Bàn về chức năng và ý nghĩa của 可 và 了 trong cấu trúc biểu thị mức độ “可+X+了”
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N G 6 N N G f & Bfn S 6 N G
Sil0(240)-201S
BAN V E CHfC NANG VA t NGHIA CUA RT vA 7
TRONG CAU TRUC BIEU THJ MU"C DQ " nf+X+T "
ON THE FUNCnON AND MEANING OF RT AND 7
IN THE STRUCTURE DEMONSTRATING THE DEGREE OF " ^r-^X•^ 7 "
TRpjH THANH H A
(TS; Bgi hpc Ngogi ngtt, BHQG Hd Nfi)
Abstract: Structure showing "Rr-t-X-t-7" is commonly used In modem Cantonses. However,
whether Rl has ftoction of showing degree or not, and If yes, how RT shows degree, what
grammatical role of 7 in the structure, what Is its meanuig In the structure and so on. Academics
have told different opinions so far. Studying the function and meaning of RT and 7 in the
structure showing degree "Rr-t-X+7" does not merely help determining its semantics, but also
contributing to teachmg modem Cantonese.
Key words: adverb; degree; subjective; mtonation.
1. Tfr logi cua RT
Cdc hpc gid cd nhtog quan dilm khdc
nhau dii vdi vifc cd hay bilu thj mdc df cao
cia RT. Ld Thic Tuong (1980) vd Tmong Bto
(2001) diu cho ring, W chl Id phd tii chl ngft
khi, khdng phdi Id phd td chl mdc df. Duong
Huf Phto (1993) hoto toto phi djnh chdc
ntog bilu thj muc df cia RT, "cd ngudi cho
rdng, RT bilu thj mdc df. Thyc ra day Id mft
sy nhim lan. RT khdng phdi Id phd td chl mic
df, Idm sao cd thl cd chdc ntog bilu thj mic
df cao dupc chd?" Truong Nghj Sinh (2000a)
cftng khdng dua RT vdo danh sdch phd td chi
radc df. Nhung "Gidi tiilch vl hu td trong
tilng Hto Mfn dgi" (1986) cd chl rd, R[ dtog
ttong cau cdm flito, dpc nhin mgnh, nhan
mgnh mic df cao, cd lie cd y nghTa khoa
tmong. Trong phan phy lyc 6 cia "Td diln
nhtog tii khd" (1999) cd dua ra "Btog phto
cip mic df cia ti'nh tu", trong dd, Rl
7
dupc lift ke vdo cip cao nhit, vd cd kim theo
chi thich "smh dfng, khoa tmong". Cdc tic
gid khdc nhu Tmong Tuylt Binh (2005), U
Hilu Anh (2006) vd Tutog Hifp Chiing
(2008) cung cho ring, ndn quy W vdo ph6 ll
chl mic df.
Chtog tdi cho ring, trong tilng Hdn hi^
dgi, ngodi chdc ntog co bto Id bilu thj nh^
mgnh mft cdch chd quan ra, Rl cdn cd chile
ntog bilu thj mic df cao, mic df cda n6
tuong duong vdi cip df cao, thutog hay dimg
trong cdu cdm thto, ndm tmdc vj td ho$c cvm
vj td mang ^ nghTa mdc df vd djnh lupng.
Ngtt nghia cda nd tuong duong vdi phd td phil
djnh fi vd # ^ . Do vgy, ching tdi chi tiuong
dua td chl mdc df cao RT vdo logi phd td chi
mdc df chd quan. Thd so sdnh:
A : (1 ) W i a i B , ^-^RFSiXJLStKT.
(3) i?Rr*(ifi:7 , Sife5e-a-4.
( 4) S»S3KW , RTJUSSW.
B: ( 5 ) @@ , SSittM^t-ft Rrffii£7.
NG6N NGC & Bin
^W/^7.
( 7 ) Bf^ ,
-^mvt-6^timm^n^7
( 8 ) ^ W ! f t RTSWff]® , n ^ ^ F T * HIS 7
RF hong cdc vj dy nhdm A bieu thj ngtt khi
nhin mgnh, khdng bleu thj mdc df: (I) RT bilu
tfij chuyfn " f t i S 5 t K 7 " , chd khdng md td
mdc df cda "fiiX5ctt7"; (2) RT nhin mgnh
hdnh vl "fi"; (3) "of" bilu tiij ti'nh chit sy vft
Id " * f l S : 7 " ; (4) "RT" nhin mgnh dfc dilm
nhto vft Id "KWW" (Rl day phii dpc nh?).
RT trong cdc vl dy d nhdm A cd till kit hpp:
vdi dfng td thudng (Rift 7 ) ; vdl cym gidi td
vd tto ngtt (R[fti&JL5c); vdi phd td chl mdc
df A (RF*
vl dy d nhdm A Id ngft khi td, khdng phdi phd
tft chl mdc df.
RT trong cdc vl dy d nhdm B bilu thj mdc
df: cfla »llg, 'ifl, S J & » vd SftCl. Ngodi
ra, nhtog thdnh phin cd thl kit hpp vdl RT chl
cd till Id tinh td vd dfng td chl tdm 11, nd
fliutag khdng till kit hpp vdi cde tiitah phin
khdc. Sau Rf cftng khdng thl thdm vdo cdc phd
td chl mdc df hof c phd tft khdc. Nlu nhu ndi
ling, RT d ddy cung Id phd td chl ngft khi, flil
chtog ta cdfliemcdc dfng tft khdc ngodi dfng
td tdm 11 ra cung deu khdng toh hutog din ^
nghia vin cd cda cdu. VI dy;
( 9a ) J i B I # * 7 ^ ( 9b )i*i5r*7
Ching til dii dfng td Bj& trong vl dy (9a)
flitoh dfng td chi htoh dfng M, y nghTa c i i .
S6NG
85
cau dd cd sy thay dii. Trong vf dy (9a), Rl
bilu tiij mdc df, cdn vf dy (9b), Rl dd mit dl
nit nghia bilu thj mic df. Thd so stoh;
A( 10 ) M R r i f 7 . B( 12 )jlfi*Sf7
C 11 ) / M B r | g D f l 7 . ( 13 ) / M « 8
l!l!7.
Cdc vl dy d nhdm A vd nhdm B diu Id cdu
cdmtfidn.Vl dii tiipng cd thl kit hpp vdi Rj,
vl CO bto ding nhat vdl phd td chl mdc df ;*;
V.V., chd yeu ddng dl tu sdc tinh td chl tfnh
chit vd dfng tu chl tam 11. RT vd A trong cdc
vl dy tren diu phdi dpc nhin mgnh.Vl mft ngft
nghTa, Rl vd ^ deu bilu Uij mdc df cao.
Chtag ta cd till dtog A thay cho Rl mi y
nghia ban diu cda cdu khdng he cd sy thay dii
ndo.
Ngodi ra, RT vdl tu cdch Id phd tir chl mic
df, tiong phuong ngft cda tilng Hto hifn dgl
xuit hifn khdng It vi dy, dfc bift Id tiong mft
si phuong ngft d mft si vdng miln Bdc Tmng
Bf cda Tmng Quoc. Vf dy; tiong phuong ngft
Ddng Bdc, cd phd td chf mdc df Rl; trong
phuang ngft d khu vyc Hd Nam cung cd phd
tit chf mdc df Rl (Traong Tuylt Binh, 2005,
ti-. 69). Theo Tmong Tuylt Binh , cdch dtog
vdi tu cdch phd td chl mdc df cda Rl bit diu
xuit hifn td sau thdi Chiln Quic, vd phdt triln
vdo tiidl Dutag Ting. Trong tilng Hto hifn
dgl, ngudi ta thutog chl chi ^ din nit nghia
bilu thj ngtt khi nhin mgnh chi quan, md
khdng chi y din nit nghTa bilu thj mdc df cao
cda nd. Thyc ra, hai nit nghTa ndy cda RT tuy
cd phto bift chi thu nhung vin tin tgi ctog
nhau. Ddy deu Id sto pham cia qud trinh ngft
phdp hda ngupc chllu. Chlnl^ vl sy xuit hifn
cda hifn tupngtiluhpp nghTa vd thay dii nghia
giup cho RT bieu thj mdc df cao.
2. NghTa cua "nf
NGON NGC & B(Sl S 6 N G
86
Tu tmdc din nay, cdc nghidn eta chd ylu
tgp tmng vdo Rl vdi chdc ntog Id phd td chl
ngtt khi vd trp dfng td, cdn vl vin de ngtt
nghia cia RT vdi tu cdch la phd td chl mdc df
cdn It dupc quan tdm. Cau hdi dft ra Id, RF vdi
tu each Id phd td chl mdc dp rit cufc bilu thj
mic df nhu the ndo, sdc thdi tinh cdm cda nd
Id gl? Dudi ddy, ching tdi s5 tiln hdnh tlm
hilu phto tich van dl ndy bdng cdch so stoh
vdi cdc phd tft chl mdc df ®, ^ .
2.1. Mttc dp cua W
Thd so sdnh;
( 14 ) -teASffo ; ( 15 )
S6 10 (240)-2015
cdn nhin mgnh tinh chto thyc cia sy ddnh gid
ndo do, bleu thj ngft khi khoa tmong.
2.2.Tlnh chu quan cda W
Tinh chi quan, theo Thim Gia Huyfn
(2001); "Trong khi ngudi ndi ndi ra mft dogn
ldi ndi, hp till hifn rd lgp tirutog, tiidl df vd
thih cdm cda minh dii vdl dogn ldi ndi dd, td
dd dl lgi diu in cda minh trong ldi ndi, dd
chinh Id 'thih chd quan' (subjectivity) cda
ngdn ngtt".
Nhu tiBn dd phto tich RF bilu flij mdc df
cao. Nhung mdc dp ndy lit cufc Id cao nhu
the ndo? Mdc df ndy mang tinh cfng ding hay
mang tinh chd quan? Thd so stoh:
( 19 )
ft'h^fiH.
; ( 20 ) ft'h^-Wft
a. ;(2l)«'^?R^B7.
Trong vf dy (19) vd (20), bilu flij sy raf ti
thj mdc df cao; ^^tt$- bilu thj mic df cdn
khdch quan cda ngudi ndi vdi "ffe^^", mang
cao hon cd Sff; WSf 7 bilu thj mdc df cao
tinh cfng ding, tiic Id "fiiS", " # ® B " Id cSn
hon mdc df cia fijf, dutog nhu khdng kim
cd vdo tifu chuin md dgi da si mpl ngudi
hon mftc df md If ^ 0 bilu tiij. Thd so stoh: cdng nhto de phto doto. Vf dy (21) lgi khdc,
"RriS7" cho di Id nhfing ngudi cd bii cdnh
17 )
mdc df cao, cd dilu mdc df cda Rl thip hon cufc cao bao nhidu, nhung "i&H" thl cd ttil
khing djnh dupc. Thyc ra," R I S 7 " trudc ti&i
mdc df md :*; bilu thj mft chit. Trong vl dy
Id mang ngtt khi khing djnh cia ngudi ndi,
(17), mdc df cua KW khdng bing mdc df
bilu thj sy thft Id "anh iy thyc sy lit cao".
cda SH^ti-ongvl dy (18). Rl bilu tiij mdc df
Thd hai, " RTB 7 " bilu flij ngft khi khoa
cao, tuong duong vdi S , # f t , A bilu thj
truong, ci y phdng dgl mdc df cia M. Ching
mdc df rit cao. Dtog chd j Id, phd td chi
ta ctog chl cd thl dya vdo tidu chuin phdn
mdc df RT dupc phdt tiiln td phd td chl ngft
doto cda cd nhto dk phto doto mdc df cia it.
khi Rl vin cd ngft khf khoa tmong. Do vfy, Do vfy, "RriB7" mang flieo diu in cd nhSn
phd tii chf mdc df Rl ctog cd ngft khf khoa cda ngudi ndi, bilu thj mft Ifp tmdng, quan
tmong, vd dl lgi an tupng sdu sdc cho ngudi diem vdflididf v.v. ndo dd cda ngudi ndi. Phf
nghe. Ngodi ra, phd tii chl mdc df Rl cdn bilu td chl mic df RT ddng dl bilu flij ngft khi
flij y nghia "qud ding nhu vfy". V nghia co nhin mgnh cda ngudi ndi, trong ldc bilu flij
bto cia RT, ngodi;? nghia bidu thj mic dp ra. ngtt khitillnd ctog till hito tinhtiidichd quan
SoiP (240-2015
87
N G 6 N N G C & Bin S 6 N G
cda ngudi nil. Tinh flidl Id tiidto phin ndm
ngodi mfnh dl cdu, cung Id thdnh phan mang
tinh phi sy thyc tiong cdu, Id hifn tupng ngfS
phdp hda cda thdi df chd quan cua ngudi ndi,
vd cung Id thai df quan dilm cfla ngudi ndi dii
vdi mfnh dl vd ngft etoh cfla cdu. Do dd cd
till ndi, "ngft khf vd "tinhtfidl"Id hai mft cua
mft vin dl; phd td chl ngtt khi RI vda thufc
vl phgm trd chd quan, vda thufc vl phgm tru
tinhtfldl.Phd tft chl ngtt khi Rl Id hlnh thdc
ngft phdp hftu hifu dl bilu thj tinh thdi chd
quan tiong tieng Hto, rit khdc so vdi sdc thdi
chd quan cda fi vd #f ^ .
2J. sic thai llnh cdm cda W
Thd so stoh: 22 )
re^7.
Xit tft gde df sictiidltinhcdm, vl dy (22)
vd vl dy (23) diu dua ra sy dtoh gid khdch
quan dii vdl ^ , khdng mang bit cd sic thdi
tinh cdm ndo. Vf dy (24) vd (25) thl khdc, hai
vl dy ndy deu mang sic thdi tinh cdm rd rft,
diu cd ngft khi nhin mgnh, thgm chl Id khoa
tmong.VI dy (25) sinh dfng, nhi nhtoh hon vl
dy (22) vd (23), RF d ddy cd ^ nghia thto mft,
khi khoa tmong, cdm thto vd cd ^ nghia tinh
cdm thto mat, hdi Idng v.v.
T trong ciu trie " RF-f-X+T"
Xit vl dy:
( 28 ) ' M * » 3 U i 7 .
( 29 ) S ? 1 5 J ± « W » « X .
7 ttong hai vl dy ttdn khdng phdi Id tip
td dfng tiidi (khdng bilu thj sy phdt sinh hay
hoto flitoh cia dfng tdc hdnh vi) md chl cd
khi ntog Idtiptiingtt khi. fl ddy, vin de dft
ra Id, lip td ngtt khi 7 gdn liln vdi cdu, hay
gdn liln vdl ciu trie " RF X": Nlu thufc vl ed
cdu till cd till lupc bd.
So sdnh:
( 30 ) ffi«6:JiSRFaK7. ; ( 31 ) <6
MAflSS RFSK. ; ( 32 ) fiMSflBSHa
K7. ;(33)ffi«*fl8Slf^a^7.
Trong vl dy (31), nlu bd 7 , cdu khdng cdn
hpp If nfta. Trong vl dy (32) vd (33), neu tiiay
ciu trie bilu thj mic df " R F 3 S ^ 7 " bdng
doto ngtt bilu thj mic dp khdc, cdu sd khdng
hpp If. Nhu vfy, cd thl ndi, tip td ngtt khi 7
thufc ve ciu trdc " RF X". Ngft khi md nd bilu
thj Id ngft khi cia "RF X" chd khdng phdi Id
cdm thto. Cd lie RF cdn mang y nghia "ldm
ngft khi cia cd cdu. Hon nfta, doto ngft " RF X"
nftng", vf dy:
phdi cho them tip tft ngft khi 7 mdl cd thl sd
( 26 )[S;Z5P»iI»9? S B x a f t * !
dyng dupc, nlu khdng thl khdng phfl hpp vdl
( 27 ) a i i I ^ * [ * T !
Trong cdc vf dy ttdn, " RFSSIH SS" vd " RiS quy tic ngft phdp, nhu vl dy (31).
Vfy thi,tiptft ngft khi gdn lien vdl ciu trie
TMS'7" deu cd y nghia tdm nftng. Chfnh vl
bilu thj mdc df " RF X" bilu thj logi ngft khi
vfy, cd ngudi dua ra y kiln ring, tin suit con ndo? V nghia ngft khi cda nd Id logi ngft khi
gdi sd dyng RF nhieu hon tin suit con trai sd ndo trong si cdc quan dilm cda cdc hpc gid?
Thd so stoh;
dyng RF.
Tdm lgi, W khdng cd xu hutog nghia xiu
hay nghia tit mft cdch rd rft, chl mang ngft
34 )
ffi4^#7.
(36)ttJi»RF*7.
; ( 35 ) g M * A 7 . ;
N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G
Trg td ngft khi 7 tiong vl dy (34) bilu thj
sy thay dii hodc hoto thdnh. Trp tft ngft khf 7
tiong vf dy (35) bilu thj sy xuit hifn cia mft
tinh hlnh mdi. So vdi vl dy (34), (35), 7 tiong
vl dy (36) cd sy khdc bift. Trp tft ngft khi 7
trong vl dy (36) khdng bilu thj sy thay dil,
hoto thdnh hay sy xuit hifn cda tinh hlnh mdi
md bieu thj ngft khi khoa tmong, cdm thto
v.v.... So stoh:
(37) ^lammti}.;
(38) ^Mnm
S6 10 (240)-2015
3. #««< BS;*(2006), (*5Ra
4. smn.. spđa (2006), II^"RF"
5.
gô!iô(i98o),
(giftađAH
6. J t ô t t ( 2001 ) , @H69±attW±
n. ; ( 39 ) ft5SaRF»7.
7. J t S t t ( 2001 ) , -SweS"*)!!*'*!
Vi dy (37) vd (38) chl Id md td khdch quan,
khdng ed flitoh phin khoa tmong hay cdm
" i a ^ b " . <*t.i5ôƠ^%wss (s^m^t
thdn, tiong khi dd, vl dy (39) Igi cd ngft khi
khoa tmong, cdm thto rit mgnh. Trong dd, 7 JR.S?J)> ^4ffl.
8. ? h « l * ( 2002 ) ,
nfta, tdc dyng khoa truong, cdm thto ndy cda
trp td ngft khi 7 khdng chl cd tdc dyng phdng
9. mm^ (1993), un"aS"mmsLs.
to md cdn cd tdc dyng thu nhd igi. VI dy:
(40 )'ib.i^mn^^^7
^
10. 5K a ( 1997 ) , <5Ri5i5a*>
(41 )m^mn»m{p7.
Trong vl dy (40), 7 phong to mdc df md
RF^ bao hdm. Trong vl dy (41), 7 lgi thu nhd
11. !K jffl('2ooi),
imK^m&m
mdc df md RFiJ> bao hdm.
12. 3Kitt ( 1996 ) , «fll69@J!!.S«llS
Tdm lgi, tuy 7 tiong RF+X-f 7 Id trp tft
ngtt khi, nhung y nghia ngtt khi cia nd khdc
vdi y nghia ngtt kh'l md ching ta bilt. Hifn
tirpng ndy dtog de ching ta luu y vd phto tich »5S> , » 4 M .
lgitipt i ngft khi 7 .
13. 5KiS4; ( 2000a ) , <5tft5Xi5BJa
TAI LIf U THAM KHAO
WSE> ^tttfiHStt
1. l«SKt ( 2001) , Siil!iJ^"Br",
14. * i t 4 ( 2000b ) , <51!ft?Xđfl
i5l> , *3?ôi3S;*:^tli)Stt
2. mWA
w ô 1 m.
m ^ ¥ ( 2008 ) , H i ^ " RF"
15.3K§T (2005), "ss-mmmMXR
