Yếu tố thiên nhiên trong ngôn ngữ Nhật Bản
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SillO41>.2015
NG6N NGC&D0IS6NG
75
Yiu TO THIEN NHIEN
TRONG NGON NGf NHAT BAN
THE NATURE IN THE FORMATION OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE
Lf; THJ KIM OANH
(ThS; D?i hpc Ngo»i ngtt, Dji hpc Di Ning)
Abstract: There is a mutual relationship between language and culture. Language is
considered as verlial expression of culture and culture is emerged m language. In Jqianese
language, thisrelationshipis seen through its high level expressive vocabularies which aimed to
describe the transformation of nature and the spritual harmony between human hemg and nature
shown m Japanese culture. This article offers some specific evidence about the role of nature, as
a cultural context of the Japanese language.
Key words: language; culture; Japanese language; Jqianese culture; cultural context
1. Nhit Bin li m^t quin dio Unh cinh cung
nim driaphia Qdng ctta lyc d)a Chiu A, tiong
dd bin ddo Honshu (231.131km^), Hokkaido
(83.457km^), Kyushu (42.191 km^) vi
Shikoku (18.792 km^) chilm phin ldn didn
tich cua ci nude. Bon hudng ctta Nh^ Bin
deu li biln. Phia Ddng li biln Thii Bbh
Duong; phia Bic li biln Okhotsk; phia Tiy li
biln Nhlt Bin; phia Nam li biln Ddng Tnmg
Hoa. Chtoh sy tdch bidt vdi lyc dja vi xung
quanh li biln di giiip qu6c gia niy tiinh dupc
n ^ ngo^i xim, cd nhilu dilu kidn thuin lpi dl
liit tnka mdt nln vin hda bin dia dpc ddo.
Dingtiifti,ylu tl ty nhien niy cung tic ddng
khdng it din chtt tnimg sin singtidptiiuvin
hda ngo^ lai vi biln dii vin hda dd theo
phong cich bin dja die tiimg ctta ngufti Nhit
Bin.
Cd till ndi,ftquic gia niy, vide chung sing
hda bhih vftitiiidnnhidn cdn id mdt kbit vpng
m?nh me. Dd cung li U do t^i sao cu din bin
dja l?i tdntiidtiiidnnhien nhu cic vi ttiin vi
cho ting fliin Imh hidn didn ft khip mpi noi.
Tin ngudngtiidtiiin.Thin d?o (Shinto-t* it),
di tift fliinh nln ting tim Unh ctta ngufti Nh«t
Bin. Dtt vin dung dudng cho cic tdn gido
ngoai lai nhu PMt giio, Thien chua giio
nhung ngufti Nhjt vln ludn diiA cho Thin
dao mdt vjti
khia canh ctta tttih cich din t^c cttng nhu cic
trilt li nhin sinh ctta hp. Dd li tu tudng I9C
quan, dl cao sy thanh khilt, f thttc cdng ding
vi tdn did tltidn,thin Imh.
Tinh thin niy dupc thl hi$n rd ndt ft cic
liiih vvic nghd thu^ md thl gidi thuftng hay
nhic din nhu m$t thuong h i ^ ciia Nh$t Bin.
Dd li Tri d?o (Sado -^M.) vi Hoa djo
(Dcebana - ^ ( t ? E ) . Okakura Kakuzo, trong
Tri fliu, di khing djnh ring 'Trilt 11 Tii
khdng ehi don thuin li chtt nghta duy ml,
theo cich hilu thdng thuftng cda thu$t ngtt
niy, bfti vl nd bilu hi$n trong mli kit hpp
d90 dttc hpc vi tdn gido toin bd cich nhln
ctta chttng ta vl con ngufti vi thien nhidn"
[4:191. Trilt 11 niy di khiln cho vi$c uing
tti von dupc xem nhu mdt thtt choi tao nhi
ft Trung Hoa 1^ trft tiiinh m$t ngh$ tiiuit
tupng tiimg cho chtt Thanh vi Hda, li ca sft
vin hda hlnh thinh ndn gii tri ctta x3 h|i
Nhit Bin. Tinh thin hda hpp gitta con ngufti
vi vu try dd cttng chinh li tinh thin ciia Hoa
d^o. Joseph Lapenta, cho bilt "Mdt trong
nhttng cii dpp cao ci nhit ctta ngh^ thuit
Ikebana li bilttiiuftngthtts sy biln dll, ra hoa
vi tin tta ctta ciy li. Vide stt dyng ciy hoa
tiong nghi ll vi cttng tl chinh li mdt ldi nhic
nhft thudng xuydn (K con ngufti nhft tdi nhip
sing vt d^i ctta ty nhidn vi nguin glc tdn giio
d xua cianghpfliu^"[2:188].
Z2. m v{fng ning Nhft vdi stf biin doi
cia thiin nhiin
76
N G 6 N NGg & Bfn S 6 N G
Chu truong sing hda hpp vi tdn tipng thidn
nhidn khiln ngufti Nhit Bin lit nh^y cim vfti
nhttng thay doi ctta thfti tilt Vol inh hudng
ciia vin hda phuong Tiv, ttt thoi Minh Tq
(1858), Nhit Bin bit dau dttng duong Uch
thay till cho am Uch. Tuy nhidn, tren tft Uch
ctta Nhit Bin cic sy kipn dinh diu sy giao
mtta nhu L|p xuin (Risshun-d)!l#), Xuin.
phin (Shunbun-#^), Thu phin (Shubun-ft
a-), Ddng chi (Toji-^S), Ha chi (Geshi-K
M) vin dupc ghi chu cin thin. Sy ti ml trong
vi^ mieu ti sy chuyen doi ctta thfti tilt nhu
ngufti Nhit cftn thl hipn ft cic ttt ngtt nhu
Harumelni ( # ^ ) , chi tilt trfti ctta nhttng ngiy
chuyin giao giita mtta ddng vi mfia xuin;
Haruasashi (#ffl H ) dupc dttng dl diln ti vl
mdt tilt tifti khdng cdn miu sic im d^im ctta
mtta ddng hay Shoshun ( ^ # ) cdm nhin vl
mtta xuin di din nhung chua rd ndt Ngoii ra,
tiongtiingNhit cd khoing 400tiJrdl midu ti
nhttng con mua (Ame-S) vi nhttng hinh inh
hay cim xiic cd lien quan din hipn tupng mua
roi. Dii vdi nhttng cu din glc ndng nghi^
nhu Nhit Bin hay Vipt Nam, nhttng con mua
xuin hay mua thu khdng chi don thuin li diu
hi$u cia sy biln chuyin ctta flifti tilt mi dd
cdn li nhttng in hup ctta thidn nhidn, ctta thin
Unh gii^ cho ciy cd tit tuoi, dim chii niy
ldc. Nhttng con mua dd cdn mang din eho hp
nhihig khao kbit ve nhiing ngiy miia, ngiy
tiiu ho^h. Cd thl ndi, ttt vide cim nhin tinh e
vl sy khic bidt ctta bin miia trong nim, ngufti
Nhit tift nen rit ti mi vi nh^y cdm trong vipc
thuftng dittc, phin bidt vi dit ten chotiingsy
chuyin djch ctta tiidi tilt
Do dd, vdi nhiing ngufti hpc tiing Nhit
tiiudc cdc quic gia Chiu A nhu Trung Quic,
Trilu Tidn hay Vi^t Nam, cd id khdng qui khd
dl hilu 'Tlaiusame" ( # f f i ) Id mua xuin,
"Akisame" 0iM) li mua fliu, "Murasame"
( t t S ) li mua ning h?t Tuy nhidn, nhttng
ngufti thudc vin hda, vin minh Au My c6 IS
sd khd cim nhin hit ^ nghia cda "Namida
S I 11 (241)-2015
Ame" (KH ) ndi vl nhttng con mua nio nl
dupc vi nhu gipt nude mit dau khi ctta con
ngufti hay "Yaiazu no Ame" (iS 6 •^S) S ) id
ttt chl nhfing con mua lim ning Idng ngudi ra
di. Nhiing con mua cftn dupc phin chia theo
difti khic tiong ngiy nhu mua ehilu ( Shigme
- ^M), hay theo thing nhu mua thing nim
(Samidare -^B ffi ), vi cttng khdng till bd
qua nhttng con mua phiin (Kirisame - SM),
mua lit phit (Nukaame-^S ), mua rdo
(Tooriame -3i <)ffl).Ngoii ra, sy min cdm
cao dp vl sy chuyin minh ctta thidn nhien cdn
till hidn qua cic ttt tupngtiianhGiseigo (StP
M) diln ti tiing mua roi. Ching h ^ nhu
chttng ta cd thl tim tiiiy im flianh Potsupotsun ctta tiing mua itri lie die, Potsu -potsu
ctta tiing mua ning bft, Shito-shito ctta tiing
mua dim hay Zaa-zaa ctta m$t con mua lio.
Ngoii ra, ttt tupng thanh cdn dupc stt dyng dl
mieu ti chi tilt tieng kdu ctta chim, edn tittng
vi nhttng hi$n tiipng fludn nhidn khic nhu
tuyltroi,gid thli v.v.
CUnh vi v$y, Helen Yeung, m|t hpc gii
Trung Quic khi nghidn ettu vl ngdn ngtt Nhit
di khing dinh ring "Cing di siu vio thl gidi
ctta tix tupng thanh, ta sd cing tiln gin tdi
ngdn ngtt giao tilp hing ngiy ctta ngufti Nh#
Bin vi cing hilu siu thdm vl ci con ngudi
Iln ngdn ngtt Nh§t Bin" [2:186 ].
2J. nnh yiu thiin nhiin trong Ihd
Haiku
Ngufti Nhit cdn thl hi$n sy gin bd vdi
thidn nhidn thdng qua cdc bdi tho Haiku
(fif *]). Tho Haiku li mdttillfliotiuyinttiing
dupc quy djnh bfti 3 quy uftc co bin. Dd li cd
17 im tilt chia theo quy tic 5-7-S, cd qu^ ngi
(Kigo-^g§) li ylu tl vl mtta, cd ttt ngit
(Kireji-tt)il#).
Dl tii tiong tho Haiku chtt ylu li ndi vl
thidn nhidn. Thidn nhidn dd tin^mg li nhttng
phong cinh binh dj nhu bdng hoa d^, bdng
tuylt diu miia, m$t cinh bulm, m ^ (^ ao vi
nhttng con vit nhd bd nhu m ^ con Ich, m?t
Silli241)-2015
NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG
77
con dd, mdt con chim rttng cttng vdi nhiing im
thanh cua thidn nhidn nhu tiing mua roi, tiing
li xio xjic, tiing ve keu,... Cdnh vit, im tiianh
tiongtiioHaikutiiudngkhien ngufti dpc nghl
din mdt khoinh khic ngin ngui ctta thvic tgi
ddd sing mi ttt dd cim nhin sy qu^ gii ctta
gliy phttt hidn tgi.
Thdi gian dupc mieu ti trong tho Haiku li
ttifti gian ctta vu ti^ ciia ty nhien hda quydn
vditiiftigian hogt ddng ciia con ngufti trong
tiidi dilm hidn tgi. Chinh vl viy, thfti gian dd
ludn gin liln vfti bin mtta: xuin, hg, tiiu,
ddng. YIU tl "miia" trft thdnh quan trpng
trong mpt bii tho Haiku vi thuftng xuit hidn
trong ciu diu hay m0t ciu ndo dd trong bdi.
M$t bii tho Haiku nlu khdng nhic tryc tilp
hay gidn tilp din cic mtta trong nim thi xem
nhu khdng dttng lu$t. Vide dl cip mdt logi ciy
gin vdi mpt miia cy thl li cich nhic din mtta
phi biln hon vipo dl c4p tiyc tilp. Kl ttt till ki
18, cdc nhi tho Haiku thuftng xuydn tham
khio cuin sich Haiku Saijiki
(#^W^tS.),
mpt cuin sich tidn quan din danh sich phin
logi vi giii thich vl quy ngtt, dim bio cic bii
flio dupc sing tic dttng luit djnh [2). NhQng
quy uftc nhit djnh vl Kigo ndy nhim gittp cic
nhi dio tilt ki$in dupc cic chtt dttng trong bdi
nhung vin ehuyin tii dupc tiidng tin vi ^
tudng sing tgo ctta minh mdt cich chinh xic
din vdi ngufti dpc. Ching hgn nhu khi ndi
din mtta xuin, thay vi ndi trvic tilp li "Biln
Xuin", 'Tring Xuin" hay "Gid Xuin"tillcd
thl chpn cich ndi giin tilp nhu dl cip din
hoa mo (Ume-tS ), hoa anh dio (Sakura-^,
hoa hii duftng (Tsubaki-*), hoa dio (Momo;gt), chhn oanh (Uguisu-SI), chun son ca
(Hibari-8#), con ^ ^ (Kawazu-M), con tim
(Kaiko-8), tuylt tan (Yukidoke-S*?!:)^), con
dilu (Tako-«), ngi* 14 chd (Chatsunii-3?«)
V V Ctt nhu till, ml' "n"^ ^ "d nhttng bilu
tumgtiiidnnhidn ctta ndnh.
tich ling (sabi), don so (wabi), u huyIn
(yugen); mim mgi (shiori), khinh tlranh
(kanimi) lit die trung ctta vin hda bdn d)a.
3.Kltlu|n
Cd thl ndi, tinh ydu vi sy tdn trpng dinh
cho thien nhidn di trft thinh mdt trilt li sing
cao dpp ctta ngufti Nli$t Bdn ttt hing ngin
nim nay. Hon thl ntta, thidn nhidn di trft
thinh mdt trong nhiJng nln tdng ctta tin
nguOng vi vin hda bdn dja. Hilu dupc dilu
niy, nhfing ngufti nude ngoii dang hpc tiing
Nhit vi tim hilu vin hda Nhit Bin sd cim
thiy dl ding II giii tgi sao trii qua rit nhilu
biln ddng ctta ljch stt cttng nhu ddn nhin
nhilu ylu tl mdi ctta vin hda ngoai lai, vin
hda truyin tiling Nh$t Bdn vln chilm m^t vj
tri quan trpng trong dfti sing xi h^i h i ^ dgi.
Mpt trong nhiing li do dd chinh li thii d$ sing
hda hpp, tdn trpng, yeu min thidn nhidn di trft
thinh mpt ndt die tnmg, mpt ylu tl xuydn
suot trong dfti song vin hda ctta ngufti Nhit
Bin.
Tho haiku chinh li mdt U hiftng tiiim mf
ctta ngufti Nhit Bing tiio Haiku, ngufti Nh$t
da gifti tiiilu vfti thl gidi tinh fliin dl cao cdi
• , 1978.
8. Khdo sdt vl sl ngudi nude ngoii dang
hpc tiing Nhit Quy giao luu tiln t$ quic ti
(Japan Foundation), 2006.
T A I up] THAM K H A O
1. Ngd HOu Hoing (2012), Vai trd cua vdn
hda vd kien Ihdc vdn hda nin Irong viec hinh
thdnh vd tiep nhdn diin ngdn, Tgp chf Khoa hpc
DHQGHN, Ngogi ngtt 28 (2012) 25-32.
2. Vu Hfhi Nghi (dich) - Lmi Ngpc Trinh
(hi$u dlnh) (2014), Vdn hda Nhdt Ban - TH vung
phong tuc, quan ni^m, Nxb Thl gidi .
3. Trln Ngpc ThSm (2013), NhOng vdn di
vdn hda hgc It lugn vd ting dyng, Nxb Vfin hda
Vlnnghd.
4. Okakura Kakuzo (2009), Trd thu. Nxb
Thl gidi.
5. Luke Piodromcu (1992), What culture?
Which culture? Crosscultural factors in
language learning, ELT Journal, Vol. 46/1/
OUP.
6. M. Saville-Troike (1986), The
ethnognq}hy of communication: An introductio
Basi Blackwell.
7. « s TE, BI 0011, m^^Mvm
