VIET NflM QtiOC Dm Bm^ TROHO TH&I BCY
THOfll TRflO Vfl Elin CP#T (TCf 1910 BEH 1954)
NGUYfeN VAN KHANH*

r\i6c day, trong cuo'n Vte^ Nam Quoc khuynh hiifing chinh tri va cac hoat dong
ddn ddng trong lich sie cdch mang nham phuc hdi td chiic va chong pha each
Viet Nam (Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2005) va mang cua cac dang vien VNQDD va cac
mot so^ bai viet khac in tren cac Tap chi dang phai chinh tri nay ke tii sau Khdi
Nghien ciCu lich sH va Lich si Bang, toi da nghia Yen Bai (2-1930) den ndm 1954.
trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh thanh, phat 1. Viet N a m Q u o c D a n D a n g s a u khofi
trien va vai tro cua to chiic Viet Nam Quoc n g h i a Yen Bai
dan dang (VNQDD) nhU la td chute chinh
a. Nhiing co' gdng phuc hdi td chdc Viet
tri tieu bieu nhat cua khuynh hut6ng each
mang tU san trong phong trao giai phong Nam Quoc ddn ddng
dan toe cl Viet Nam cho den nam 1930. Sau
Nhii chiing ta da biet, trong Dai hoi dai
KhSi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930), VNQDD ve cd bieu toan quo'c (thang 5-1929) tai lang Diic
ban da bi pha v6 va khong cdn ton tai v6i tii Hiep, Thudn Thanh, BSc Ninh, VNQDD chia
each mot dang chinh tri niJa. Tuy nhien, lam hai phai: mot phai diing d i u la Nguyen
tren thiic te mot so^ dang vien VNQDD con Thai Hpc chii tnidng gd'p nit tien hanh tong
sot lai (co ngiiPi 6 trong nufdc, co ngvicii trdn khdi nghia; mot phai, diing dau la Le HQu
chay ra nii6c ngoai) van tim each hoat dong Canh, Nguyen Xuan Huan cho rdng chvia
tr6 lai, thdm chi muo'n khoi phuc lai td nen td chiic khdi nghia vi liic liidng cua dang
chiic chinh tri nay. Nhifng tS^t ca nhiing co' con k6m, khdi nghia se thd^t bai. Cuoi ciing,
gdng cua ho deu chi la v6 vong, giong nhif chil tnidng cua phai khdi nghia da thing,
nhOng am hiiSng cuoi cvmg cua mot hoi cuoc bao dong Yen Bai da no ra va di den tha't
chuong da tat. Te hai hdn niJa, mot bo bai.
phdn dang vien cii bien chat con tim each
Phai chu triidng chiia khdi nghia cdn
Idp ra cac dang phai chinh tri phan dong diidc

goi la phdi cdi to hoac phdi trung lap
nhiing bien the khac nhau cua VNQDD de
chdng lai va pha hoai nhijtng thanh qua cua do Le Hiiu Canh phu trach, sau khi
Nguyen Thai Hoc bi bat, da len ndm quyen
each mang Viet Nam.
lanh dao dang va trieu tdp hoi nghi bi mdt
Bai viet nay, tren cd sd tap hdp va phan bau ban cha'p hanh Trung liOng VNQDD
tich cac ngudn tai lieu khac nhau, trong do cai td. Sau hoi nghi nay, VNQDD cai td
CO cac tai lieu liiu trii va hdi ky cua mot so' hoat dong kha manh tai Vinh Phiic va Hai
ngii6i trong cuoc, se tdp trung lam ro Diidng. Chii triidng cua dang la k^o dai

T

'OS. TS. Tracing Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN


RghiSn curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010
thdi gian c h u i n hi, phiiPng phap tien hanh
vdn theo nep cii, nghia la mdc dii khong
chii triidng khdi nghia nhiing hanh dong
vdn mang tinh manh dong, tieu bieu la vu
ciidp bac cua Tham ta Sd Cong chinh do
Nguyen Xuan Huan thiic hien nfim 1930.
Ngay 10-7-1930, Le Hiiu Canh va
Nguyen Xuan Huan bi bdt. Tiep do, hang
loat cac dang vien VNQDD ciing rdi vao tay
giac Phap. Do vdy, "Viet Nam Quo'c dan
dang khong con tuyen truyen ddng thdi
nhu triidc niia tren khdp lanh thd Bdc Viet.
Cuoc tuyen truyen thu hep tiing gia dinh

va chi trong mot vai tinh ma nhiing ngiidi
lanh dao ddu tien con gay anh hudng ban
than lau dai" (1).
Sang nhiing nSm 1931, 1932, VNQDD
chi con mot vai hoat dong nhd sii co' gdng
cua Vii Tien Lii va Dao Nguyen Huan. Cuoi
cung, Vii Tien Lii bi truy bdt rao rie't phai
tro'n sang Van Nam, Trung Quoc; con Dao
Nguyen Huan thi hi bdt, den day VNQDD
coi nhii hi thd't bai hoan toan.
b. Sii phdn hod til tudng cua Viet Nam
Quoc ddn ddng trong cdc nhd tii thiic ddn
Phdp
TU ndm 1930 trd di, trong cac nha tii
thiic dan, ben canh nhiing ngiidi tu cong
san bat ddu xua't hien them cac dang vien
VNQDD hi Phap bdt sau thd't bai cua Khdi
nghia Yen Bai. Giiia nhiing ngiidi tii cong
san va cac tu n h a n VNQDD thiidng xuyen
dien ra tranh ludn, thdm chi dd'u tranh gay
gdt xung quanh cac quan diem tii tufdng ve
cac dang phai chinh tri, ve phong trao giai
phong dan toe. Do vdy, trong hang ngii
dang vien VNQDD von da thie'u tho'ng nhd't
trong nhdn thiic, lai cang hi phan hoa
manh me hdn ve tii tvidng va cac quan diem
chinh tri. Tuy nhien, nguyen nhan sau xa
cua tinh trang nay la ngay tii khi mdi

thanh Idp va trong qua trinh boat dong,

VNQDD da khong co dvidng 16'i, quan diem
chinh tri ro rang. Thdm chi, den cuoi ndm
1928 ddu nam 1929 khi svia ddi Dang
ciidng, mdc dii chu nghia cua dang vdn la
chii nghia xa hoi dan chu va chii nghia
Tam dan, nhving hau het moi ngiidi trong
dang chi nhin thd^y mot cai muc dich gin
nhd't la lam cho nUdc diidc doc Idp, rdi Idp
nen mot che do cong binh va nhan dao. Ma
cai nguyen tdc cong binh va nhan dao thi
khong giai thich d dau het" (2). Mot nguyen
nhan niia la do thanh phdn xa hoi cua
VNQDD rd't phiic tap, bao gdm nhieu
thanh phdn, giai cd'p khdc lihau, trong do
bo phdn tri thiic tieu tii san yeu niidc viia
la bo phdn lanh dao, viia la thanh phdn
chu ye'u trong dang. Trong qua trinh hoat
dong va nhd't la vao thdi diem bi dan dp,
VNQDD khong co thi gid va dieu kien de
hud'n luyen dang vien, nen "chSng nhiing
chii nghia dang triidc sau khong thdng
nhd't, ca de'n sii nhdn dinh ciia mdi ngiidi
doi vdi chu nghia ciing nhieu chd sai khac
nhau" (3). Chinh sii nhdn thiic khong tho'ng
nhdt cua bo phdn nay ve muc tieu, cUcfng
linh cua dang la mot trong nhiing nguyin
nhan cd ban ddn den tinh trang phan hod
trong hang ngii dang vien d ca triidc va
nhd't la sau Khdi nghia Yen Bai. L^ giai ve
vd'n de nay, Pham Tud'n Tdi, mot trong

nhiing sang Idp vien va ciing la mot lanh tu
cua VNQDD da boc bach: "Cac dang vien
cung nhau ke't hdp tii triidc, da khong phai
cung mot giai cd'p hay diing vao mot giai
cd'p, lai khong co mot sii nhdn dinh hay
chiu chung mot sii hud'n luyen nhu nhau,
thi sau mot cuoc thd't bai, mot ldn kinh
nghiem, le tii nhien la no phai chia re...
Chu triidng khac nhau cua cac dang vien
nhu mot cai ho' ngdy cang thd'y sau them:
ngUdi thi giii chu tnidng quo'c gia thudn
tiiy; ngiidi thi theo hdn chu nghia xa hoi;


Vi#t Ram Qudc dan d ^ g . . .
ciing CO ngudi mudn dung hoa cac chu
nghia thanh mot chu nghia cho dang. Tii
cho bdt ddng y kien di tdi chd quyet liet"
(4)-

, V,,.

„,,.,

.,

Tai nha tii Hoa Lo, Ha Noi, trdi vdi tU
tudng an phdn cua cac dang vien Viet Nam
Quo'c dan dang, cac tii nhan cong san chu
trUdng bien nha tu thdnh tnidng hoc.

Nhieu Idp hud'n luyen hoc tdp chinh tri,
vdn hod da dUdc td chUc trong tii, dang chii
y la sU xud't hien va hoat dong cua cac tap
chi Lao tu, Cong sdn. Tai nha tii Hoa Ld da
diin ra cuoc biit chien giiia cac dang vien
Quo'c dan dang va nhiing ngUdi cong san.
Cac td Duoc diia dUdng, Con diidng chinh
cua cac dang vien cong san da tham gia
cuoc biit chien. Ve phia VNQDD c6 td But
tieu sau. DUdc trang bi bdng ly ludn Mdc Lenin, cac chien si cong san da gianh the
dp dao ddi vdi cac tu nhan VNQDD trong
cuoc da'u tranh ve tU tudng chinh tri. TU
day, noi bo VNQDD cdng phan hod sau sdc;
mot bo phdn chiu sU anh hudng cua tU
tudng cong san, mot bo phdn di ddn vdo
khuynh hUdng cai lUdng. Thdng Idi nay da
khang dinh tinh diing ddn va hdp xu the
phat trien cua tU tudng cong san, ddng thdi
chUng td dudng 16'i va phUdng phap sai 1dm
cua VNQDD.
Tai nhd tii Hdn Cau, Con Dao, xud't phat
. tu sU khong tho'ng nhd't trong viec giai thich
ton chi muc dich va xac dinh chu nghia ciia
VNQDD, mot ban tuyen truyen cua dang da
dUdc thanh Idp gdm 6 ngudi: Trdn Huy Lieu,
Pham Tud'n Tdi, NhUdng Tdng (Hoang
Pham Tran), Le Van Phiic, Nguyen Vdn
Vien, Nguyen Ngoc Sdn. Ban tuyen truyen
da dUa ra nhflng giai thich chung chung
mang tinh chdt dung hoa de lam diu di sU

xung dot, nhUng chinh vi the, sU phdn hoa
tu tudng chinh tri trong VNQDD vdn tiep
diSn. Tren thUc te, dudng loi chinh tri cua

VNQDD rd't md hd va c6 nliieu sai 1dm. Khi
d trong tu, nhUng sai idm do cang dUdc b^c
16 ro ret trong ca tU tudng va hdnh dong.
Ddng chi Trdn Huy Lieu, mot ye'u nhan vd
ciing Id mot cUu tu nhan ciia VNQDD d trai
Hdn Cau, da nhdn x6t: "Phai nhdn ro rdng
tu tudng "thanh nhan" la tU tudng chi dao
cua VNQDD hdi d'y. No ching nhiing chi
phoi nhiing ngUdi tham gia khdi nghia Yen
Bai, ma ca nhUng ngUdi hdng hdi d nha tii.
Neu nhiing ngUdi cong san Idii vdo tii da
nghi ngay de'n nhiem vu bien nha tii thanh
tnidng hoc each mang... thi nhiing ngUdi
Quo'c dan dang liic d'y trU nhiing ke md't
phdm chd't dau hang dich cdn nhUng ai hdng
hai thi khong tim ra loi thoat ma chi nghi
de'n manh dong (5). Khi chuyen ve nha tii
C6n Dao, cdc tu nhan VNQDD phan hod
thdnh ba bo phdn: phdn ldn dang vien vdn
coi chu nghia Tam Dan la nen tang tU
tudng ciia dang, mot s6' khong the hien
quan diem, mot nhdm thi nga theo tU tudng
cong san, gdm Tudng Dan Bao, Nguyen
v a n Vien, Hoang Thiic Dj, Le Van Phiic,
Trdn Huy Lieu vd Nguyen PhUdng Thao
(Nguyen Binh). Sau sU Iden nay, nhUng

dang vien tien tien ngay cang cd dieu kien
gdn giii nhiing ngUdi cong san. TrUdc tinh
hinh do, mot s6' ngUdi cdm ddu VNQDD
mang tU tudng phan dong (NhUdng To'ng,
Nguyen Ngoc Sdn) Idp ra mot ban thanh
triing vdi nhiem vu am sat "bgn phdn
ddng". Nhiing nan nhan ma Ban thanh
trUng hudng de'n la Trdn Huy Lieu, Tudng
Dan Bao, Nguyen PhUdng Thao... May mdn
Id nhiing dang vien tien tien ndy, cuoi cung
vdn bao toan dUdc tinh mang sau nhUng
cuoc thanh trUng noi bo.
Kh6ng chi tiep xiic vdi dudng ldl chinh
tri diing ddn, nhieu dang vien VNQDD cdn
nhdn dUdc d nhUng ngUdi tu cong san mot
thai do <^hien chi. Ndm 1938, sau khi dUdc


Rghien eiiu Lieh sir. s6 6.2010
tra tu do tu Con Dao, nhieu dang vien cong
san da quyen tien, banh keo giii de'n giiip
dd cdc tu chinh tri cdn bi giam trong nha tii
de' quo'c. Phan Boi Id ngUdi dUdc cii ra 1dm
viec nay vd nhUng tii nhdn chinh tri
VNQDD "da nhan tien vd sii diu dang do
Phan B6i giii" (6).
Chinh cuoc dd'u tranh trong noi bo tU
hinh thUc tranh ludn, "but chien" (ludn ban
tren mSt bao) de'n "huyet chien" (dm sat,
thu tieu) da day VNQDD de^n cho tan ra

hoan toan vdi tU each mot td chUc chinh tri
dai dien cho khuynh hUdng each mang tU
san d Viet Nam trong nhflng nam 1920. TU
nhiing ndm 1930 trd di, td chUc VNQDD da
bie'n chat, thdm chi co' tinh di ngUdc lai xu
hudng phdt trien cua each mang va dan toe
Viet Nam.
c. Hoat dong cua cdc ddng vien Viet
Nam Qudc ddn ddng d trong niidc tii 1936
den 1945
Sau nhflng dU dinh cai td khong thanh
c6ng, phong trdo cdch mang do VNQDD
khdi xUdng hdu nhU te liet. Mai tdi nam
1936, khi Mat trdn binh dan Phdp len cam
quyen, nhieu chinh tri pham mdi dUdc
phdng thich, rieng so' dang vien VNQDD
dUdc tra tU do hdn 100 ngUdi. Nhd do, mot
s6' td chUc cua dang nay dan dan dUdc phuc
hdi va hoat dong trd lai.
Cud'i nam 1936, Nguyin The Nghiep tU
ThUdng Hai trd ve Ha Noi cung mot so'
dang vien khac bat dau boat dong, trUdc
het la trong linh vUc bdo chi. Tuy nhien, td
Tdn bdo do Nguyin The Nghiep lam chu
but ra ddi mdi dUdc 3 thdng thi bi ddng ciia;
cdn td Ddn do Nguyin Vdn Cha'n lam chii
biit xua't ban nam 1937, de'n nam 1938
cung phai ngUng hoat dong.
Ndm 1940, quan doi Nhdt Ban dd bo vdo
D6ng DUdng, cac dang phdi cu vd mdi rao


rie't hoat dong. VNQDD va Dai Viet Qudc
dan dang da xiic tien thanh Idp cac khu
cdn cU d Bdc Ninh, Bdc Giang va Thanh
Hod 1dm ndi ren luyen quan sU cho cdc
thanh nien dang vien.
Nguyin The Nghiep, Nguyin Ngoc Sdn,
Nguyin Hflu Dat, Ngo Thiic Dich vd
NhUdng T6'ng hpp nhau d mot can nha
trUdc vUdn hoa pho' cita Nam quyet dinh
Idp ra Tdn Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng de ra
boat dong cdng khai, ddng tru sd d 61
Trang Thi, Ha Noi. Ddu nam 1944, Tan
Viet Nam Quo'c dan dang lien minh vdi Dai
Viet Qudc dan dang, Dai Viet Qud'c xa dang
vd Dai Viet Dan chinh dang thanh Idp Mat
trdn Dai Viet Qudc gia lien minh vdi muc
dich "thdn Nhdt de ha Phdp" (7). Uy ban
chinh tri Bdc Ki dUdc thdnh Idp dudi sU
lanh dao cua Mdt trdn de lien lac vdi gidi
chinh tri quan sU Nhdt Ban. NhUng muo'n
Idi dung the lUc ciia ngoai qud'c, ban thdn
dang phai c6 td chUc chdt che va liic lUdng
thich Ung, trong khi dd cac dang phai quo'c
gia deu khdng manh do khdng cd bo may
chi huy thong nhd't, lai thieu phUdng lUdc
cu the va quyet dodn khi thdi cd de'n.
Ngdy 6-8-1945, Mi n6m bom nguyen tit
xud'ng thanh phd' Hiroshima vd ngay 9-91945 lai n^m tiep qua bom thU hai xud'ng
thanh phd Nagasaki buoc chinh phu Nhdt

Ban phai di de'n ddu hang. Ngdy 11-8-1945,
dai dien cua tUdng De Gaulle den gap Tong
tu lenh qudn doi Nhdt Ban thUdng thuyet
de cho mot so' qudn Phdp ddo tdu tU hdi
thang 3 cung ndm dUdc dd bo len Hai
Phdng (8). Mat trdn Dai Viet Quo'c gia lien
minh da td chUc mot cuoc bieu tinh phan
khang dm mUu xam lUdc cua de quo'c thiic
dan. Ngay tdi hdm dd. Mat trSn trieu tdp
hoi nghi de ban ve vd'n de gianh chinh
quyen d mien Bdc. Hoi nghi chia thanh hai
phai:


Vi|t Ram Qugc dan d^ng...
+ Phai ciia Chu Ba PhUdng, TrUdng Tii
Anh, Nguyin Tudng Long cho rang, mudn
duoc ddng minh cdng nhdn thi khdng dUdc
hdp tdc vdi Nhdt dUdi bd't ki hinh thUc nao.
Ho chu trUdng ngdi chd lUc lUdng hai ngoai
cung quan ddng minh k6o vao Viet Nam rdi
mdi hdnh dong.
+ Phai cua Nguyin Xudn Tieu, Ly Cao
Kha muoii dUa vao quan Nhdt cUdp chinh
quyen, rdi ddi lUc lUdng d hai ngoai ve cung
Idp chinh phu.
Tuy nhien, sau nhieu ddt thao ludn. Hoi
nghi cung khdng the dUa ra ket ludn cudi
Cling (9).


Trong khi dd, de'n ngdy 17 va 18-8-1945,
cdng tac chu^n bi gianh chinh quyen ciia
Viet Minh dang trien khai rao riet. TrUdc
tinh hinh dd, dai dien ciia Dai Viet Qudc
gia lien minh, VNQDD va Dai Viet Qud'c
dan dang da nhdm hop lai. Cudc hop cd rd't
nhieu y kien mdu thudn nhau: ngUdi thi
chu trUdng Idi dung quan Nhdt de ndm
chinh quyen, ngUdi thi cho rdng lam nhU
vdy se bi qudn Ddng minh nghi ngd; cd
ngudi lai tien dodn la du Viet Minh cd dinh
cUdp chinh quyen cung khd thdnh cdng vi
lUc lUdng khdng dang bao nhieu... Vd cudi
cung, khdng cd bdt cU mot quye't dinh ndo
dUdc dUa ra trong cudc hop.
Ngay 18-8-1945, mot cudc mit tinh bieu
tinh qui md ldn da dUdc Mat trdn Viet
Minh td chUc tai Ha Ndi, cd dd sao vang
xud't hien khdp cdc dudng phd' thu dd. Ngay
tdi hdm dd, VNQDD da nhdm hop vdi dai
dien ciia Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang. Van de
doat chinh quyen lai dUdc dUa ra thao ludn
gay gdt, nhUng cung khong di de'n ket ludn
cudi cung. Cdc dang vien dUdc huy dong tU
cac khu can cU ve chudn bi gianh chinh
quyen cung dUdc lenh ldn lUdt n i t lui. Do
the chinh tri ciing chu trUdng dung bao lUc

vu trang khdng cdn tdn tai nen cac dang
phdi qud'c gia bupc phai rut vao bi mdt de

chd quan Tudng keo vdo Viet Nam.
Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Tam
thdnh cdng, nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong
hod dUdc thanh Idp (2-9-1945), vdi danh
nghia giai gidp quan Nhdt, quan ddi Anh
keo vdo mien Nam giiip quan Phap trd lai
xam lUdc Viet Nam.
Xac dinh ke thu chinh, nguy hiem nhd't
luc nay la thiic dan Phap, Chinh phu each
mang lam thdi da ngd y mudn gap gd de
thao luan ve viec cdng tac vdi VNQDD.
TrUdc tinh hinh dd, mot sd' ye'u nhan ciia
VNQDD md hdi nghi lam thdi cd'p trung
Udng ban ve vd'n de cd nen hdp tdc vdi Viet
Minh hay khong. Cuoi cung Viet Nam Qud'c
dan dang quyet dinh tam thdi vdn gifl lien
lac vdi Viet Minh va tiep tuc hoat dong bi
mdt de chd qudn Ddng minh va lUc lUdng d
hai ngoai ve nUdc rdi se ra boat dong cdng
khai.
Nhu vdy la trong nhflng nam 1936-1945,
VNQDD khdng cd hdnh dong gi dang ke,
trong khi do cudc vdn dong giai phdng dan
toe dudi sii lanh dao ciia Dang cong san
ngdy cang sue sdi khdp ca nUdc. Cdng tac
tuyen truyen cua cac dang phdi qud'c gia
ndi chung vd VNQDD ndi rieng rd't yeii
kem, nen khdng cd anh hudng den qudn
chiing nhan dan. NgUdc lai, Dang cdng san
Ddng DUdng da xay diing va phat huy dUdc

sUc manh cua Mat trdn dan toe thd'ng nhd't;
hoat ddng tuyen truyen, giac ngo qudn
chiing dUdc dac biet coi trong nen cdng cd
kha nang thu hiit, tdp hdp cdc tdng Idp
nhan dan ddng dao vdo sU nghiep dd'u
tranh giai phdng dan tdc.
VNQDD da danh gid thd'p anh hudng vd
vai trd cua Viet Minh vd ludn tin rdng
Nhdt Ban cdn du sUc cam cU trong mot thdi


8

gian dai nfla nen khdng cd hdnh ddng
chudn bi. Mdt khac, td chUc ndy cung
khdng chii trong dung mUc den nguy cd
ngUdi Phdp se trd lai Ddng DUdng vdi sii hd
tr(3 cua phe Ddng minh, cung nhU khdng
nhin ro dUdc ban chd't cua cac nUdc Ddng
minh.
Them nfla, trong ndi bo VNQDD vdn
khdng cd mot dudng Idi chinh tri thd'ng nhdt.
Mac dau VNQDD, Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang
vd Dai Viet Dan chinh da ddng y hdp nha't
dudi danh xUng Qudc dan dang, nhUng chu
trUdng nay khdng dUdc truyen dat tdi cdc
dang vien. Da so' dang vien VNQDD vdn di
theo chu nghia Tam Ddn cua Tdn Ddt Tien,
dang vien Dai Viet lai tin vao chu nghia dan
tdc sinh tdn do TrUdng Tit Anh de xUdng,

cdn da sd' dang vien Dai Viet dan chinh thi
hudng den mot thU ddn chu xa hdi khong
ddc tdi; nhUng ca ba td chUc tren deu cd
chung d mdt diem la cho^ng cdng san. TU cho
thie'u cUdng linh chinh tri thdrig nhd't de tdp
hdp va thu phuc qudn chiing, thieu chUdng
trinh hdnh ddng thiic te, thieu tinh chii
dong trong viec chudn bi lUc lUdng ma qua y
lai vdo ben ngoai, VNQDD vd cdc dang phai
qudc gia da thdt bai trong am mUu tranh
gianh quyen lUc chinh tri d Viet Nam trUdc
phong trao ddn toe each mang dang ngdy
mot len cao do Mat trdn Viet Minh va Dang
Cong san Ddng DUdng lanh dao.
2. To chufc Viet N a m Q u o c d a n d a n g d
hai ngoai
a. Hoat dpng cua cdc nhdm Viet Nam
Qudc ddn ddng tii 1931-1942
Sau khdi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930) thd't
bai, thiic dan Phap r a sUc tim bdt cdc dang
vien va phd vd VNQDD, budc mot so' dang
vien phai trd'n sang lanh thd Trung Qud'c
nUdng ndu hodc tiep tuc boat ddng. TU day,
sii tdn tai cua VNQDD d hai ngoai gdn lien

RghiSn curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010
vdi nhflng nhdm mdi dUdc thanh Idp, vdi sU
tham gia cua cac dang vien cu ciia dang
ndy.
- Tdchdc Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng Vdn

Nam de nhdt dao bp
Ngay tu nam 1929, Nguyin The Nghiep
- mot trong nhflng ye'u nhan cua VNQDD
da sang Trung Qudc va tien hanh tuyen
truyen, ke't nap mot sd' kieu bdo gia nhdp
dang. Nghiep bi mdt Idp ra mot td chUc goi
Id Ddng bp di/dng sdt cua Viet Nam Qudc
ddn ddng d Van Nam va td chUc mot so chi
bo doc tuyen dudng sdt nay. Ddu nSm 1930,
cudc khdi nghia Yen Bai thd't bai nhUng da
cd tieng vang den tdn Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd
va Phap. Tai Van Nam, Trung Qud'c, tinh
trUdng tinh Van Nam la Long Van tudng
Nguyin The Nghiep cd the lUc trong nUdc
nen bi mdt giiip dd, da bd tri cho 12 thieii
nien VNQDD vao hoc trUdng Giang Vo va
20 cdng nhan Viet Nam vao lam d binh
cdng xUdng cua minh.
Nguyin The Nghiep cung Nguyen Vdn
Tho, Le Tho Nam, Hoang Van Ndi thdnh
Idp Trung Viet cdch mang lien qudn. Nhdn
thd'y sd' lUdng dang vien d hai ngoai khdng
nhieu, lUc lUdng phan tan nen nam 1930,
Trung Viet cdch mang lien quan hdp nhd't
vdi VNQDD thanh Viet Nam Qudc ddn
ddng Vdn Nam de nhd't dao bp do Nguyin
The Nghiep lam dao bo trUdng. To chUc nay
hoat dong Isha manh, ke't nap dUde nhieu
dang vien nen bi lanh sU Phap d Cdn Minh
chii y, tim cd hdi pha vd. TrUdc tinh hinh

dd, cac dang vien phai tan mdt nhieu ndi;
Nguyin The Nghiep tam lanh xudng mien
Mong Tu, Mudng La.
Ngay 20-6-1930, Vu Van Gian - ngudi
tUng lanh dao cudc ndi ddy cua VNQDD d
Vinh Bao, Hai Phdng da chay sang Trung
Qudc, ddi ten la Vu Hdng Khanh va thay


Vi|t Ram Qugc dan ding...
Nguyin The Nghiep (dang phai tam lanh) 1dm Dao bo trudng.
Dudc tinh Dang bd Trung Qudc Qudc
dan dang giflp dd, VNQDD Van Nam de
nhd't dao bo khdng nhflng trdnh dUdc sU
bat bd cua chinh quydn Van Nam md cdn
cdng khai boat dong, phdt trien dang vien
de'n cac tdng Idp kieu bao d day gdm: cdng
chUc, bdi bep... Dao bd cung dUa mot so'
thanh nien dang vien vao Giang V6 dudng
d Cdn Minh de hoc tdp nhdm ddo tao nhan
tai.
Den ndm 1933, khi Viet Nam Qudc ddn
ddng trung U0ng chap hdnh dy vien hai
ngoai bien sU xd ra ddi, Viet Nam Qud'c dan
dang Van Nam de nhd't dao bd ddi thanh
Vdn Nam tdng chi bp triic thuoc Bien sU
xU.
- To chdc Hdi ngoai Tong ddng bp Viet
Nam Qudc ddn ddng vd Viit Nam Quo'c
ddn ddng trung i/Ong chap hdnh uy vien

hdi ngoai bien sii xd.
Nam 1930, tai Quang Chdu, Nguyin
Hai Thdn, Tnidng Boi Cdng, Trdn Bdi
Long, Ddng Su Mac, Lenh Trach Dan, Vi
Chinh Nam va Tu ThUdng Mai thdnh Idp
Viet Nam Quo'c ddn cdch mang ddng. To
chUc nay dUdc Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang
ho trd nhung khdng cd boat dong ndo dang
ke. De'n nam 1932, dang dUdc cai td thdnh
Hdi ngoai Tong ddng bp Viet Nam Quo'c
ddn ddng, nhUng cung chi tdn tai trong
mot thdi gian ngdn thi bi dinh chi hoat
dong.
Vi Chinh Nam nhdn thd'y mudn tranh
dUdc sU phien phflc d Quang Chau phai gay
dUng cd sd d Nam Kinh, ndi chUa co sU can
thiep cua thUc dan Phap. Do vdy, ong ta
bdt ddu tidp xiic vdi Trung Qud'c Quo'c dan
dang va lap tru sd d Nam Kinh. Den thang

1-1933, chinh phii Trung Hoa dan qud'c
chinh thflc thUa nhdn VNQDD la mot dang
hdp phap, dUdc tU do boat ddng tren toan
lanh thd Trung Hoa vd dUdc ph6p ddt tru
sd tai Nam Kinh. Vi Chinh Nam phai ngUdi
di Cdn Minh mdi lanh dao cua VNQDD
dang t n i ngu tai day tdi Nam kinh de khai
hdi thdnh Idp mot cd quan tdi cao duy nhd't
d hai ngoai Id'y ten Id Viet Nam Quo'c ddn
ddng trung licfng chap hdnh uy viin bien sU

xd, do Vi Chinh Nam lam chu nhiem. Viet
Nam Qud'c dan dang Van Nam de nhd't dao
bo ddi thanh Vdn Nam tdng chi bp triic
thudc Bien sU xU. Tai cdc tinh nhU Quang
Ddng, Quang Tay, VNQDD cung chieii theo
nguyen tdc d'y de tien hdnh chuyen ddi ve
td chflc.
- To chdc Viit Nam dpc lap dong minh
hpi vd Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng Trung
liOng ddng bp hdi ngoai chap hdnh uy vien
hpi
Ddu ndm 1934, Vu Hdng Khanh cung
Nguyin Hai Thdn, Hd Ngoc Lam tdi tru sd
VNQDD d Nam Kinh de nghi td chflc hoi
nghi hdp nhd't td't ca cdc td chflc Viet Nam d
hai ngoai thanh mot td chflc thd'ng nhd't de
d i be boat ddng. Hoi nghi di tdi quyet dinh
thanh Idp mot td chflc mdi goi la Viet Nam
dpc lap dong minh hpi, va cii Vi Chinh
Nam lam chu nhiem. Cd quan tuyen truyen
Id td Viet Thanh, xud't ban bdng ca hai thfl
tieng Viet, Hoa. Ra ddi chUa dUdc bao lau,
de'n cudi nam 1935, Viet Nam doc Idp ddng
minh hoi budc phai giai tan vi cdc dang
vien VNQDD khdng dat dUdc sU thdng
nhd't vdi cac dai bieu cua cac phai khdc.
Sau sU kien nay, cac dang vien VNQDD trd
lai Cdn Minh boat dong, dudi dang hieu la
Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng TYung lidng ddng
bp hdi ngoai chap hdnh uy vien hpi.

b. Viit Nam cdch mang dong minh hpi
(Hpi Viet Cdch)


10

Thdng 9-1940, quan Nhdt d Quang Tay
vUdt bien gidi Trung - Viet danh vao Lang
Sdn, thiic dan Phap vdi vang quy gdi ddu
hdng dang Ddng DUdng cho Nhdt, rdi quay
lai dan dp cdc phong trdo each mang cua
nhdn dan ta vd ca nhflng the lUc nudi y dd
chdng dd'i. Dudi sU dan ap cua chinh
quyen thiic dan, cac phe nhdm phan dong
deu tan ra, phdn ldn chay trdn ra nUdc
ngoai. De ddi phd vdi am mUu banh trUdng
cua phdt xit Nhdt, liic lUdng Ddng minh
(My - Tudng) chu trUdng md mat trdn phia
Nam. De thUc hien mUu dd tren, Tudng
Gidi Thach cho hai tdp doan quan so' 9 va
11 ldn lUdt ddng d Van Sdn, Mudng Tii
chan dudng quan Nhdt vdo Van Nam, de
chd thdi cd. Qud'c dan dang Trung Qud'c
cho xud't ban 2 quyen sdch "Hoa qudn vdo
Viet Nam cdn biei" gidi thieu phong tuc,
tdp qudn, dang phdi each mang Viet Nam
va "Co su" Viet Nam vd vdn hod ciia ddn
tpc" xuyen tac, mat sdt nhflng nhan vdt
lich sii, nhflng trang sii oai hung ciia dan
toe ta.

Tudng TrUdng Phat Khue, TU lenh quan
khu Quang Tay dUdc giao nhi§m vu chu^n
bi cho ke hoach "Hoa qudn nhdp Viet" nay.
Ho TrUdng dU dinh thdnh Idp mot td chflc
Viet Nam chdng quan ddng minh vd thdnh
Idp mot chinh phii lam thdi de dUa ve Viet
Nam boat dong nhUng khdng thanh. Den
thdng 7-1942, dUdc sU ho trd ve tien bac va
nhan lUc cua chinh quyen Trung Khanh,
TrUdng Phat Khue td chflc van ddng thanh
Idp mot td chflc chinh tri khdc lay ten Id
Viet Nam cdch mang dong minh hpi (goi
tdt la hoi Viet Cach).
Ngay 10-10-1942, Viet Nam each mang
ddng minh hoi chinh thflc ra ddi, ddt tru sd
tai sd 15 Ngfl Phong Cai, Liiu Chau. Ban
chd'p hanh trung Udng hdi gdm:

Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010
- Khdng dang phai: 4 dai bieu gdm
Nguyin Hai Thdn, TrUdng Bdi Cdng, Trdn
Bdo, TrUdng Trung Phung.
- VNQDD cd 2 dai bieu gdm Vu Hdng
Khanh, Nghiem KeTd.
(.^
- Vi§t Nam phuc qud'c ddng minh hoi c6
4 dai bieu gdm Bd Xuan Ludt, Nguyin Vdn
Phuc, Le Duy Thinh, Trdn Dinh Xuyen.
- Vidt Nam doc Idp ddng minh hdi cd mot
dai bieu la Hd DUc Thdnh.

Do quan diem hep hdi va cd hoi cua td
chflc nen noi bd Viet Cach ludn md't doan
ket. Nhdn thay nhflng ban che va sU bdt
lUc cua Hoi, TrUdng Phat Khue tim each
cai td hdi, va hudng moi boat dong ciia hdi
ve Viet Nam.
Thdi gian nay, Nguyin Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi
Minh dang hi giam gifl tai cdc nhd tu cua
Tudng. TrUdc khi budc phai tra tU do cho
Ngudi, Tudng da chi thi cho TrUdng Phat
Khue gifl kh6o NgUdi d lai Liiu Chau, de
Idi dung uy tin ciia NgUdi dn dinh tinh hinh
ciia cac vi "chinh khdch Viet Nam" lUu
vong. Ve phia minh, Hd Chi Minh cung
thd'y sU cdn thiet phai tap hdp lUc lUdng
Viet kieu d hai ngoai, cam hod va hUdng ho
vdo con dudng each mang cua dan tdc. Vi
vdy, NgUdi da dflng ra trieu tdp mot hoi
nghi gdm dai bieu cua cac dang phdi chinh
tri Viet Nam tai Trung Qud'c. Bdi phat bieu
ciia Hd Chi Minh tai Hoi nghi ve phong
trdo dd'u tranh giai phdng dan toe cua nhan
dan ta vd tinh hinh cdc dang phai trong
nUdc da dUdc hoan nghenh nhiet liet.
Cung vdi Hd Chi Minh, cdn cd mot sd
dang vien cdng san khac cung tien hanh
giac ngo tU tudng, loi kdo nhflng hoi vien
tien tien ciia Viet Cach ve vdi each mang.
Phdn hoi Vidt Cach d Van Nam dUdc thanh
Idp vdi luc lUdng ndng cd't Id cac dang vien



Vigf Ram Quge dan ding.
cdng san vd nhflng ngUdi yeu nUdc nhU Ly
Ddo, Pham Todn, Toiig Minh PhUdng,
Dudng Bao Sdn... Trong thdi gian quan
Nhat danh phd Quang Tay, trong khi
TrUdng Boi Cong, Trdn Bdo bd chay biet
tich, Vu Hdng Khanh, Nghiem Ke To ndm
ly d Cdn Minh, thi chinh nhflng ngUdi cdng
san vd nhflng ngUdi yeu nUdc da ndm vai
trd Idnh dao Viet Cach.
c. Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng tho'ng nhdt
Trong thdi ky Chien tranh the gidi ldn
thfl Hai, d trong nUdc xud't hien mot so^
dang phai, nhu d ngoai Bdc c6 Dai Viet
Qud'c dan dang, Dai Viet Qud'c xd, Dai Viet
Dan chinh, Viet Nam doc lap ddng minh
hoi; trong Nam cdn cd cac td chflc ton giao
mang tinh chd't chinh tri nhU Cao Dai, Hod
Hao. Sau ngdy Nhdt dao chinh Phdp (9-31945), hai dang Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang vd
Dai Viet Dan chinh dang bdt ddu lien he
vdi VNQDD de di tdi hdp nhd't nhdm giai
quyet vd'n de nan giai nhd't ciia cac dang
phdi nay la vd'n de dodn ke't. Thdng 5-1945,
ba dang phai tren chinh thflc hdp nha't theo
nguyen tdc goi ten nhU sau: trong nUdc Id'y
ten Dai Viet Quo'c ddn ddng, d hai ngoai
dung ten Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng, tranh
dung danh xUng Dai Viet vi ly do te nhi

trong quan he vdi Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan
dang.
Tdm lai, trong thdi gian tfl 1931-1945,
mot sd' td chflc chinh tri cua ngUdi Viet
Nam da ldn luot ra ddi d Trung Qud'c.
Trong cdc to chflc dd, cdc dang vien
VNQDD thudng gifl cac trong trdch trong
ban lanh dao. Ve thiic chd't, nhflng td chflc
chinh tri nay vdn chi la cac bien the khac
nhau cua VNQDD hai ngoai. Ciing gid'ng
nhu VNQDD trUdc kia, cac td chflc chinh
tri Viet Nam hai ngoai deu khong c6 cUdng
linh chinh tri, chUdng trinh hanh dong r5

11

rdng va do vdy cung khdng cd hoat ddng ^
dang ke. NhUng sd di cac td chflc nay cd the
tdn tai dUdc chinh la nhd sU che chd, giup dd ve
tai chinh cua Trung Qudc Qudc dan dang.
Nhin chung, trUdc khi quan Nhdt vdo Viet
Nam, cac dang vien VNQDD vdn tuyen
truyen chdng Phap, mong mudn dd'u tranh
gianh lai ddc Idp tu do cho ddn tdc. NhUng
tU ndm 1940, dUdi sUc 4p ciia Qud'c dan
dang Trung Qud'c, cong vdi tU tudng hep
hdi cua mot dang quo'c gia, VNQDD hai
ngoai da quay lUng vdi each mang, chinh
thflc tuyen bd' chdng cdng san. Dieu dd the
hien qua ban "Tuyen ngdn doi vdi thdi cue

cua Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng" do Vu Hdng
Khanh soan thao ndm 1940. Trong ban
Tuyen ngdn nay, Vu Hdng Khanh keu goi
thflc dan Phdp nen thay ddi thai do ddi vdi
nhflng ngUdi cdch mang Viet Nam, rdng
Phdp cd the dung Viet Nam Id ndi ddt rdng
ngUdi ddng, tai san phong phu de khdi
phuc lai nUdc Phap. Ban Tuyen ngdn the
hien tU tudng dau hang, phan ddng cua Vu
Hdng Khanh cung nhU cdc dang vien
VNQDD ndi chung.
3. Viet N a m Quo'c dan dang ve niidc
h o a t d9ng c h o n g pha e a c h m a n g
a. Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng theo chdn
qudn Tiidng ve niidc
Dudi danh nghia Ddng minh giai gidp
qudn doi Nhdt, 20 van quan Tudng kdo vao
chie'm ddng d mien Bdc Viet Nam tfl vi
tuyen 17 de'n bien gidi Viet - Trung. Khi
tien vao mien Bdc, quan doi Tudng Gidi
Thach da dUa theo sd' ngUdi Viet lUu vong d
Trung Qud'c gdm lUc lUdng VNQDD goi tdt
la Viet Qud'c do Vu Hdng Khanh va Viet
Nam cdch mang ddng minh hdi goi tdt la
Viet Cach do Nguyin Hai Thdn cdm dau ve
Viet Nam am mUu chdng pha each mang.
Viet Cach sau chia thdnh hai phdi: Phai


12

yeu nUdc ciia Bd Xuan Ludt da sdm hUdng
theo ngon cd doc Idp cua Hd Chi Minh, nen
da tham gia xay diing va bao ve che do mdi.
Cdn phai ciia Nguyen Hai Thdn diia vdo
quan ddi Tudng ra sflc chdng pha each
mang. Tuy nhien, trong noi bo Viet Cach
cua Nguyin Hai Thdn vd Viet Qud'c cua Vu
Hdng Khanh cung cd mot sd' ngUdi qua thiic
te da tha'y ro ban cha't phan dong cua hai td
chflc ndy nen da rdi bd de di theo Chinh
phu ciia Hd Chi Minh.
Sau khi k6o ve nudc, dUa vao quan ddi
Tudng, Viet Qud'c va Viet Cdch da chiem
gifl mot sd' dia bdn d Mdng Cdi, Yen Bai,
Vinh Yen (10). O cdc tinh bien gidi, ddu
dau cung thd'y tru sd cua VNQDD vd Viet
Nam Cach mang ddng minh hoi. VNQDD,
Ddng minh Hoi va cac lanh tu qud'c gia
cbdiig cdng cung quan Tudng trd lai Viet
Nam dd chflng td mot chinh phu cdch mang
dai dien cho td't ca cdc nhdm chinh tri Viet
Nam da dUdc thiet Idp vflng chdc d Ha Ndi
va nd dfldc xem nhu Chinh phu ciia nUdc
Viet Nam thd'ng nhd't d ca mien Trung vd
mien Nam (11).
La mot dang phai dUdc coi la ldn nhd't luc
dd, VNQDD sau khi ve nUdc da tien hdnh
hdp nhd't vdi Dai Viet Qudc dan dang vd Dai
Viet dan chinh dang. Ngdy 15-12-1945,
Trung Udng Quoc dan dang tuyen bd' thdnh

Idp, dat tru sd tai Tnidng tieu hoc Dd Hflu
Vi (nay Id Tnidng phd thdng trung hoc Phan
Dinh Phung, p h d C i a Bdc, Ha Ndi).
Tai Ha Ndi, VNQDD cd tru sd tai dudng
Quan Thanh (12) va nhieu phd' khdc nhU
Minh IQiai (nay la phd' Biii Thi Xuan), On
Nhu Hdu (nay la phd Nguyin Gia Thieu),
Dd Hflu Vi (nay la phd Cita Bdc), Hang
Ddy, Ld Due... Dang nay cdn chiem khu
Ngu Xa hd Tnic Bach de thu thue, ddng
thdi lam chd tru ngu va hud'n luyen can bo.

Rghi&n cijru Lich sit. s6 6.2010
VNQDD va Viet Nam Cach mang ddng
minh hdi da trien khai mdt ke hoach quy
md nhdm tien cdng toan dien vao chinh
quyen each mang. Cu the Id:
+ Tu quan bdt linh, lap mot Iflc lUdng vu
trang tap trung len tdi 2.000 ngUdi, phien
thanh 4 tieu dodn do mot so' cai ddi cu va si
quan Nhdt, Tudng chi huy.
+ Xud't ban bao, in truyen ddn, kh^u
hieu, cang bieu ngfl, mdc loa truyen thanh
de phan tuyen truyen.
+ Md cdc Idp hud'n luy$n sd cKp, trung
cd'p, cao ddng quan sU, chinh tri; chia mien
Bdc vd mien Trung thanh 7 chien khu dang
bo, phai can bo phu trach toan khu chdng
thiic - cdng mot each hieu qua.
+ Td chflc bieu tinh chd'ng Chinh phu

Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hod; tien hdnh bdt
cdc, tdng tien, thu tieu can bd Viet Minh.
Cd quan ngon ludn ciia Viet Qud'c la td
Viet Nam (trUdc ndm 1945 co ten la Viet
Nam thdi bdo) do Nguyin Tudng Bach lam
chii nhiem kiem chii but. Ngodi ra,
VNQDD cdn cho ra ddi nhieu td bao khac:
Thiei thiic, Ddn chung, Dong tdm Tii do,
Phuc quo'c. Lien minh, Lien hiep...
Nhdn thdy Viet Minh cd Dodn Thanh
nien cflu qud'c tdp hdp dUdc nhieu hoc sinh,
sinh vien tich cUc, Viet Qud'c cung thanh
Idp Quo'c gia thanh nien dodn do Nguyen
Tudng Bach lam Doan tnidng. Da sd thdnh
vien ciia doan khdng Ua quan Tudng nhUng
lai mong quan Tudng giup sflc danh Viet
Minh.
Trong tUdng quan lUc lUqfng so vdi Viet
Minh, VNQDD thua kdm ve nhieu mSt,
nhd't Id khong cd mot ngudn Idi kinh te nao,
khdng cd cho diia trong nhan ddn, chi dfla
vao qudn Tudng va Trung Qud'c Qudc dan
dang. Luc nay, VNQDD dflng trUdc hai vd'n


Viet Ram Qugc dan ding...
de trong ye'u: mot la vd'n de chu nghia va
CUdng linh chung cua dang; hai Id vd'n de
phUdng hudng vd chUdng trinh hdnh ddng.
Nhung nhflng vd'n de tren khdng dUdc Ban

chd'p hanh trung Udng quan tam giai quye't
triet de. Trong hdnh dong, VNQDD thieu
ke' hoach cu the, nhd't la trong viec cung cd'
vd phat trien doi ngu, tang cUdng sflc chien
dd'u cua dang.
Vd'n de dat ra trUdc mdt dang nay la cd
nen hdp tac vdi Viet Minh hay khdng?
VNQDD ndi rieng vd cac dang phai quoc gia
ndi chung nhdn thdy lUc lUdng cila minh so
vdi Viet Minh cdn qua ye'u k^m, quan ddi it
va thieii thdn, td chflc d dia phUdng thi rdi
rac, trong khi dd dp lUc cua quan doi Tudng
rat manh. Do vdy, ho cho rdng cdn phai dam
phan vdi Viet Minh de td thien chi dodn ket,
ddng thdi tranh thu thdi gian hod hoan, tang
cUdng sflc manh ndi bd nhdm muc dich ddi
phd vdi Viet Minh mot khi quan Tudng n i t
ve nUdc. Tuy nhien, de hdp tac vdi Viet
Minh, thi chien thudt cu the cdn lam nhU
the ndo? Quan Phap tdi hodc quan Tudng nit
lui cdn chuan bi nhiing ^ ? Ldm the nao xoay
chuyen the' bi ddng ciia minh? Td't ca nhiing
v&n de phflc tap vd k h ^ thiet ndy deu khdng
dUdc thao ludn va c h u & bi r5 rang.
b. Viet Nam Quoc dan ddng hoat dpng
chong phd chinh quyen cdch mang
DUdc quan Tudng che chd, tren dUdng ve
Hd Ndi, di de'n dau VNQDD cung td'n cdng
chd'ng pha chinh quyen each mang, danh
chiem tru sd uy ban nhan dan, ddi xoa bd

Viet Minh, giai tan va tUdc bd vu khi cila
cdc lUc lUdng vu trang cila Chinh phii Viet
Nam Dan chu Cong hod. Ket qua la tai mdt
so' thi xa thudc cdc tinh Lao Cai, Yen Bdi,
Phu Tho, Vidt Tri, Bach Hac, Vinh Yen,
Bdc Ninh, Mdng Cdi... da bi VNQDD cUdp
pha chinh quyen.

13
Tai Ha Ndi, bon Viet Qud'c, Viet Cach
nup dudi bdng quan Tudng da dUa ra het
yeu sdch ndy den yeu sach khac nhU ddi
dUdc gifl hai ghe cao cd'p trong Chinh phu
lam thdi; ddi thay qud'c ky, xoa bd uy ban
nhan dan. Rieng Viet Qud'c ddi ndm gifl cac
Bd Noi Vu, Tdi chinh, Kinh te, Giao due,
Qud'c phdng, Thanh nien va chiem 1/3 so'
ghe trong Qud'c hoi... Trfldc yeu sach vd am
mUu pha hoai cua cac the liic nay, Chinh
phu trong phien hop ngay 27-11-1945 da
khang dinh khdng the giao cac bd quan
trong cho Viet Qud'c ndm, nhflng vdn kien
tri thUdng lUdng va hod giai mot each khdn
kh^o de tao khdng khi dn dinh, chuiln bi
cho Tong tuyen cil.
Ngay 19-11-1945, tudng Tieu Vdn
(Tnidng ban chinh tri cua quan ddi Tudng
d Viet Nam giai quyet nhflng vd'n de chinh
tri b mien Bdc Viet Nam) dflng ra td chflc
mot hdi nghi lien tich, trong dd cd lanh tu

Qud'c dan dang Nguyin Hai Thdn va lanh
tu Viet Minh. Hoi nghi thoa thudn dUdc ba
dieu kien cho sii doan ket hoa hdp: dinh chi
cdng kich ldn nhau tren bao chi, quan doi
khdng dfldc dung khi gidi de giai quyet cac
vu bat boa, keu goi doan ket, ung ho khdng
chien Nam Bo. Vai ngay sau, mot ban
"Dodn ket tinh thdnh" da dfldc ky ke't,
nhflng day cung chi la mot ke hoan binh
cila Viet Qud'c.
Trong khi cac cudc dam phan vdn dang
kdo dai thi tren mdt bao, cuoc da'u tranh
gifla Viet Minh - Viet Qud'c ngay cang
quyet liet. Bao Viet Nam len an Viet Minh
la phdt xit vdi hinh anh thdp tfl qud'c xa
chdng ngdi sao vang. Trong khi dd Bao Sii
that ciia ta phe phan thai do ngang ngUdc
cua Viet Qud'c va dUa ra nguyen tdc "doan
ket hdp tac vdi td't ca cac doan the yeu nUdc
chan chinh nhUng khdng doan ke't vd
rguyen tdc vdi bon phan qud'c" (13). Gdn


14

den ngay tdng tuyen cii, tren cac bdo cua
Viet Nam Qud'c ddn dang deu cd Idi keu goi
tdy chay tdng tuyen cfl, cho rdng trinh do
dan tri cua ta cdn thd'p kdm, hdn 90% dan
sd' khong biet chfl nen khdng du nang lUc

thUc hien quyen cdng dan, viec cdn kip la
tap trung cho^ng Phdp xam lUdc, khdng nen
md't thdi gian vao bdu cfl. ThUc chd't,
VNQDD tim each phan dd'i tdng tuyen cii,
di tdi Idt dd chinh quyen cdch mang.
Ngdy 25-2-1946, tai Dai sfl qudn Trung
Hoa d Ha Ndi, vdi sU hien dien cua Tieu
Vdn, hoi nghi lien tich gifla Viet Minh vdi
Dang Dan chu, Viet Qud'c, Viet Cdch dUdc
tien hanh. Hpi nghi da di tdi mot thoa hiep
ve chinh phu lien hiep khdng chien, cu the
la Chinh phu vdn do Hd Chi Minh vd
Nguyin Hai Thdn gifl chflc Chil tich vd Phd
Chu tich. Trong mUdi bo thi Viet Minh va
Dang Dan chu gifl Bo Qud'c phdng, Giao
thdng Cdng chinh, Giao due, Tu phap; Viet
Qud'c, Viet Cdch gifl cac bo Ngoai giao,
Kinh te, Xd hoi, Canh nong; hai bo cdn lai
danh cho dai dien cua ddng bdo Nam Bo.
Ba ngdy sau do, ngdy 28-2-1946, Hiep
Udc Hoa - Phap dUdc ki ket, dung nhU dU
dodn cua Ban Thudng vu Trung Udng Dang
Cong san Dong DUdng. Quan Tudng chuan
bi rut ve nUdc; Viet Qudc, Viet Cdch trUdc
nguy cd bi bd rdi cdng ra sflc hoat dong
chd'ng pha dfl doi hdn, nhd't la vao dip Hiep
dinh sd bp dUdc ki ket. Nhflng dai bieu cua
ho tham gia chinh quyen thi bd b i cong
viec, trdn trdnh trach nhiem.
Ngay 18-3-1946, quan ddi Phdp rdm ro

tien ra mien Bdc, vd den ddu thang 5 thi
quan ddi Tudng bat ddu rut lui. Nguyin
Hai Thdn, Nguyin Tudng Tam cung hdng
trdm "tin dd" cua cdc nhdm thdn Tudng keo
sang Trung Qud'c. Vu Hdng Khanh cung vd
con va cac yeu nhan khac rut len Viet Tri.

Rghien ciiu Lich sit. sd 6.2010
Vdo thUdng tudn thang 7 ndm 1946, Trung
Udng Qudc ddn dang bo phai td chflc lai
gdm 11 uy vien. Hai thang sau, cd quan
Trung Udng dang do cd nhieu ngUdi phai
Idnh sang hai ngoai nen sd' thdnh vien cdn
7 ngudi. Den cudi nam 1946, ban lanh dao
chi cdn hai ngUdi la Nguyin Van Chd'n va
Hoang Binh.
., . ,
Trung tudn thang 7 ndm 1946, vu an On
Nhu Hdu dUdc khdm pha dd gdy phdn no
ldn trong nhan ddn. Am mUu cua VNQDD
Id nhan ngdy quan Phdp diiu binh ky niem
Cdch mang Phdp (ngdy 14-7) se cho quan
bdn sung mdy vd nem lUu dan vdo quan doi
Phap, tao cd cho qudn Phdp td'n cdng Chinh
phu each mang, rdi nhan cd hdi dd cUdp
chinh quyen trong todn thanh phd'. Nha
Cdng an vd Sd Cdng an Bdc Bo sau nhieu
ngdy theo doi da dot kich vdo tru sd cua
VNQDD d 132 Bui Thi Xuan, thu dUdc todn
bo ke hoach nay. Tiep sau dd, hang loat tru

sd cila Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang bi kham
xet. Ddc biet tai phd' On NhU Hau (tflc phd
Nguyin Gia Thieu), cd quan cdng an dd tim
dUdc 7 xac chet va nhieu dung cu tra td'n.
Den day, bo mat phan qud'c cua Viet Nam
Qud'c dan dang dd bi lot trdn. Sau ndy, Dai
tudng Vo Nguyen Gidp Que bay gid Id Bo
trudng Bo Noi vu) da nhdn xet: "Sau vu On
Nhu Hdu, nhflng ngUdi ngdy thd nhd't ve
chinh tri tfl trUdc den nay cdn it nhieu tin
vao cac ludn dieu tuyen truyen bip b(3m cua
bon Qud'c dan dang deu tinh ngd" (14).
c. Sii tan rd hodn todn cua Viet Nam
Quo'c ddn ddng tai cdc dia phUcfng
Ngay tu ddu nam 1945, VNQDD bat ddu
xay diing 7 can cfl goi Id cdc "chien khu" d
mien Bdc va mien Trung. Tai nhflng vung
"chien khu" ndy, VNQDD mdi chiem dfldc
md'y thi xa, cdn vung nong thdn vdn thudc
quyen kiem soat cua Viet Minh.


Viet Ram Qua'e dan ding...
Trong cac can cfl tren, lUc lUdng cua
VNQDDtap trung manh nhd't d vung De
tam chien khu, gdm cdc tinh ly: Vinh Yen,
Viet Tri, Phu Tho, Yen Bai va mot phdn
tinh Lao Cai. Tai khu vUc nay, tinh ly nao
cung cd dang bo VNQDD, mot so' dang vien
dUdc vu trang sung tieu lien nhd hay sung

luc, mdi ndi cd khoang 100 kh^u sung
trUdng. Tuy nhien, trfl khu Ldo Cai - Bao
Hd, d ta't ca cac thi xd, tinh ly, viec tiep te
lUdng thiic, dan dUdc rd't khd khan.
Tai Thi xd Vinh Yin, dia ban chien lUdc
d vung trung du, gidp gidi vdi ddng bdng,
VNQDD triic tiep ndm quyen quan ly chinh
quyen thi xd trUdc khi tinh bo Viet Minh
phdt ddng khdi nghia. Vdi chinh quyen
trong tay, VNQDD chu trUdng bien ndi day
thdnh mot can cfl qudn sU manh de uy hiep
Ha Ndi, lam cd sd tien phong cho De tam
chien khu. NhUng bdng cdc chinh sdch cila
minh, ca ve quan sU va chinh tri. Mat trdn
Viet Minh da budc VNQDD phai ngdi vdo
bdn dam phan. Den thang 6-1946, uy ban
quan chinh Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang da
nhd't tri sap nhdp vdo uy ban hanh chinh
tinh Vinh Yen; hai dai ddi VNQDD cung
nhdp vdo mot tieu dodn Ve qud'c dodn;
quan ham qudn doi VNQDD bi bai bd va
thay vdo dd la qudn hieu cila Ve qud'c dodn.
Tren Thi xd Ldo Cai, ciia khdu qud'c gia,
ndi cd dudng sdt, dudng bo vd dUdng sdng
ndi lien vdi Trung Qud'c, la mot hUdng quan
trong de quan doi Tudng Gidi Thach tien
vdo Viet Nam. Sau khi theo sau quan
Tudng khdng che' phdn ldn tinh Ldo Cai,
VNQDD da Idi kdo cac lUc lUdng phan ddng
nham xay diing he thoiig chinh quyen cdc

cd'p. Tinh dang bo Qud'c dan dang dUdc
thanh Idp dat tru sd tai Co'c Leu, tnic tiep
phu trach cdc td chflc: dpi hien binh, ddi
canh sat. Thong qua cac hoat dong nay,
VNQDD ngay cdng 16 ro bo mat phan dong.

15
dm mUu pha hoai moi thanh qua each
mang, vd vdt bdc lot cua cai cila nhan dan
ta.
U cdc tinh khdc nhU Hd Nam, Nam
Dinh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hda..., VNQDD
boat ddng rao rie't, loi kdo nhflng cdng chflc
cu trung thanh vdi Phap - Nhdt, bon Viet
gian phan qud'c, mot sd' binh linh vd nhflng
phdn til cd hoi. VNQDD cung tien hanh am
sat cdc can bo Viet Minh, bat cdc td'ng tien,
cho qudn ve ndng thdn cUdp pha tdi san...
vd nha't la can trd boat ddng cila cac iiy ban
lien lac dam phan.
Nhu vdy Id, trong khi d trung Udng,
Chinh phu lam thdi vd Mdt trdn Viet Minh
chil trUdng hda hoan vdi quan Tudng, keu
goi VNQDD thiic Idng doan ket de xdy
dUng vd bao ve dd't nUdc trUdc nguy cd thiic
dan Phap quay trd lai xam lUdc thi trdi lai,
d cdc dia phUdng VNQDD tiep tuc tranh
quyen lanh dao vdi Vidt Minh, tim each
chd'ng pha, can trd vi^c thd'ng nhd't hanh
chinh va vu trang. Sau khi vu an On NhU

Hau dUdc kham pha, Nha Cdng an chi dao
cac tinh ddng loat md cudc tra'n dp
VNQDD. Toan bo h§ thd'ng phdng thu cila
VNQDD d cac dia phUdng bi pha vd. Tai
Vinh Yen, 500 dang vien Viet Nam Qud'c
dan dang ddu hang; tai Yen Bai, 200 hoc
vien quan sU la con em dia chu va si quan
Nhat tan tdc; tai Thanh Hda, todn bd liic
lUdng vu trang cua VNQDD d chien khu Di
Linh (Nong Cdng) ddu hang...
d. Nhiing tdn qudn cuoi cung cua Viet
Nam Qudc ddn ddng td (1947 -1954)
Sau khi Phap tai chiem Ddng DUdng,
cdc lanh tu VNQDD cd' gdng td chflc lai liic
lUdng tai Trung Qud'c vd mot so' vung do
Phdp kiem soat; cdn d cac khu vUc khac
tren lanh thd Viet Nam, boat dong cila
VNQDD rd't md nhat. Khdng nhflng vay.


16
VNQDD ngay cang lun sau vao nhflng mau
thudn chdng chdo vd khdng the giai quyet
dUdc.
Ca VNQDD va Dai Viet Qud'c ddn dang
deu la nhflng dang phai cung dflng chung
tren chien tuyen chd'ng cdng, nhflng lai cd
mau thudn sau sdc ve quan diem va giai
phap chinh tri.
Tfl ndm 1947, VNQDD bi phan hda

thdnh hai khuynh hudng:
+ Khuynh hUdng thfl nhd't ung ho giai
phdp Bao Dai, hdp tdc vdi Phdp chd'ng cdng
vdi cdc dai bieu nhU Nghiem Xuan Thien,
Tran Trung Dung, Vu Hdng Khanh, Ngd
Thuc Dich.
+ Khuynh hUdng thfl hai ch6'ng Bao Dai,
quyet gifl Idp trfldng chd'ng Phdp vdi cac
dai dien nhU Xuan Tung, Hoang Van Ddo,
Nguyin Vdn Chd'n, Le Ngoc Chd'n... Theo
ho, chinh phu Bao Dai lap ra chi cd muc
dich: "lam tay sai cho thUc ddn Phdp tieu
diet khdng chien, ddn dp cupc cdch mang
gidi phong ddn tpc" (14).
Trong hai kbujTih hUdng tren thi
khuynh hudng ung ho Bao Dai chie'm Uu
the hdn. Thdng 7-1947, VNQDD gia nhdp
Mat trdn quo'c gia tho'ng nhd't todn quo'c,
ung ho thdnh lap chinh quyen quoc gia
Viet Nam. VNQDD mu6'n gdy diing lai lUc
lUdng vd vdn ky vong vdo sU giup dd cua
Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang vd Hoa Ky.
Ngodi viec viet thU trao ddi, VNQDD cdn cii
ngUdi sang Nam Kinh xin Trung Qud'c
Qud'c dan dang benh vUc Viet Nam, ung ho
Viet - Phap lien minh vd xin Hoa Ky vien
trd ve kinh te.
Them vdo dd, ngay trong tflng khuynh
hudng cung lai cd nhflng mdu thudn rieng.
Thang 7-1950, dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c

cua VNQDD dUdc trieu tap. Ke't thuc dai

Rghien ciiru Lich siir. sd 6.2010
hdi, hai Ban cha'p hdnh trung Udng dUdc
thdnh Idp, ddi Idp vdi nhau, mot ban do Vu
Hdng Khanh dflng ddu, mot ban khac do
Ngd Thuc Dich dai dien. Cdn d dfldi dia
phfldng lai phan chia qudc noi, qud'c ngoai,
"hqn qud'c ndi chili bon qud'c ngoai Id chum
chan chd thdi, bon qud'c ngoai chili bon qudc
ndi la theo Phdp" (15). Ndm 1951, Viet
Qud'c ndm gifl chflc Thii hien Bdc Viet da
tim each gat het cac dang vien Dai Viet ra
khdi he thd'ng chinh quyen nguy quyen,
nhd't la d cdc tinh nhfl Hai DUdng, Hd Noi,
Sdn Tay, Ha Nam, Thai Binh...
Chinh vi nhflng mau thudn ngay cdng trd
nen sau sdc nen VNQDD kh6ng the td chflc
dfldc boat dpng gi quan trong, ngodi vdi ba
vu viec le te nhU in gid'y bac gia, tim cdc
dang vien cu de sdp xep lai... Sau thang Idi
cila chien dich Dien Bien Phu (1954),
VNQDD mot mat lo sdp ddt cd sd d viing
dich hau, mdt khac tuyen truyen khuyen
khich cdc dang vien cung nhU ddng bdo di cU
vao Nam. Den day, cdc boat ddng va anh
hudng cila VNQDD hdu nhU cbd'm dflt hodn
todn tren lanh thd Viet Nam.

Tfl sau khdi nghia Yen Bdi (1930) den

trfldc ndm 1945, VNQDD hdu nhfl khdng
cdn tdn tai vdi tfl each mot dang chinh tri
ngodi cupc dd'u tranh de gidnh anh hfldng
vdi nhiing ngUdi cong san d trong cdc nguc
tu cila thiic dan Phap. Sau each mang
thang Tam ndm 1945, theo gdt quan
Tudng, mdt sd' dang vien cu cua VNQDD
trd ve nUdc vdi mUu dd Idt d6 chinh quyen
each mang. NhUng vi khong cd cho diia
trong qudn chung, td chflc thieu chat che,
noi bo lai lu6n xay ra mau thudn nen
VNQDD boat dong khong cd hieu qua.
Bi thd't bai trong cudc tranh gianh
quyen lUc vd dia vi chinh tri vdi Mat trdn


17

^ t Ram Qu6c dan d i n g .
Viet M i n h v a D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m ,
V N Q D D dudi cac bien t h e Viet Qudc, Viet
Cach d a q u a y s a n g tim each chd'ng p h a each
m a n g , xoa bd t h a n h q u a cua cudc Cach
m a n g t h a n g T a m , chd'ng lai n h a n d a n vd
d a n toe, trd t h d n h lUc c a n trd ddi vdi tie'n
t r i n h p h a t t r i e n cua each m a n g Viet N a m .
Vdi t h a i do chinh tri t h u dich v a h d n g loat

CHU


a m mUu vd h d n h d d n g chd'ng p h a each
m a n g , ho dd di ngUdc lai n g u y e n vong chinh
d a n g cua n h a n d a n v a ly t u d n g cao ca cila
V N Q D D m a vi nd, n h i i n g ngUdi s a n g l a p va
nhiing lanh tu cua dang ndy n h u Nguyen
Thdi Hoc, N g u y e n K h a c N h u , P h o DUc
Chinh,... d a k i e n t r i b o a t ddng va a n h d u n g
n g a xud'ng each d a y h d n t d m mUdi n a m .

THICH

(*). Bai viet nay dUdc ho&n thanh v6i sil ho trd
tu li^u cua Le Thi Thu Hudng, sinh vien khoa 49,
khoa Lich sii, Trilclng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQG
HN. Tac gia xin chan th^nh cam dn sU giiip d3 quy
bau do.
(1). Hoing Van D^o. Viet Nam Quoc ddn ddng,
Nxb.Giang Dong, S4i Gon, 1965, tr. 173.
(2). Pham Tuft'n Tki. Cuoc ddi vd tdc phdm, Hoi
ky, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H4 Noi, 2002, tr. 524.
(3), (4). Pham Tu4'n Tii, sdd, tr. 525
(5). Hoi ky Trdn Huy Lieu. Nxb.Khoa hoc xa hoi,
m Noi, 1991, tr. 102.
(6). Xem Trin Giang. Vg" thdi do thien chi ciia
Ddng ta dot vdi anh em tii chinh tri Viet Nam Qudc
ddn ddng bi giam glQu d Con Ddo ndm 1938-1939.
Tap chi Lich sic Ddng, So 9-1997.
(7). Cach diing cila Ho&ng Van Dao, sdd, tr.l90.

(8), (9). Hoang v a n Dao, sdd, tr. 215, 216.

(10). Lich su; Chinh Phd Viet Nam, tap 1 (19451955), Nxb. Chinh tri Q-aoc gia, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 48.
Tham khao them hoi ky ciia Biii Diem. Gong kim lich
sd, Ed. SUDASIE, Paris, 2000, tr. 72.
(11). Joseph Buttinger. The Smaller Dragon. A
Political History of Vietnam, Praeger Publishers,
New York. Washington. London, 1957, tr. 447.
(12). Bao Dpc lap, so ra ngky 26-2-1946.
(13). Vo Nguyen Giap. Nhving chdng diidng lich
sic. Nxb.Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1977.
(14). Tai lieu vi tinh hinh td chvCc hg mdy vd
hoat dong cda cdc ddng phdi phdn dong 19471948, Ho sd so 612, Phong PTT, tr. 4.
(15). Tai li^u ve tinh hinh to chiic bp may va
hoat dpng ciia cac dang phai phan dpng 1954, Ho
sd 1455, Phong PTT, tr. 24.