gid dinh nhftng sy
tinh md ehd thfi Id eon ngudi, hay it ra eung la
nhiing doi dugc xem Id cd y chi y thftc nhu
con ngudi - ma qu^, thin thdnh chdng ban. Vd,
dirong nhifin hdnh dOng phan ftng dugc ndi tdi
cung Id cdi ed sy tham gia kiem tra, kilm sodt
eiia f chi. Quan sdt mOt vdi vi dy cy thi:
(6) Rupu hdu say, mudn ngu. Thdy mpt
ngudi din tru&c cd ldi rdng: "Vdng chieu chi
vua ta, phiin nguoi din ndi kho. Hp Hd ben
v^i vdng khep nep sda sang [2, 30] (= Rugu
gan say, muon ngft Thiy mOt ngudi din trudc

cd ldi ring: "Vang chiiu ehi vua ta, philn
nguoi den ndi chuyOn, hp Ho ben vOi vang
khfip nfip sfta sang).
(7) Dem chiim bao th^ con gdi mdc cdi do
luc, Mu thuang xin tha mgng.
Den sdng n^^ cd gd hdng chdi ldy cdi rim
vd Ivc rudi den ddng. Ngudi Phan ngd trong
chiim bao thiea cdm ben budng sdng ddy [2]
(= Dem chifim bao thay ngudi eon gai mac cdi
do mdu luc kfiu thuong xm Iha mgng. Den
sdng ngdy, cd ga hang chdi mang con rua mai
xanh mii din dang eho minh. Hg Phan ngd 66

S l 2 (244)-2016

Id chuypn gdy thuomg cdm tixmg mo, ben tha
cho nd sing.
(8) 7am Kha nghe biit td hidng/ Ben jaj
quy su tim ddi Hdu Ca. [4,166]
(9) M^ cha chui mdng hom mai/Ndng ^
m&i noi su hdi khi dim [4,148]
(10) Tinh ca khi dy hp Trdn ra chai. Thay
lg ben hoi: "dy ai? ". Rdng: "tdi Id ngudi qid
dHoa Lu..." [4,1S7].
4b. Tnrdng hgp thft hai, sy thih dupc din
nhdp bdng bin ciing dugc nbin nhu Id ket qu^
kit cyc cua mgt hay nhftng sy tinh ndo d6 (K
ndi tnrdc. Song, dd khdng phdi Id hdnh d$ns
ed lya chpn ed y d l nhdm tiudc cda chu M
trudc tinh hulng cua ddi sing. Do dd d dfiy

ben cd flil kit hgp cd vdi nhihig vi tii chi tinh
chit, trgng thdi, vi tft tinh thdi, hay nhftng vj tit
ehi sy boat dOng hiln doi ngodi sy kilm so&
cua y chi ^ thftc. Vi dy:
{
(11) Ndng Thu^ Tiiu tinh ngd sdng hdr^l
khi ngudi Nhudn Chi dpc sdch thdi ldng gra!
ddy bin hay dpc nin [2, 304] (= Ndng Th^
Tifiu ban tfnh sdng ldng, thudng khi nguW
Nhuan Chi dpc sdch thdi I§ng ghi nhd fli^ \i
rdi cd the dpc dugc).
(12) S&m mai di nghe gidng hhng thay
hai con gdi (...) triu gh^o cudi c0 hodc Ichi
ldy trdi ngon gieo cho day hodc khi ldy hoa
tot nem cho ddy. Cdu ddy ngdy dd Idu ngudi
nhdn gid chdng hay dinh dupfc trong long
ben nin gdn bd vgy [2, 111] (= Thirdng g$p
hai ngudi con gdi (...) ttfiu ghpo cudi cgt c6
khi lay ttdi ngon tung cho c h ^ g , cd khi ldy
hoa dpp nfim cho chdng. Gift cdi 10 ly da Ifiu
ngdy ngudi nhan gid chdng t h i khn nfin du(j«
trong ldng niia ay t h i Id thdnh ra gdn M
vdy).
5. Cdch dung thft tu cfta bin gdn vdi sy
ddnh gid cua ngudi ndi v l tinh bit thudng,
ttdi ngugc bd qua nhftng tiln d l dilu ki^
hay logjc v^n dOng bhih thirdng ddng phdi c6,
ddng phai theo eiia sy vifc. Ndi cy till hon,
cdch diing ndy gid dinh cdc nhan to sau:
ai Trudc het Id nhihig tri thftc nfin ve C&.

chuan, cai hgp logic, hgp chd dgi trong in6


sl 2 (244)-2016

N G 6 N N G C & DOfl S 6 N G

21

lunh the gidi cua nhiing ngirdi fliam gia giao thom ma lai cd thi biin ddi huyin hodc thing
tilp: (A) ddngraflilphdi (B).
ngayranhu thi).
b) Ddnh gid chft flil eiiatinhtiidi,tiicngudi
(15) Nguai dd ldm nghi$p hgc trd, dpc
ndi: dilu dugc ndi tdi Id cdi dien ra, xayrahay truy$n sdch thdnh hiin hd chdng biit quy thdn
dugc tiiyc hifin trvrc tiep chinh ngay trong cdi chung ldm ddc md ben cimg khinh ldn lgt, ddt
hoan cdnh budc van dOng phdt tiiln dOt ngOt b ^ ngd nghiOp hgc trd, dgc ImyOn sdch thanh hiln hd
hodn todn trdi ngugc vdi chd dgi, bd qua ching bilt la quy thin ldm vlOc dftc ma lai
nhimg cdi md theo chuin myc, theo logic khmh thudng ldn lat, ddt nat thing ngay tugng
ttidng thirdng dang ra phdi cd, ddng ra phdi ngirdi ta £).
theo.
6. Tinh Ufin ngay, trvictifipkhdng cd gidn
Duong nhien, ed mOt mil lifin hO de thiy cdch ve thdi gian so vdi m6e vd sde thai nhan
gifia cdi y nghia ti^ sy ke tiep tryc tilp khdng qud cd the cd trong ddng phdt trifin kfitiepcua
td gidn cdch vfi in|t thdi gian, vdi cdi y nghia ede su kipn cd mgt Ideu lifin hp bfin trong de
ti^ sy vdn dgng phdt triin tryc tilp (flidng) bd thay vdi mOt kieu y nghia khac nfta cua ben
iqua cdi ddng phai cd, ddng phdi theo cua sy md chiing toi se dl cdp den ngay day. Trong
;tinh. Cd thi quan sdt nhfing lli ndi hipn dgi cdch dung nay ben tuong dirong vdi lihGng loi
:kilu nhu: Vg dpp con khdn flil md lgi bd ndi kilu 'hod ra; flii ra' trong tio^ Viet hiOn

thing ngay di dl lly mOt con bfi vd vin; Nhd dgi. 6 nhftng trudng hgp nhu thi, dl dang
cdn bao nhifiu thftc dn thi md lgi di mua thing nh§n ra trong ngft cdnh ben gdn vdi sy van
imay can thjt vl tbl cd chit ngudi ta khdng; Lg dOng hiln ddi vfi trgng thdi nhOn thftc eua chii
sach km mit md ndy thing ngay ra mOt mam flil tinh thdi, cd thi dien dgt dgi flil: tiirdc
ledy dugc. Do nhftng ddc tnmg ngft nghia, ngft hodn cdnh, tinh hudng nay chCi thi tuih thai
Idyng da phan tich, ben trong trudng hgp nay khdng bilt, khdng nghi la nhu thi; bdy gid do
tuong duong vdi loi ndi sft dyng lgi, md lgi, nhihig thdng tin cd dugc trongtinhhulng trvrc
\lgi,... thdng ngay trong tilng ViOt hiOn dgi vd tilp cy thi ndy (cd till la thdng tin quan sdt,
led thfi diing hinh dung tnrdc dugc, nd thudng nhin thftc tryc tilp hay do ngudi khde cung
idi ddng xuit hipn ttong nhihig eau hdi ve elp) ehu thitinhthdi y thftc dugc cdi tinh lunh
ingwyfin nhdn hay di kfim vdi nhung yeu to tinh thvrc huu, cdi nhgn thftc dftng, ehinh xde khdng
ithdi gin gui kilu ai biet ai hay,...
sai chpch vdi thvrc te la nhu vdy. Nhu vOy, cdc
Quan sdt cdc vi dy:
nhdn to quan t^ng nhat trong cdch dui^ ndy
(13) Ta cd a giang hd, cdnh vui me Ddng Id; a) cdi trgng thdi nhgn thftc ban ddu chua
Nam diu no trdi Chdng biit dy nhihig niii biet, chua rd ho|c sai llm cua chft tbl tinh thdi;
\hang ndo md ben trd ra trudc mdt. Sao xua b) cdi tinh hudng hodn canh nhu Id nhan tl gay
\khdng md nay cd vgy? [2] (= Ta ldn Ifin d cdi tdc dOng biin doi nhan thftc, nhd nd md anh ta
i giang ho, Cdnh dpp tuoi mfi Ddng Nam deu da biet ra, nhdnfliyera dugctimhhinh thvrc hftu,
qua dft khip cd. Ching bilt nhihig niii non nao xac thvic vdi it nhilu bat ngd. 6 ddy chii thi
[ind lgi tro thing ra ngay tnrdc mdt. Sao xua tmh thai ddng thdi ciing la chu thfi nhan thftc
I khdng cd md nay lai ed vay?).
tilp nhan xft li thdng tin vl thi gidi, chft thi
(14) Nhu Lang hg Kim qp Id hoa Kim Tien cua trang thai tam If cdm xuc nhung khdng
jv^, nuang tu hg Thgch dy Id c^v Thgch L\eu nhit thiit phditiftnghgp vdi ngudi ndi. Quan
^dy [' • J chdng ng& goc tham bin fury bien ddi
sdt mOt s6 vi dy:
duang dy [2, 123] (= Nhu Lang hg Kun ly la
(16) H^g s&m budc ra, chung trong mdy

(boa Kim Tiln v^y, nuong tft hg Thgch ly Id mil th^ cd ngpc xe bdu rudi tren khdng md
jcSy Thach Lvm vdy [...] khdng ngd glc hoa liru Ldi cd xe ngpc mgt cd n^a xe theo hdu


22

N G 6 N NGff & Ddi S 6 N G

c i « ^ fon Theo mdt ben ddm trdm bhi thua
thdy la nguai Duang Tram [2,231] (= Theo 1?
thu5ng, sang sdm bu6c ra, 6 trong mdy mu
tr6ng thay ca nape xe bdu moi ma 16n trSn
kh6ng trung. Tiep nGa, c6 m^t co xe ngpc,
ngua xe theo hilu cung s6n sang. (Chdng) di
theo mot ben nhin trom tlii ra la thay d^y
mhih, 14 thdy Duong Tram).
(17) Thdn gd dd xa, ngdy lgi loi den Xdy
vdng mat xem ve ben nam Ihdy lua sang nhdp
nhodng,ldp rdo din ddy ben nhd tranh vdi
gian, bin bi rang trdc sum bdy [2, 399] (=
Th6n go dd xa md trfn I^ t6i den. Oaifi dua
mdt nhm v^ phia nam, thiy dnh lua sdng nhap
nhodng, vpi rdo buoc d ^ day, thi ra m ^ gian
nha tranh bin b^ rdng tnic sum bdy).
(18) Ma quyen xem day, dSu gidy trdng td
khdng. Chin cd bin cha L i Dirtmg Thi t$p,
thdm thdp lo^ muc,... m&i bih ngudi cudi la dy
ben Id liSn sinh ho Thdi, md hdi thua chon dy,
ben la md quan gido thn hp Phil ciing ndng
phu nhdn [2, 408] (= Met quyen ra xem thi deu

Id giiy trdng, to khong (chil). Chl c6 b6n chft
Ld Dudng Thi tdp, thim thap \oi m\ic,... m6i
biet nguM cuOi la ay hod ra Id tidn smh ho
Thdi, md hoi cdi ch6n co phlin mO iy, thi ra Id
mp cila quan gido thu ho Phi cimg ndng phu
nhdn vdy.

So 2 (244)-201<

dang luu y trong tinh hu6ng giao tiip o) g
ndy.
d ddy khong co syr v$n dOng biin dii tam
ti?ng thdi nh$n th6c, thdng tm dupc
iiani
d ^ g nhit Id c6 sdn trong nhin thiic ciia Si
thi tinh thdi, t h | m chl c6 thi la c6 sdn cd trong
n h ^ thiic ciia ngufri nghe. Diiu quan fipng Ii
a cho: do phdi Id diiu quan trpng ddng luu i
(chdng hjn, quan trpng doi vdi vi$c xem xji
hinh thdnh thdi dp, quan diim, ^ kiin; dii vdi
vi$c xdc lap 16 - gich ciia cdc s^r ki$n; doi i*
hdnh dOng ilng_ xii,...). Quan sdt mOt vdi vi de
(19) Lgi din mpt chdn di rdng Nho IIA
chi mdn. Deu do ddi dai rpng cdng chdng km
ngdn ngudi. D-ong cd hai ngudi ddi mi xmh
do the. Nguai Duang Trgm chi bdo nguai JS
Hurdng: "Ay bin ngudi a triiu Hid nguai Ti
Hiin Thdnh d triiu Trdn Id nguai Chu VSn An
v(!v,..."(2, 236](=LaidinmOtnoibiina5H
Nho thdn chi mdn. (Ai niy) deu do ddi iii

rpng cflng chdng kdm nghta nguoi. Trong H
c6 hai ngu6i mdc do the dpi mii xanh, ong
Duomg Tr^ira chi hp md bdo vdi Tii Hu rSng;
"D6 chinh Id 6ng T6 Hiin Thdnh ngudi trieu
h vd 5ng Chu Vdn An ngudi liiiu Tiii dSj

Ngft canh tr&i cho thiy rit r6, kh6ng hi c4
Sf vjn dOng biin d6i trong nhpi thiic ciia chil
7. Phdt ttien i^ng ra, cdc nhdn t6 vh su bien the ttnh ttidi: Ngudi ndi v i n biit rkt rS th6ig
d6i ciia trang thdi nhan thiic, Unh tuong tdc tm ve doi tugng. Song doi tupng dupc di c|i
nhan qud ttong phdt trien nhan thiic khong con d day cd diiu d5c b i ^ ddnh dupc sv quan t i
nOa, ben b d thdnh m§t y & 1& nhan m ^ tinh tdch bi?t ra khdi khoi dong ngudi. Cdi thong
chfah xdc, khong co s\r cdch bift sai ch$ch ciia tin dupc ngudi ndi dem ra de ding nhat chinli
su d6ng nhit hay ddnh g i i 0 ddy, theo cdch xdc vd neu bat (iy Id 6ng To Hi&l Thdnh vi
gidi thuyet cua chiing tdi, c6 the phdn ra miy dng Chu Vdn An chii khdng phdi ai kl*
khong ddng luu y) chinh Id thong tin rit cd f
trutog h^pnhd:
nghia voi ngudi nghe - v i n Id mOt nho sinh
_ 7a) Sft dpng tiong cdc boi cdnh don thuan dang theo du6i dudng thi cii quan Ip nhing
dong nhat d6i tupng ben c6 y nghia tuong tu con thieu s\t rtn giua tdm tinh nhdn cdch d m}(
nhu 'chinh, chmh Id' hi$n nay. Dien gidi cu so m^t n&i chua dupc tidi cho thdnh d^tvi
the hon: d6i tmjng dang dupc nii d^n, dang dang dupc thiy day minh (ngudi ndi) khuySt
ndm tiong tiSu diim quan tdm (dupc nSu trong nhii khuyin khich cho tu r4n thSm.
phan thuyet hojc dupc ngdm hiiu tiong ngO
(20) Nguai TH rdng min ben Id ke sT a il
cdnh trudc) chinh Id cdi d6/ngu6i do chii huyen Tdng San, mdt budm gid mdt thuyint
khang phdi Id ai, la cdi ^ khdc; vd, d6 Id dieu budng ludng chdn giang ho, mdc ldng thilU'i,


sl 2 (244)-2016

NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG

23

hd biet chdn dy cdphii tia dd thanh [2,208] = duang ndo lugn quyit? Vua Diim vuang
[Chang Tft Thftc rdng, tdi ddy chinh Id kfi sT d rdng: (...) dy bin ngugc die chdng hcry no, tiiy
m noi huyOn Tln^ Son, mOt budm gid mOt nui dao cdy guam nu&c dong dui sdt chua
thuyen Id budng tudng chon giang hi, chin d thong ldm da [2. 369] = ^ n nhu phd ca mo
ta^ thich md ddu biet chon nay cd phu tia do md ngu6i ddi xua, phd bd cd phfip tdc hg hdng
flianh).
ruOt tiiit, tfai lu|n quyet tiie ndo? Vua Difim
Cau ndi trfin Id ldi i^udi ndi, chang Tft vuong ring: (...) dd thyc diing la ngugc dft
Thftc, ty gidi IhiOu vdi ngudi khdc ve ban flidn khdi^ biet gidi hgn, cho dft la nui dao, c ^
minh. Cai thdng tin duge anh ta nfiu bgt dl guom, nude ddng, diii sit (md trimg phgt) thi
ding nhit nhan diOn vd tdc dOng din ngudi cung chua tdi mftc la du dugc.
nghe la khia cgnh (minh) chinh Id kfi In s^
Diing theo nghia ndy ben cd thi xuit hiOn
phieu bgt tiing ngao du thdng bilt canh vgt trong nhiing phdt ngdn daflianhmang tinh phii
khdp noi chft khdng phai Id ai dd khdc khdng dinh tranh biOn hay dli thogi hod tft bfin trong.
cd d|c tinh ly. Dieu ndy Id rlt quan trgng ddng Ngudi ndi phft nhan quan dilm dli lOp ciia
chft -^ dl gidi thich cdi nilm tin cua Tft Thftc ngudi khdc vd bdo vO quan dilm cOa minh.
rdng, noi ddy chdc chdn phdi Id mOt chon qua Khi dd bin cd flil di sau ylu tl phft dinh ndm
ddc biOt "tifin sa xuong, diu thin ddi lgi". Dd trong tim tdc dOng tryc tilp cfta phft djnh sifiu
cung Id dilu can luu ^ dl thiy sy tdc dOng cua ngdn ngft. Vi dy:
ngudi ndi den ngudi nghe: Tft Thftc chd dgi
(23) Bdng ngudi chung ndi chdng ben phd
ngudi nghe mdch bdo, gidi thich cho minh tneang qua ldm? Nghe d^ khien ngudi ta mat
dugc tudng tan.
th?n md ldng hd [2, 272] = (Nhu ngucri ndi thi

(^21) May ben lake a nhd ta nudi ndng mpt chdng phdi thyc dtog Id phd truong qua ldm?
chdng Io thu:a m$c trd an tiin nhdn vdy ru [2,Nghe nhung ldi ay khien ngudi ta m|t th?n md
50] = (may chinh la kfi d nhd ta nudi ning, trgn ldng hi).
ching Io nghi ^ ma trd ontifinnhan vOy u?).
(24) Chiing sinh ta ngua xem mgi phuang
Ddy Id ldi bd chu nhd ndi vdi kfi d nhd trdi, meang vi dd nhiiu ngdy, thua trdn^
minh. Cdi thdng tin dugc neu bat (may) ehinh chung but thiit v^. NcQ^ V(fv qudi gd diu day
Id kfi d, kfi chiu on nghia nha ta nudi nang chft de^ dpng ddn binh hgi din sdu gidng nudi Byt
khdng phM Id ai do binhfliudngkhdi^ mang chin ndng ngdi v^ xam chdng ben hiin lanh
d|c tiimg ly, d day, r5 rdng cd y ngbia quan qud thgm vdy di [2, 291] (= Chiing sinh ta
trpng trong vific ngudi ndi tdc dOng kfch thich ngudc nhin moi phirong trdi quy y da nhifiu
din ^ thftc dao nghia d dli tugng, kfiu ggi anh n^y, noi niem trdng mong but tha fliilt vay.
ta hdnh dOng (giup chu nhd ditimching).
Nay ma qudi ciing biing phdt ldm xdo dOng
7b) Sft dung trong ngft cdnh gdn vdi cac ddn thudng gdy tdc hgi din sau giong vOt (ma)
ylu tl mang tinh kit ludn ddnh gid, bin ed gid Byt vin cft ldng I§ng vay ngdi xem thi chdng
tri tuong duong vdi nhftng ylu tl tmh thdi phdi thyc diing Id hiln Idnh qua dO vgy thay.
kieu 'thyc la, thuc diing la, thyc rd Id' nhan
7c) Sft dyi^ trong ngft cdnh din nh|^ thdnh
mgnh nifim tin cda ngudi ndi vdo tinh xdc phin gidi thich, chft gidi sifiu ngdn ngu
ddng, cd eo sd ddi vdi ddnh gid: xuit phdt tft (thudng Id thanh phan dong vj xet ve m|t cu
nhimg ^ dd ndi, da bilt thifliycId, thyc rd Id phdp) ben ed gid t4 nhu 'tftc. tftc Id, cimg
nhu thi, nhftng ddc thih ddnh gid dd bilu hiOn chinh Id' trong tifing ViOt hiOn dgi. 6 day
d mftc dO cao, khdng the nghi khde, danh gid ngudi ndi ddng vai trd Id chft thi ciia hdnh
khdc. Quan sat vi dy:
dOng chu gidi sifiu ngdn ngi^, tdc dOng, difiu
(22) Din chimg phd md ndm ngudi ddi chhJitichcyc doi vdi each xft U sy kiOn ngdn
xua, mdt chung ddng ddt ding ldng dg, lgi ngft eua ngudi nghe trong giao tiep. Cd thfi

24

NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG

Sfi 2 (244)-2016

Vipc mieu td ngft phdp Vipt trong mjl
diln gidi dgi di: Cdi diiu toi neu sau day Id
mpt ten gpi khdc hay mOt phuong di^n khia trgng thdi dong dai lich sft cin cd nhihig dii
c?nh khdc cua cdi da neu, tdi ndi ra la di true mdi mgnh mS vi phucmg phdp, thft ph^ vt
tiip gidi thich th6m tao diiu kifn thu4n lpi djnh hudng phdn tich vd siSu ngon ngU
cho anh trong tri gidc xCr li thong tin ldi ndi. Chinh irSn co sd do, cdc nghien cftu ngii
phdp lich sft s6 tiip cin dupc sdu sdc vd diy
Quan sdt cdc vi dy:
(25) Ndo hay thien van cudi rdng len lien.^du hon h^ thong ngft plidp cila cjud khft, mo
Con Id Phiing An ndi quyin tdn cha hieu bd ra nhiing ddng gdp nhieu chigu hon clio
me bin cdi nay [4, 152] = ( Ndo hay tiliSn nhiing luih v\rc Ichdc nhau, tft nghiSn cfin
van, (vua cha) cudi rdng 16n tien, con Id ngft phdp theo lich dai xuydn trang liiii,
Phiing An ISn noi quyin, tdn cha minh danh nghien cliu cdc quy ludt v ^ dpng cila ngliia,
cila ngft phdp hod, cho din nghien ciru v&
hi$u Bo - M? (tiic Cai).
Vi du vfta neu cho thiy rit ro: Yiu ti hod ngdn ngft, giai thuyet vdn bdn,timhife
dupc chii gidi, gidi thich Id tft 'mp', yiu ti svr hinh thdnh phdt trien cfta ngon ngft vfc
dupc gidi thich, dupc chii gidi vd id thdnh hpc,...
phin ding vj vdi nd Id tft 'cdi' (xm lien hp
Khdo nglli$m ve tft ben cfta chung tdi tr&i
them vdi 'Bo Cdi d^ vuong*).
ddy c6 ging di sdu theo djnh hudng ay.
(26) Mdt ngdy thiep len chai chdn Ve
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO

Linh ben chon cu dng Phu Ddng Thiin
1. A. De Rohdes (1991), Tw tiin Vi(l •
Vuang bay lin trdi [2, 403] = (MOt hdm, B6 - La, Roma 1651 (Thanh Lang, Hoibg
thiip du choi viing V$ Linh, tiic chin md Xudn Vipt, Do Quang Chinh phign djcil,
ngdy xua ong Phu Ddng Thien Vuong bay NXB KHXH, 1991).
Ita trdi).
2. Vuong Lpc (2002), Ti diin li d,
8. De kit thuc bdi viet, xin cd mOt vdi ldi NXB. Dd Ndng. Trung tam Tft diin hpc Hi
kit ludn:
Npi-Dd Ndng.
Trd len, chftng tdi dd phdn tich, mieu td
3. N.V. Xtankevitch, Vdi nhgn xit -it
cdc cdch dimg cua tft bin trong mpt phdn cdc hu ti tiing Viit Ihi ki XVI (bdntiliodo
doan lich sft cu thi. Cdc nhdn ti ngii dung tdc gid cung cip, chua rd cdn cdng bo i
hpc, trong mpt each quan ni$m li thuyet - ddu).
quan lupm cfta mOt s6 nhd tin hipu hpc, logic
N G U 6 N NGf LIEU
triet hpc vd nhiiu nhd ngdn ngft hpc hi$n
1. Phdt Ihuyil dgi bdo phit mdu dn Irgns
dgi, von Id m^t chiiu, mpt binh di^n quan hinh. In trong: Hodng Thi Ngp, ChO Ndm vi
trpng ciia ngdn ngft, dupc md hod vdo neon tieng Vi$t qua bdn gidi dm Phdttiiuyitdj
ngft, ddc bi?t Id vdo cdc yiu to cua hp thong bao phu miu an trpng kinh, NXB. KHXH
ngft phap (cdc hu tft, trdt tvt tu, cdc yeu ts HdNOi, 1999
ddnh gid tinh thdi cua nd) d nhiing tang bdc
2. Truyin Id mgn liic gidi dm, ban do
ndng sdu khdc nliau, ddp ling nhiing nhu ciu Nguyin Quang Hing phien dm vd chu giE
khdc nhau cila td chftc phdt ngdn, ti chftc
3. Di vdn chia Ddu. Nhdm bien sopi
dien ngdn phyc vu cho tuong tdc lien nhan.
Nguyin Quang Hing, Ld Mmh Hdng, Ciugj

Chiing gdp phan quy dinh cdch diing cila su
VSn
Lupc, Nguyin Td Nhi (Nguyin QmH
kien ngft phdp, ldm n6n "linh hin cua phdt
ngdn"tiieocdch ndi cua Ch. Bally, gdp phin Hing chi biSn), NxB. KHXH Hd Npi, 199?; j
4. Thien nam ngi life, bdn do Nguyl
vdo nhihig gid tri lich sft vdn hod dan t^c cia
ngdn ngft, hay cua mpt trgng tiidi ddng dai Thj Ldm khdo ciiu phito dm chi gidi, NXB.
Vdn hpc, Trung tdm vdn hod - ngdn ni,
lich sft cua ngdn ngii.
Dfing Tdy, (khdng di ndm xuit bdn).
*