BIEN SOA.N
Ho vdr t6n
TS. Hodng Ttng
C6 GS.TS. Neuv6n Trqne Nho
C6 TS. Ta Kh[c Thudng

Th.S Luc Minh Di6p
TS. Neuy6n Th! Bich ThriY
TS. NguydnThanhPhuong
TS. Truong Trong NghTa

Th.S TrAn Neoc Hii
TS. Nzuv6n Vin Hda
Th.S Nsuv6n ThiHdng Vdn

2

Don vi
Da hgc Th0y sin
Da hoc Thriy sin
Da hoc Thfiy sin
Dai hoc Thriv san
ViQn Nghi€n cuu NTTS III
D4i hgc Cdn Tho
Da hoc Cin Tho
Da hoc Cin Tho
Dai hoc CAtr Tho
Dai hoc Ciin Tho

Ndi duns bi0n soan
Chucrne

I

Chuong

II

Chuone

III

Chucrne

IV

Chuong V
Chucrng

VI



4. Hem lugng oxy hda tan............
5. Hqp ch6t nito...
6. HzS
7. D9 cimg (total hamess) vi ttQ kiAm (Alkalinity)

......'.......'... 68


...'...68
.......68

......'.

.....'..........'.' 68

H8...........

phdn 2: Kt THUAT IINH siN xnAN r4o rdM
.............'. 71
r. rHrET KE VA HOAr DQNG Tp,5I SAN 1UAT rflM GI6NG mrAN TAo. .....7t
............ 7l
1. Chqn vi tri vi mflt bang xny dpg tr4i sdn xu6t t6m gi6ng.
2. Quy m6 tr4i vi c6c y6u cAu thitit ki5, thi c6ng, xtr ljr sau lrtri xdy dUng. ........"'72
............7e
rr. KY rHUAr XU Lv

NLTOC.

rrr. KY rHUAT TUYEN 6HQN T$M eo IyIE, r.n-lflr
1. Ngu6n t6m bO me vi phuong ph6p tuyOn

v6

v.q.

cHo DE.


chqn.

rv. KV rHUAT LIONG r.n-ror AU TRUNG ToM

.'......"'

HE............

ucrng.................
2. BO tri mft ttQ 6u trung trong b0 uong.........
1. Chu6n

bi b€

................ 81
81

............'.....90

.:'..........-........' 90
......'.....'......

9l

benh.....

v.

.....102
4. Quan lf m6i truong bO uong vi phdng tri

5. Theo d6i tinh tr4ng sric khoe 6u trung vi di6rr bii5n tinh hinh bi5 nu6i............ 103
................ 104
THU HOACH VA VaN

CHUYEN.

4
1------phin i: Kfr rHUAr NUdI rilu
.................. 107
THUfiNG PHAM.....
run
........... 107
r. CAC uiNH THUC r.n-l$r
...... 107
1. NuOi quing canh truyAn th6ng vi quang canh cii tii5n...........

canh.........
3. Nu6i th6m canh

......- 108

2. Nu6i ban thAm

rr. KY rHUAT m-rOl rOM HE THUONG
1. Chgn ving nu6i

PHAM

.............. 112


...112

nu6i..

..... 113

5. The gi6ng........................:.
6. Xic dinh t6c d0 sinh truong vi ti lQ s6ng......'...
.:...'."'..'.....
7. Ky thuflt cho An. ............

......121

3. XXy dpg c6ng trinh

nu6i.
10. Thu hoach........

9. Phdng tri benh t6m

4

..... 108

.........123
.-.-.-..- 124
......:........... ........144

.... 148



cHLfcrNG rrr:
r. DAc

Ki

orgl,r srNH

THUAr NUOI

r6u

rqa.........

uunn

1. Phan lo4i vi hinh th6i...
2. D{c di6m ph6n bO .............
3. D6c di6m sinh truong......

4.

Ddc tliOm sinh

2. Chqn vi tri

PHAM......

con....
4. Quan lf vi chdm s6c t6m nu6i..........

5. Thu ho4ch........
vi

...... 156
..... 160

.....162
................162

ucmg t6m

rrr. TRrEN VQNG CUA NGHE r.U-lOr

l5l

....... 160

nu6i

3. Chgn gi6ng

..........

.....152
.......154

rHuoNG

.........


lsl

.......... 151

s6.n............

rr. KY rHUAT m-lor rou HUM
1. C6c dqng l6ng nu6i

.................

roU

HUM

........ 163
...... 163

GAI..........

.............. 163

CHIIONG IV: KY THUAT NUOI TOM CANC XANH THTIONG PHAM .,.,..167
............. 167
r. Gror
......... 167
rr. DAc DrEM srNH HQC CUA roU CANG XANH

rHrEU.....


th6i...
2. Phan b6 ............

...........167

.........
4. Dac di6m sinh truong......
5. D{c di6m sinh sin ...........
6. YOu ciu vC m6i trudng s6ng..........
7. Nhu cAu dinh du0ng ctra t6m

........... 170

1. Phan

lopi vd hinh

..... 169

3. Vdng ttdi ctra t6m cang xanh

rrr. KY rHUAT IJONG NUor

roU

CANG

gi6ng
2. Nu6i t6m thit
1. Llcrng


........ 170

.......171
...........171

XANH

t6m

..172
............ r72
....172
.........174

..179
CHTIONG V: KV THUAT NUOI CUA BIEN
...;............................179
I. GIoI THIEU.....
..... 180
II. MOT SO DAC DIEM SINH HQC CHINH CUA CUA 8IEN........
.'....' 180
l. Hinh th6i, phtn lo4i, phln b6.............
....'.... 183
Z.Dlc iliOm sinh tru&ng, lQt x6c vi t6i sinh...........
..'.'.. 184
3. DEc tti6m dinh du0ng.......
5. MOt

sO


a{c di6m sinh th6i cta cua bi6n

GIONG
1. K! thuft sinh san nhdn t4o

rrr. KY rHUAT SAN

XUAr

2.Ky thuft vf,n chuytin vi khai th6c Megalopahay

'... 189
................. 190
...... 190
cua bQt/gidng ...................' 196


3.Kythu{tucrrrgnu6iMegalopahaycuabQtl6ncuagi6ng

rHAM

IV. KY rHUAT m-lOr cuA THIJONG
1. K! thuft nu6i chuy0n cua con thd,nh cua thit
2.Ky'thuflt ning cdp cua thucrng phdm.........

ARTEMTA

CHUONG vr: KY rHUAr NUor
I. GIOI THIEU.....................;.

rr. EAc DrEM srNH HQC CUA ARTEMTA
1. D6c di6m phnn loai ...........
2. Vdng clcri ph6t tri6n

vi

sg sinh

truong

4.D{c ditim sinh s6n ...........
5. Kha ning thich ung vdi c6c didu
1.

................. 198
.................. ...200

....................205

.............205
........2:07

.........207
...............r.. ......,..207

.:................
kiQn m6i truong.......

..........209


..210

Vei n6t vA hoat dQng ctra ruQng mu6i ve sp thich nghi cria Artemia.................211

TAI LI.EU THAM

6

.. rs7

rcrAO........:....,....

................. 230


LOI NOI DAU
icip xdc

ld ldp dQng vQt thu\c ngdn( chdn khop, cd nli.iu lodi ld diii twqng

nuii quan trong cila nghi nu6i tr1ng,thity sdn. NghA nu6i gidp x(c;

do9

biQt ngh€ nu6i t1m he, hi€n dang chiAm m6t ti trpng l6n trong nghA nudi
tr6ng thily sdn thd gi6i vd Vi€t Nam, cd vi sdn luqn7 va gid tri. Trinh d0 W thugt nu6i
thrty sdn.nadc lq, mfin trong ao ddm vd tr€n biAn 6 Vi€t Nam trong thdi gian qua iluqc
phdt tri€n, ndng cao, chit yAu dqra vdo cdc kdt qud nghi€n crhu, cdc kinh nghiQm tich lfiy
daqc trong qud trinh nu6i t6m he, t6m him, cua bi€n, Artemia,.... NghiAn c*u, tim hiAu
tiA" lQ thuQt trong linh vtgc nu6i gidp xdc sd gitip chung ta duc k€t duqc

nhftng
"ai
nniii tctnn nghiQm cho viAc thig (lang phdt fiAn nu6i cdc d6i tuqng hdi sdn khdc.

Hi€n tqi, tfi thuQt nu6i gidp xdc 0 nadc ta kh6ng ng"irng duqc cdi tidn ndng c.ao vd
tiAp thu kinh nghiQm ct)a thf giOi. K! thuQt nu6i biiin d1t hang ngdy vd phdt tri€n mQt
cich da dqng tily theo diiu kiQn t*ng ving. h vQy, trong pham vi cudn sdch ndy kh6ng
thd cung ciip $n d7c gid tdt cd nhtrng cdi tidn W thuqt, nhtrng gidi phap W thudt ddc
thr), nhing bien dil liin tqc qua tirng uu,.... Chilng t6i hy vgng vdi nhirng ddc diAm cila
diSt tuqn{nu6i, nhirng ngrydn ly cobdn cilng nha kinh nghiQm sdn xudt daqc trinh bdy
bsn doc.tich lily vd hQ th6ng duqc_cdc k1!y th*c cdn thi€t
t:?"€ td.i li€u ydy,sd Sity
1!o
d€ tim hidu sdu hon vd d1i taqng, hiAu rd hon cdc qud trinh dang di€n ra trong m6i
tradng nu6i, th6ng qua dd de ddng fiAp cQn vdi bdt c1.r mQt gidi phdp lO thuqt mhi hodc
m1t phuong phdp nu6i mdi ndo khdc. Nhtrng rdn ai tnac khdng duqc trinh bdy tronq
cu6n sdch ndy xin d7c gid tham khao 6 cdc tdi lieu c6 li6n quan nhu: Qudn ly chdt
laqng nadc trong nu6i tring thity sdn, BAnh hOc thily sdn, C6ng trinh nu1i thily sdn,.....
Trong qud trinh bi€n soqn chung t6i dd st)r dung cdc tu hAu, cdc ket qqa ngli1ry
gtap xdc ct)a nhiiu tdc gia trong vd ngodi nadc. Tuy nhi€n, nhiAu viin dA
ctru vi
""di
thA he gidng vi€n n€n kh6ng the
dagc tich ml * cdc bcii g.idng, cdc ght chep qua
"iii,
trdnh khdi sq thdt lsc xu-tit *i, mra ihdn cho iie" tri"h ddn fii liQu tham khgo; ,rdt,mong
daqc sw laqng thu cita cclc tdc gid vd xin chdn thdnh cdm on. MQc dil dd rdt cO gdng hAt
srhc nhang cin m\t sii vtin di-cutin sach chaa th€ cdp nhctt het. Rdt mong nhQn daqc
nhirng Sop i t* phia d7c gid, nhAn daqc nhftng thdnh qud nghi€n c*u vd kinh nghiQm
san idt quii bdu ae Ua sung, hodn chinh cudn sdch ndy.

Chilng t6i xin chdn thdnh cdm on sW giilp ild cua.cac tradng dgi hqc, cdc viQn
nghi€n ctru, cdm CIn sU cQng tdc cila cdc tdc gid vd cdc d6ng nghiQp-

Thay m{t cic thc gih
LBc Minh DiQp


Chucrng

I:

NGHE NUOI GIAP XAG:
HIEN TRANG VA XU HUONG PHAT TRIEN
l.

I

Gi6'i thiQu chung

dd c6 tir kh6 ltu nhmg nghd nu6i giirp xitc trOn th6 gioi chi m6i ph6t tri6n
trong vii thap kf gAn d0y. TOng sin lJqng gi6p xitc nu6i ctra th6 gioi gia tdng deu dqn
tu ndm 1970 (Ilinh I.1) vd dd dat di5n con s6 1,65 triQu t6n, tri gi6 9,4 ti USD vio nlm

Mic di

2000 (IrA(), 2OO2). S1r' gia tdng nhy ld k6t qui ctra vi6c mo rQng diQn tich nu6i, d6i
tuong nu6i vh gia tdng rnirc d6 thAm canh. IIi0n tai c6 it nhAt ld 46 lodi gi6p x6c c.o ei1
tri thuIh6i Lan, Indonesia, Vi6t Nam,
sdrn luong gi6p x6c nu6i bao g6m 'l'rung

.Qu6c,

Ilangladesh, An f)6, licuador (Iling I.1). Ngh€ nu6i gi6p x6c dem lai lqi nhu4n c.ao, ggp
ph6n n0ng cao dcri s6ng cua ngudi dAn vir gia tdng kim ngach xu6t khdu cira nhi6u qudc
gia. Iai ViQt Nam, gi6 tri xu6t khau t6m sri trong ndm 2000 de d$ 239,5 triQu USD
futrto, 2002). Chi fi;h riOng 6 Kh6nh IIoa nghd nu6i t6m hum l6ng xu6t khAu dd dem
l4i mQt ngu6n thu nhap hing nlm udc tinh khoang 450 ti d6ng (So Thriy sdn Kh6nh
IIoa, 2002)
2.O

't0,000

1.6

8,000
(r,

lc6

D


5

6,000

t.z

<()
li

00
li

;

raB

0.8

4,000

0.4

2,000

0.0

0

(h

1970

1975

Ilinh I.1: Sin

luqrng

1980
vi gii tri

1985
cria gi6p

1990

xic nu6i tir

1995

2000

1970-2000 (IIAO,2002)

Gi6p x6c (C'rustacea) li mQt trong nhflng nh6m clQng vQt c6 thdnh phAn lodi phong
ph(r. 'l'uy nhi6n kh6ng phai loii nho cfrng c6 grb tri kinh t6 vd c6 th6 nu6i dugc trong
iieu f,;.r''
phdrn cta con ngunhirng dOi tuqng nu6i kh6c nhu Artemia.


C6c d6i tugng giitp xfrc, dac biQt c6c tl6i tugng phin b6 cr virng nu6c lg ho{c mdn,
thudmg c6 gi6 tri dinh du&ng cao. Him lugng cao ctra chc axit b6o kh6ng no (highly
unsaturated fatty acid, HUFA) trong cic san phAm niy tir lfu vAn dugc xem h c6 lqi
cho sric khoe vd tri lgc cta con nguoi. Trong khi d6, viQc str dung 6u trung ctra c6c lo4i

giep x!rc nho nhu Artemia lim thric 5n cho 6u trung cua chc d6i tuqng nu6i c6 gi6 tri
kinh tc cao (nhu c5 bi6n, t6m he) dd t4o du-o. c nhirng budc nhiy vgt trong c6ng nghg san
.A
A.
xudt con gi6ng nhln tao, k6o theo sg gia t6ng ilang kO cta san lugng gi6p x6c nu6i.

Bdng

L/; Sin tugng vir gi6 tri

cfia nghd nu6i giip xic t4i cic qu6c gia hing
tr6n th6 gi6ri trong nIm 2000 (FAO, 2002)

STT

Qu6c

gia

2. Th6i Lan
3. Indonesia
4. ViQt Nam
5. pangladesh
6. AnDQ
7. Ecuador
8. Philippines
9. Mexico

10. Brazll
11. Malaysia

12. Ddi Loan
13. Colombia
14. My
15. Honduras

C6c nu6c kh6c

Sin

luqng STT
2.
3.
4.

303.430
146.823
96.433
64.648
52.771
50.940

Qu6c

ThdiLan
Indonesia
ViAt Nam

5. An D0
6. Ecuador

7.
8.
9.

46.8t9

Philippines
Bangladesh

Mexico

33.530
25.243

10.

Brazil

17.457

I

15.923

12.
13.

Malaysia
Ddi Loan
Colombia

11.390

10.364
8.500
56.354
1.647.720

gia

l.

14.
15.

Sri La.nka

Midn Di€n
Cdc nwdc khdc

Gid

tliu

tri

2.137.615
861.799
521.892

393.938
302.960
293.220
2s5.741
194.333
177.066
134.006

126.528
91.120
78.343

s9.568
373.569
9.371.794

. T4i chdu M! vi ch6u Au ngh0 nu6i t6m hirm cing holc t6rn cdng nudc ngot bit

ngu6n .tir nhiing
---?r':J kj/ 50-60
e thanh c6ng cta viQc thi gi6ng vio tu nhiOn 6
---i--- thap
--.-.-- voi muc
-:
tlich bO sung ngu6n lqi. Ngh0 nu6i giSp x6c (chir y6u li nu6i t6m he) khcri dAu 0 khu
vuc D6ng Nam A vdi hinh thtc nu6i quang canh (trong cilc ao dAm tU nhiOn ven bi6n
hodc vtrng nmg ngflp m{n, cta song,bing rrgu6n gi6ng tu nhiOn, c6c ttoi tugng chinh
t6m he vi cua) ho6c nu6i ntrOt mQt thdi gian trong c6c l6ng nudi th6 so (cua, t6m htm).
Mac dir v4y chi trong mQt thoi- gian ngin, nhd sg ph6t triOn nhanh ch6ng cta c6c c6ng
ngh6 mang tinh h5 trg (sAn xu6t gi6ng nh0n t4o, s6n xu6t thric 5n, c6ng trinh va thi6t bf

nu6i) hinh thric nu6i dd duoc ning l6n quang canh cii ti6n (improved extensive), b6n
thnm canh (semi-intensive), th0m canh (intensive) vi thfm chi siOu thdm canh (super
intensive). D{c thir voi cic muong hodc b€ vdng nu6c chdy, m6t dQ nu6i vi ndng su6t
rdt cao nhung hinh thric nu6i siOu th0m canh thucrng kh6ng dAu tu c6ng trinh vi chi phi van hanh qu6 t6n k6m.

li

Su ph6t tritlncria ngh€.nu6i mdi AOi tugng gi6p x6c php thuQc

vio mdt lo4t ytiu t6:
kh6 nang gi6i quy6t con gi6ng (khai th6c tir 4r nhi6n ho{c sdn xudt nh0n t4o),-ngu6n
thric 5n (tu nhi6n ho{c c6ng nghiQp), diQn tich m{t nudc phir hqp v6i y€u cAu cta rl6i
10


tugng, khi ndng 6p.dpng c5c ti6n b0 khoa hgc k! thuAt vio x6y d1mg, van hanh vi quan
llf c6ng trinh, hQ th6ng nudi vd khi ning kii5m so6t dich bpnh. grrg v6i nhirng hiQu qud
kinh ti5 to l6n mi n6 dem l4i, ngh6 nu6i giirp xitc cfing tao nOn nhirng m6i lo ng4i vC m6i
trunng vi b6o vQ ngu6n fqi iht y sdn. Vi[c pnat tri6rlf,ii5u qui ho4ch t6ng th6 vd c6c th6
cfr6 quan lf thich hqp c5c khu nu6i t6m t4i nhi6u qu6c_ gia dd k6o theo mQt loqt nhirng
u6, ,an nhu ch{t ph5 rimg ngflp min, thoii h6a d6t dai,.6 nhi6m m6i trucrng cuc bQ,
tranh ch6p tdi nguy0n it6t, nudcvli cilc ho4t dQng kinh t5 kh6c... ViQc su dpng c6 t4p
ldm thric 6n cho c6c d6i tyqng gi6p xhc nu6i g6p ph6n gia tdng 6 nhi6m m6i trudng vi
lan trim dich benh. Ngay cA khi thrlc 6n c6ng nghiQp c6 hdm luqng qjot:tl cao dugc
dirng, 6p lpc khai th6c 16n c6 bi6n ldm bQt c6 cfing sE gia tlng m4nh, din d6n nhimg lo
ngaiue-.a, kiQt ngudn lqi c6 tg nhi6n. Nu6i trdng thtry san v6n dugc xem nhu li mOt
hoat dQng tich cUCdO b6o vQ ngudn lgi. Tuy vQy, vcri nhi6u dOi tuqng nu6i khi mi con
.t
glong va rnuc an con duqc khai th6c chir y6u tt [r nhiOn, 6nh hu&ng ctia nu6i tr6ng thriy

t0n ngu6n lqi tU nhi6n lai diSn ra theo chi6u hudng ti6u cpc.

i*

'l
DO c6 thd ph6t huy hOt c6c ti6m ndng cira ngh€

nu6i gi6p xhc, c6c v6n d0 n6u tr6n
phii duqc giai quy6t --Ot r6.h thoa tlang vd d6ng bQ. Cfrng gi6ng nhu t6t ch chc ho4t
dQng kinh tt.f.fra., ngh6 nu6i gi6p xhc dang timg bu6c ph6t tri6n vd tg hoin thiQn minh.
Tru6c nhu cAu ngiy cing tdng cira xd hQi vi 6p lgc crta chc t6 chfc bio vQ m6i trulng,
tii nguydn thi6n nhi6n, viQc xiy dpg c6c m6 hinh hoac qui trinh cdng nghQ nu6i bOn
vm{Aa"g ld trgng tdm chinh gtra nghE nu6i gi6p x6c cfing nhu cic ho4t ttQng nu6i trting
thtry san kh6c.nhlm gi6m thi6u nhimg t6c dQng m6i trudng vi dAm b6o cho sg ph6t
tri6n l6u ddi, b6n vlrng ctra ngh6.

2.Eiituqng nudi
M{c du c6 it nh6t 46 lodi gi6p xitc kh6c nhau dang dugc nu6i tr0n th6 gicri (bang
1.2), s6luqng c6c tl6i tugng nu6i chinh l4i kh6ng nhiOu. T6m he (1huEc h9 Penaeidae) ld
dOi tuqne ru-Oi pfrO bi5n nh6t, chitim ti trgng cao cA vii san lugng l6n gi6 tri. Trong nh6m
nity, cilc d6i tuqng duoc nu6i rQng rdi ntrAt ta t6m sri Penaeus monodon vd t6m chin
trdng P. vannamei (cdn gqi ld Litopenaeus vannamel. Tey sri dugc nu6i o hcrn 30 qu6c
gia tr0n thti gi6i (k6 ca nhirng ncri loii niy kh6ng ph6n b6 tU nhiOn) nhd vio t6c tIQ sinh
i*-rg nhanh cira n6. T6m chdn tring chri yC, duo,t.nu6i 0 c5c nu6c.thuQc tiy ban cAu
nhu Ecuador, Mehico, My, Venezuaela,Braztl... Nhd vio nhffng ti6n b0 v0 di tnryCn
chqn gi6ng me gAl diy con gi6ng sach bQnh (SPF - specific pathogen free) ho{c c6 kh6
ndng kh6ng m0is6 bQnh thdng.thucrng (SPR - specifii pathogen resistance) hoac c6 t6c
dQ sinh trucrng cao cta mQt s6 ddng t6m chdn trdng vir t6m xanh. P. stylirostrzs (hay
Litopenaeus stylirostrzs) dang dugc du nh4p vdo. c6c nu6c nudi t6m 0 khu vuc chAu A
(Preston & Clifford 2002). TOm he Trutg Qu6c P. chinensis c6 kich thu6c thucrng

phAm nho hcrn (12-l5g) vd dugc nu6i nhiiSu o Trung Qu6c (Qingyin vi ctv, 2002) m{c
dr) c6 sdLn lugng tucrng d6i l6n so v6i c6c d6i tuqng kh6c nhu t6m th6 P. (hay
Fenneropenaeus) merguiensis, t6m he NhOt Bin P. (hay Marsupenaeus) japonicus, P.
(hay Liiopenaeus) stylirostris ho4c t6m rin P. semisulcatzs. T6m the, P. merguiensis
.U"g ta mQt d6i irrqng nu6i l0u ddi 0 khu vuc D6ng Nam A. Tuy nhi6n chi trong vhi
,A* tro lai ddy ngh6 nu6i t6m th6 vi mQt s5 c6c dOl tuqng thuQc gi6ng Metapenaeus
mgi ttuo. c quan tim nhi6u hcm khi dich bQnh vi kh6 khdn trong kh0u cung .cdp con
gi6ng cho ngh6 nu6i t6m sri ngdy cdng tr0 nOn trAm trgng (Ting2001a, b). Ti0m ndng
nu6i t6m the khA l6n, d{c biqt n6u dugc thpc hiQn v6i sg trg girip cua mQt chucrng trinh

11


di truy6n chgn gi6ng hiQu qui (Tirng

vi ctv, 2OO2).

T6m cing xanh (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) c6 th€ ducy. c coi H d6i tugng t6m
nu6i ph6 bi6n nh6t o c6c virng nu6c nggt. Dii Loan vi Thii Lan ld c6c nu6c Adn d-Au ve
s6n luong trong sO +l qu6c gia tr6n th6 gioi (trong tI6 c6 ViQt Nam) dang nudi t6m cing
xanh. Ctng gi6ng nhu v6i c6c d6i tugng t6m he, c6ng nghQ sin xu6t con gi6ng nhan tao
ill6n kien nhin t4o. T4i iic vi cic qu6i gia chnu Au c6 khi hdu lanh nghA nu6i c6c aOi Iuqng
tdm cing nu6c nggt (crayfish) kh6 ph6t tritin nhmg san lugng cdn rlt khi6m t6n (Lee &
Wickins, 1992).

li

C6c loii cua bi6n thuQc gr6ng Scylla
d6i tuqmg nu6i (trong cilc ao, dAm quang

canh o virng ngng
man,
cira s6ng) kh6 pho bi6n o khy ruc E6ng Nam A. Philippinei
fgflp
ld nudc d6n dAu vd sdn.luqng cua bi6n nudi (22 nghln.tklr, n6m 2000). Uie4 nay cac thti
nghiQm san xudt con gi6ng nhin t4o vi nu6i thucrng pham cua biiSn thuQc gS6ng Sqtlla vit
gltg Portunus dang ducv. c tri6n khai d kh6 nhi6u qu6c gia nhu Uc, Indonesla, Philippines,
Th6i Lan, Vigt Nam... voi mgc dich thric dAy sp ph6t tri6n cria nghA nu6i c6c t16i tuqng
niy (Keenan & Blackshaw,l999;Pizzuto vi ctv, 20001, Th4ch, 2002).

Nghd nu6i Artemia thu trung bio x6c v6n cdn k6m ph6t tri6n m{c dt nhu cAu r6t
li dQng vflt dusin nhtmg trung bdo x5c Artemia vi gAn ddy Artemia sinh kh6i le *at trang cO gia t4
tr0n thf trucrng. Nu6i Artemia lA mQt nghd mang tinh ch6t sin xu6t hang h6a cho nOn
Artemia duoc xem li mQt aOi tuqng nu6i, kh6c vcri c6c sinh vft ducr. c sri dpng lim thirc
[n s6ng kh6c nhu. Copepoda, Daphnia,... Sdn luqng trimg bio xic Artemia cria thti gioi
chri yi5u h tir ngu6n thu tg nhiOn (d My) (Lavens & Sorgeloos, 1996)..Cic qu6c gia friqn
dang.nu6i Artemia thu tnmg bio x6c g6m c6: Uc, Bi, M!, Trung Qu6c, Vipt Nam. UOt
s6 tl6i tuqng nu6i moi thuQc nh6m giirp xhc nhu t6m mt ni (Thenus orientalis), t6m tit
(Squilla,spp), mQt sO loei kh6c thuQc ho Penaeidae (chua du-o.c nu6i nhi6u tru6c dAy)
ho4c gi6ng Metapenaeas hiQn dang dugc quan tim nghiOn criu.
cao.

M{c di Artemia

Bdng L2: Citc toii gi6p xic.tlang tluqc nuOi tr6n th6 gitfi vi O ViQt Nam
(T6ng hqp tt s6 liQu ctra FAO vi SUMA - Danida)
TGn khoa hgc

TGn thuong phAm

(Scientific name)

(Commercial name)

Penaeidae

shrimp
shrimp
ensis
shrimp
manoceros
shrimp
aztecus
Northern brown shrimp
chinensis Fleshy prawn
esculentus Brown tiger prawn
indicus
Indian white prawn
Penaeus japonicus
Kuruma prawn
Penaeus kerathurus Caramote prawn
Penaeus merguiensis Banana prawn
Penaeus monodon
Giant tiger prawn
Penaeus notialis
Southern pink shrimp

t2

Metapenaeus
Metapenaeus
Metapenaeus
Metapenaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus

dobsoni

Kadal

endeavouri

Endeavour
Greasyback
Speckled

Loii Khi ntrng
O sx giiing
nuOi VN nhin tao
MOi

Hg
(Family)

trudng nu0i
M
M

M
M
M
M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L,
L,
L,
L,
L,
L,

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+


Penaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus
Penaeus

L,M
L,M
L,M
L,M

Sao Paulo shrimp

Penaeus paulensis
Penaeus penicillatus

Redtail prawn
Southern white shrimp
Green tiger prawn

schmitti
semisulcatus
setiferus

subtilis

+
+
+
+

L,Ivl

Northem white shrimp
Blue shrimp
Shouthem brown

stylirostris

+
+

L,M
L,M

+

shrimp

Sersestidae

Atlantic seabob
Akiami paste shrimp

kroyeri
iaponicus

Palaemonidae Macrobrachium

Nephropidae

Astacidae

L,M

Whiteleg shrimp

Penaeus vannamei
Xiphopenaeus
Acetes

riverprawn

Monsoon

malcolmsonii
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii
Palaemon serratus

Homarus americanus
Homarus sammarus

Giant river prawn
Common

M
N, L, M

N,L,M

prawn

American lobster
European lobster
Noble crayfish
Danube crayfish

Astacus astacus
Astacus leptodactylus

M
M
M
N

+

N,L

+

N

Pacifastacusleniusculus Signalcrayfish

Cambaridae

Procambarus

clarkii

Red swamp

Parastacidae Cherax destructor
Cherax tenuimanus
Panulirus longipes

Longlegged spiny

Cherax
Palinuridae

crawfish

Yabby crayfish
Red claw crayfish
Marron c

quadricarinatus

+

N, L, M

lobster

I
N,L

+

N,

+

M

+

Panulirus orn(ttus

Yellow ring spiny

M +

Panulirus homarus

lobster
Scalloped

M

spiny

'

+

lobster
Portunidae

Potamidae

Panulirus stimpsoni

Chinesespinylobster L

Fortunus trimaculatus
Portunus pelagicus
Scytla serrata

Swimming crab

Eriocheir sinensis

(N: ntfrc nggt

M

L,M
L,M

Sand crab

Mud crab
Mud crab
Chinese river crab

L: nudc lq

M: nuoc

+

+

M

I

N,L,M

+

mQn)

3. COng trinh vir m0 hinh nu6i

Tiry thuQc vio d{c tinh sinh hgc mi d6i tuqng nu6i gi6p xic c6 th6 dugc nu6i

trong aoinA" a6t hoac i6t nhua plastic, xi ming), ldng, ddng, UC 1xi.mdng, sgi thiry tinh,
ptasiicy ho{c c6c muong nu6c ch6y (raceway) (Pillay, 1993)..Ao dat la c6ng trinh nu6i
pnO Ui6n nir6t cho trAu [et c6c ddiiuqng nuoi phgc vg nhu c6u thgc phAm..Kich thudc
ao nu6i thay d6i tiry theo mtic dQ c6ng nghiQph6a vi khi ndng.su a;11S a6t dai, th6ng
thuong khoang I ha/ao nhtmg c6 thiS nh6 hon (vii tr[m, vii nghin m') ho{c lon hon rdt
nhieuis-tO hata) (Fast vi Menasveta,2OOZ). Ca9 Joai nu6i lim thirc 6n nhu Dapnhia
du-o. c nu6i chtr yt5u trong bC c6 kich thudc nh6. NghC mt6i Artemia thtt trimg bio x6c sri
13


dpng c6c ruOng mu6i g,avens vi sorgeloos, 1996). T6m hirm l4i rtugc nu6i ch6 y6u
trong ldng (chim hoac n6i) o bi6n. fictr ttruoc l6ng dao dQng ttr t- 64 m3 (Sd Thtiy san
Khenh Hita,2002)

M6 hinh md sir.dpng ao thay nudc theo ctr6 Oq thtry tridu (hoic sir dgng m6y bcrm)
duoc sri dpng ph6 bitin o tdt chc6c qu6c gia c6 ngtrA nuOi gi6p xic. Tuy nhl6n, do tinh
hinh 6 nhi6m m6i trucrng vi d{c biet le sg lan trin cria aicfr Udnn, ga" Oay c6c m6 hinh
nu6i it thay nudc ho4c t6i sy dpng nuoc dang duqc nghi0n cr?u vi img dUng o kh6 nhi6u
noi. Th6i Lan ld qu6c gia tIAu tiOn tri6n khai c6c m6 hlnh dang nny. B-iit rrgrfr, tir viQc sri
dqng c6c ao nu6i ng91 sdu trong dAt ficn de nu6i t6m (tang dQ mpn lOn 2-3 pptli";
c6ch pha vdi nudc 6t > 200 ppt thu ttr c6c rugng muOi; c6c md hinh niy sau d6 nhin
r6ng ra c6c khu vgc nu6i ven bii5n. Luqng nu6c bi mdt^Attrong thcri gian nu6i (do bay
hoi ho{c. rd ri) duqc b6 sung bing nu6c nggt tri c6c gi6ng khoan. Uinfr tnric nu6i niy
thuc chdt chi li mQt gi6i pnap tirt *rc nirim han -ch6"nhtng rui ro vd b€nh dicir
(Robertson, 2001 ; Fast vd Menasveta, 2002).

Tai nhirng qu6c gia kh6c nhu M!, Israel, Colombia. .. cilc hQ th6ng nu6i t6i sri
dung nu6c (recirculation) trang b! hQ th6ng lgc sinh hoc vd co hgc ngny cang dugc sri
dung rQng rdi hcrn. Cfing gi6ng nhu m6 hinh nudi it hoic kh6ng thay nu6c Oih6i Lan,
viQc quan llf vi v4n hanh cic m6 hinh nu6i t5i sri dgng nu6c ddi h6i trinh dQ chuyen

m6n rAt cao. Th6ng.thulng c6c ch6 phAm sinh hoc nhu probiotics vi c6c lo4i thric 6n
c6ng nghiQp dac chiS (cO ti le CN cao) dugc sri dgng trong qui trinh nu6i d6 ntug cao
ch6t luqng nu6c (Roberston,2001).
Ngh6 nu6i t6m bi6n trong nQi tti3 sri dung nu6c mdn ngarn cfing.li m6t mO hinh
c quan t0m nhi0u trong thdi gian gan dly, dac biet d c6c khu lru" E6t dai cdn c5i c6
gi6 tri n6ng nghiQp k6m. M6 hinh ndy dang ph6t tri6n 6 My, Israel, Venezuela... Gi6 d6t
vi nhAn c6ng 16, khi ndng bi nhi6m bQnh th6p (do nim siu trong d6t Hdn, xa c6c virng
nu6i chinh d ven bi6n, kh6ng tlao d6i nu6c vcvi m6i trucrng) ln nhfng lqi th6 ctra md
hinh niy. Tuy nhi6n, sg thay ddi.ctra thanh phan h6a hgc vi ctr6t tuqng theo thcri gian
cfing nhu trfr luqng cira nu6c nga{n dang cdn ld nhirng vudmg mic tam thcri. SU tIi6u
hpt ho{c hi6n diQn 0 hem lucrng th6p hon mric binh thuong cria mQt s6 ion nhu Ki, Ca2*
hodc hdm lugng tr0n mric binh thuong cira mQt s6 ctr6t dac c6 th6 anh huong d6n kh6
ndng t6n t4i vd phit tri6n cria t6m nuOi. tr,t4c di c6 tiAm ndng nhmg m6 hinh-nu6i t6m
str dpng nudc m{n (lq).ngAm sE chi ph6t tri6n Brown, trao d6i tryc tiiSp).
du-o.

c6ng trinh nu6i phir hgp cho mQt so aoi tuqng mcri nhu cua, ghg, t6m mfi ni...
v6n cdn dang hong giai do4n nghi0n cr?u. C6c thir nghiQm nu6i cua, gh'g irorg ao d6t chi
hqn ch6 d
{0 n1O1 r6t ttr6p. Hao hpt do hiQn tuqng an thit t6n nrrau ltronftncri k} l6t
x6c) dang ld th6ch thric lon cho nhtng nguoi nghiOn criu vO c6ng trinh nu6i-cria cac a5i
tug4g niy (Clive Keenan, trao <16i tr.uc tiiSp).

-

T{

4. Ngudn giting

Con gi5ng ati tna nu6i ho{c ngu6l ci th6 b6 me cria nhi6u A6i tuqng girip xic
c khai thdc chri.ytiu tir t1r nhiOn. NghA nu6i t6m hirm..l6ng vi cua bien ScylkO Vigt
Nam vi mOt sO qudc gia kh6c trong khu v.uc tir trudc ACn nay v6n dga vio ngudn con
gi6ng khai th6c tt tU nhi6n (Keenan & Blackshaw, 1999). Ei6u niy lim niy sinh nhimg
quan ngai ngiy cang gia tlng vC viQc b6o vQ ngu6n lqr tU nhi0n vi rd rang dE han chC sU
du-o.

t4


ph6t triOn cira ngh6 nu6i c6c dOi tuqrng niy. T4i ViQt Nam, lugng con git5ng cua Scylla
ictrai tnac ft tU nhi€n chi c6 th6 d6p ung duqc khoang l\-2To/onhu cAu trong khi k6t qu6
cria cic thr? nghiQm san xu6t gi6ng nhdn t4o vdn cdn han chti (Th4ch, ?00?). Cfing tuong
tq nhu vQy, t6m hirm gi6ng ftich thu6c tt 2-10 cm) dugc ngu d0n Uat Ae th6 nu6i trong
l6ng. T4i ryOt sO ncyi, d6u hiQu can k19t ngu6,n lqi da trd n€n 16 rimg (John Hambrey, trao
ddilruc ti6p). Do thcri gian ph6t tri6n ctra 6u trung qu6 dei (200-300 ngiy tiry loii) vi
phric t4p, kha narg sdn xuAt con gi6ng nhAn tqo t6m him vin duo. c xem ld rAt th6p vi
tl,Org c6lgi nhufn cho d6n thoi ili6m hiQn nay.

Qui trinh c6ng nghQ sin xu6t nhnn t4o con giiSng c6c loii t6m bi6n vi t6m cfurg
xanh hay mQt s6.lodi t6m cing kh6c.o nu6c nggt dA kh6 6n dinh. Da phdn t6m gi6ng thi
nu6i c6 ngu6n g6c tri circ tr4i sAn xu6t gi6ng nhAn t4o. Tuy nhi6n, ngo4i tru mQt s6 it tt6i
tugng nhu t6m chin tring P. vannamei,I6m xanh P. stylirostris, t6T h? MT B* f.
japonicus dd dugc thuAn h6a vi chgn gi6ng o mQt sd qu6c gia, ngu6n t6m b6 m9 cria
c5c P. monodon, aAi tuqng nu6i ph6 bi6n nh6t trdn todn ciu. Su 10 thuQc. vio ngudn t6m b6
mg khai th6c tir tU nhiOn ve iinfr tr4ng khan hit5m cira ngu6n cung c6p $y trcr nggi l6n nh6t c[o nghA nu6i t6m sri tr6n toan thC gicri vi cin tro
mQt trong
"hyg

qu6 trinh thu6n h6a d6i tugng niy (Benzie, 1.997; Ting 2001a). Ciic chuong trinh
,ghie" cuu sir dpng t6m sri bO mg nudi trong di6u kiQn nhnn tao dO san xuAt t6m gi6ng
di5n nay m6i chi thanh c6ng o mric d0 thi nghiQm chri chua dem l4i hiQu qui kinh tC
thUc sU o qui mO san xu6t.16m sri nu6i nhnn t4o thucrng c6 ti lQ thanh thgc th6p, sric
sinh sin tt Org cao vi sric s6ng cira con non k6m h(Benzie, 1997,1998; Browdy, 1998; Huberman, 2000).
Kh6 khAn trong khiu san xu6t gi6ng nhin t4g,, tii sir dgng c6c c6.th6 b6 m9 ,n..hi
phi cao trong viQc duy tri 6p lUc chqn lqc de khitin cho c6ng tic thudn h6a, di,1ruyOn
chen gi6ng c6c moi chi c6 mQt s5 chuong trinh dugc thUc hiQn d vdi qu6c gia cho mQt s6 rdt it c6c d6i
tuqng tdm nu6i nhu t6m he Nhflt Ban P. japonicus, t6m chln trlng P. vannamei vi t6m
xanh P. stylirostris (Preston vd Clifford ,2002).
SU lQ thuQc

it

nhiAu

vio ty nhi0n trong khiu

s6n xu6t con gi6ng cho.nghd nu6i

gi6p x6c d4t ra v6n AC lya chqn dtii tuqng nu6i vd x6c dinh qui m6 phqt tri6n phn hqp
Iho t*g ddi tuqng. Vugt l6n trOn nhirng t6c dQng cira thi truong, nghO nu6i gi6p xirc
n6n tfp trung vio nhirng dOi tuqng mi khi ndng sin xudt con gi6l8 nhdn tao cao vi huy
ttqng'nguon"lgc itO noair tnien qrri tA*r nu6i, n0ng cao nlng su6t cria nhirng ttOi tuq4g
niy."Aif, hucrng tich cgc cria ngh6 nu6i trong c6ng t6c b6o vQ ngubn lql tU nhi6n sE dE
deng biQn tt_r*h tiOu cpc ntiu viQc khai th6c con gi6ng tg nhi0n 0 mtic cIO gay anh hunng
vdy, vi0c du nhflp c6c loi,i mcri hay c6c ddng ngoai
di6n. Cflng tucrng t.o

"6n1i6p
nhflp vdo nu6i t4o ia nhthrg m6i 1o ng4i vO kla $ng hy nhiSm bQnh dich (Tjm Flegel,
t.uo AOi tr.uc tii5p) ve nhirn! anh hueng c6 th6 yA m{t ditruy6n l€n nhthrg quan dan n6i
tlia (Michel1996; Janet Brown, trao d6i tryc ti6p).

+"

5. Thrfrc

in

tri kinh te cao thu6c nh6m gi6p x6c d6u thuOc
nh6m An thit (carnivorous) ho{c an tAp (omnivorous) nhrmg thi6n.v6 6n thit, viQc giii
quyi5t thric an ctro chrlng.Ung n mQt [h6 kh[n. Cbtup ho{c c6c dOi tuqng thtry san c6
HAu h6t c6c d6i tuqng nu6i c6 gi6

l5


gi+ tri kinh t6 tfrSp nfru moi (Acetes), than m6m thuong dyqc srl dgng lim thric [n v] c6
th6 tao ra 6 nhi6m m6i trucrng hopc anh hucrng d6n ngu6n lqi thuj/ san. C6c ch6t ainh
duong th6t tho6t.tt nsu6; tr,* ai, ra ci @p (l6n tcri 75./.j
ii6i cra tt6i
tugng nu6i c6 thO giy 6 nhi6m cuc bQ m6i trunng nu6i hoac hmlu hai ch6t diy. Trong
khi d6, viQc gia tdng- cucrng tIQ khai thhc citc loii thuf sAn c6 kich thu6c nh6 c6 th6 enh
hucrng di5n c6c c6 th6 non cira c6c loii c6 giittri kinh ii5 .uo.

;;loi.ira,

Thric 6n ctrii Uii5n (dane viOn kh6 hoac 6m) m6i chi phO Uien cho c6c dOi tuqng

t6m he vd mQt sO loai t6m nu6c ngqt 6 c6c m6 hlnh nu6i ban th0m canh vd tham canh.
Do tinh ctr6t AAc tht, c6c nghi6n cr?u v€ nhu cAu dinh du0ng cria c6c tt6i tuqng nu6i
thty san thulng r6t pnyc tap vi k6o dii. vi th6 mi kh6 n6ng img dgng c6c kEt qua
nghiOn cuu vio san xu6t thric 5n c6ng nghiQp phii c6n c6 thcri gian vn tt o*g kh6ng
theo kip sy ph6t triOn nhanh ch6ng crta chc d6i tuqng nu6i mdi. ThOm vio d6, viQc san
xuAt thric dn c6ng nglrigp cfing g4p phni kh6 khrn vC nguon protein vi khi n6ng gia
t[ng gi6 thanh san phAm. San luqng bQt c6 ctra th6 gi6i hiu nhu kh6ng tAng trong thOi
gian gdn dAy. Nim 2001, sin toqng bQt c6 cria hai {u6c gia hang clAuia
vd Chile
giam h.on I triQu t6n ttri6n cho gi6 bQt c6 c6 chAt luqng t*ng binh tang vgt lQn 450-530
LlSDit6n (Starkey, 2002). Vi th6 mi c6c ngudn protein c6 ngu6n gOJ ttr thlrc vft tren
can (dflu ndnh, md,...) phdi du-o. c khai th6c nhi6u hon.

P;

6. Dich bQnh

vi quin lf

. Dich bQnh ttang li

dich bQnh

mQt trong nh&ng mOi de do4 cho sg tdn t4i vi ph6t triiin ctia
ngh€ nuoi gi6p xic,.cg thc le nghA nu6i t6m. BQnh c6 thti do vi khuAn,
sinh
trung ho{c nhffng U6t tqi vt m6i truong gdy ra. Cing vcri thoi gian vd sg gia tdngtrong
mric dQ thim canh h6a, s6 lugng dich bQnh ngdy cang nhi6u, giy nhtrrg thiQt h4i lnn
tl4c bi0t khi t6c nhdn g0pr benh le virus. ThOm vio d6 viQc di nh{p, trao d6i t6m gi6ng vi
-Cac

t6m bd m9 gifia c6c quOc gia, virng nu6i girip cho bQnh .O .o hQi phet trien, tayian.
loai virus gay bQnh ph6 bi6n 0 t6m he hiQn nay li: YHV (yellow head virus), MBV
(monodon baculovirus), TSV (taura syndrome virus), IHHNV (infectious hypodermal
and hematopoietic necrosis virus) WSSV (white spot syndrorne virus) (Lightner &
Redman, 1998; Muroga, 2001; zaruin-Herzberg & Ascencio-valle, 200r). HiQn nay
virus giy bOnh xic nudi vi trong cn nhfng san phAm gi6p x6c d6ng lanh (Nunan vd ctv, tsls)-. tuy
nhi6n chi c6 tdm he ld m5n cam d6i vni t6c nhnn gny bQnh ndy. Ngodi ra con mQt ;6 lo?i
virus giy bQnh tr6n t6m he mcri duo. c ph6t hiQn nhtmg chi manglinh cgc bQ o mQt vai
.x
noi vi cdn cdn phni nghiOn cr?u th€m vi {u nhu G4V (gill associated virus) o Arrstralia
(Peter Walker, qSIRO, Australia: trao d6i tr.uc tiiSp). O ViQt Nam c5c lopi bQnh virus
nhu bOnh dtim tring, dAu vang vi MBV khe ph6 bitin ve ld nguy6n nhan chri y6u gfly sst
ginm nghiOm trgng san luqng t6m nu6i trong nhfing nIm 1993-1994 vi 1998-1999 ctng
nhu trong 6 th6ng d6u nAm 2002 (Sd Thriy san Kh6nh Hda, 2002). C6c bQnh virus hiQi
nay ddu c6 th6 duo. c chAn dorln d6 dang b6ng phuong ph6p PCR (Lightner & Redman,
I 998 ; Muro ga 2001 ; Alvarez-Borrego & Chavez-Sanchez, 200 I ).

,i*r, [i

Voi hAu h6t cic benh, khi ndng can thiQp khi d6i tugng nu6i d6 nhi6m bQnh ld han
ch6 vd. thuong.St tOt k6m. Nghieq
Uenfr vi thiS Fp trung nhiAu vdo viQc tim hi6u
-"C
co chiS gal b0lh, c6ch thric truycn"*nhi6m,
hy lan 116
ri cdc biQn ph6p k! thuft
phdng chdng t6ng.h9p.
nay

c6c
huong
nghiCn
cuu
nhim
chi5 t4o vaccine phdng
.HiQn
bQnh ho6c chgn gi6ng tt6 tao c6c ddng sach bQnh ho4c L*rang bQnh dang dugc quan tflm.

16



thg tdm htrm nhiOu nfr6t ttriS gi6i. T6m duo. c vfn chuy6n s5ng trong c6c thirng carton vdi
.l
mun cua am.

T6m cang xanh, t6m cang nu6c nggt chri y€u tiOu thg tai thi trucmg nQi rlia d c6c
nudc c6 ngh€ nu6i nhfi'ng ttOj tuqng niy ho{c n6u c6 xu6t khAu sang cii nudc lnn cfn
thi s6 luong cfing r6t han ch6. Trung bio xic c:iua Artemia chir y5u dugc tiOu thp d c6c
nudc c6 nghd nu6i c6 bi6n ph6t tri6n nhu Nauy, khu vgc nam Uc vd tom he ph6t tri6n manh nhu khu vgc D6ng Nam A, Trung Qutic, khu vuc Nam trrty. cia
thi truong ctra tnmg bio x5c Artemia bi6n thu6c, ti lQ no, thenh pnan ainn du0ng) vi khi ndng khai th6c tir thi0n nhi6n.1.org
nhfrng nam gdn tIly hiQn tuqng thi6u tnmg beo
1ac Artemia cho nghA san xu6t t6m ci
gi6ng thgc sq li m6i quan tim cria nguoi nu6i tr6ng thtry sin vi c6c nhi kinh t6. Viec
stdpng c6c d6i tugng thay th6 kh6c (chAng han nhu Copepoda) dangtlugc nghiOn criu
nhAm kh[c phpc kh6 khdn niy.

Gan diy citc v6n aC ch6t lu.qng, vQ sinh an toin thpc phAm cria sin phAm xu6t
.
khAu
quan

dang duoc
t6m vi quyOt tlfnh gi6 tri cria san phdm. C6c san ph6m mang du
lugng khang sinh (vi dg nhu Chloramphenicol) bi c6m 6 thi trucrng chnu Au.-Thi
nghiOm cim nhi6m c6c bQnh virus (vi dg nhu bQnh i16m trAng) cho th6y sin phAm tuoi
ho4c <16ng lanh vfu mang mAm bQnh vi c6 th6 truyCn bQnh cho dan tdm o cic nu6c
nhfp nhfrng san phAm niy (vi dU: nu6c thai tt nhd m5y ctr6 Ui6n t6m nhflp khAu ra m6i
trucrng c6 th6 ldm cho c6g dn4 t6m ty nhiOn nhi6m bCnh d Mexico vi Ecuador). Vi thC
c6c qui dinh vn ti0u chuAn.ki6m dich ngdy cang tro n6n ng{t nghdo hcrn. MQt s6 nu6c
nhu Uc chi nhap t6m d6 ndu chin vd titin hanh ki6m dich vi xem x6t qui trinh san xu6t
cira c6c thric dn c6ng nghiQp c6 thit hodc vo cria gi6p x6c trong thanh phAn. Nhimg san
pham du.h*yrg x6u d6n m6i trudrng pham nny thutinh nh6t. Tro$B tuong lai, chc chucmg trinh di truyAn chgn gi6ng sc nfrim ACn viQc t4o
ra c6c sin phAm theo nhu cAu d{c biQt cria trng thi trucmg-(mnu s6c, hinh th6i, thenh
phdn dinh du0ng, v.v.).
8. Xu hurturg

phit tri6n vi cic illnh hutfng nghiOn cltu

Sg ph6t tri6n cira ngh6 nu6i gi6p x6c m4c dr) c6 nhi€u ti6m n6ng cdn php thuQc
vdo nhiOu y6u t6. Voi mrlc d0 tham canh ho6 nhu hiQn nay vi viQc tdng cudmg nghiOn
criu, dAu tu vdo.di
BvA, chqn gi6ng theo huong khang benh;.u d;6" ;6 hq"g
tugrg nu6i truy0n th6ng sE kh6ng giim nhrme sW che,nh lQch vC san lugng giti cac AOi

tuQmg nu6i chtr ytiu vd c6c d6i tuqng nu6i kh6c sE rAt cao. Ngay trong nghd nu6i t6m he,
mac d.u tflm quan trgng cria da dang sinh hgc ludn dugc.itanh gi6 cao, d6 c6 nhi€u f kien
cho ring xudt gi6ng vd nudi thucrng phem, quan lf dich bQnh, thric dn... mQt c6ch c6 hiQu qu6 thi
ndn c6ng nghiQp nuoi t6m chi n6n dga vio 1 - 2 doi tuQmg nu6i mi th6i. Da dqng h6a
d6i tuqng nudi vi th6 phg thuQc nhiAu vdo khi ndng tim ki6m c6c dOi tuqng mcyi. Vcri
bAt cri d6i tuqng moi ndo, khd ndng giAi quyi5t con gi6ng, sdn xu6t thrtc dn c6ng nghiQp
phn hqp ld diOu kiQn ti6n quy6t de c6 th6 ph6t triOn.

ffi;ei

Tinh 6n cira c6c.di5i tuqng gi6p xkc c6 giittri kinh t6 cao chri y6u la 5n thit. Voi

mfc

l8

dQ gia tdng dAn sO nhu hiQn nay tr0n tod,n cAu, lugmg cirt4p hoac-bQt cA c6 th6 dirng


cho ngh6 nu6i gi6p x6c sE gi6m d6ng kC mQt phAn do nhu cAu thyc phAm cria nguoi
nghdo vd chu y€u do c4nh tranh cira c6c ngdnh chdn nu6i truy€n th6ng (th6ng thudng
,
A- '
v6i chi phi sdn xu6t thdp hcm). SU tdng giit cua cilc nguy6n liQu ndy ctrng v6i chi phi cao
vdo vi€c xAy dpg hC th6ng c6ng trinh nu6i nhim ki6m so6t hiru hiQu b6nh dich vi dim
b6o duoc c6c ti0u chuAn an todn m6i trucrng sE lim tdng giitthirnh sdn phAm, khi6n cho
loi nhu6n cira ngh6 nu6i gi6p x6c giam.

tdt canhirng h4n chti tr0n chi c6 th6 dugc gi6i quy6lmql c6ch hiru hi6u th6ng qua

m6t chi0n luoc ph6t tri6n t6ng th0 v6i trong tAm viro c6c vdn dC sau, theo thri tr,r tru ti6n:

-

Qqi hoach, phAn virng ph6t tri6n ddi han voi ccy c6u dOi Juqt g nu6i vi mric dQ ph6t
tri6n (di6n tich, sin luqng) phu hqp v6i di6u kiQn kinh tr5 xd hQi, co sd ha tdng phUc
vu sin xuAt vd c5c ngdnh c6 liOn quan. Vi0c lua chon dOi tuqng nu6i vd xdy dmg kC
ho4ch nghiCn cuu ph6t tri6n c6ng ngh6 mang tinh chi6n lugc r6t cao. Chon lqa dring
v6i kC hoach hqp ly sC gi6m thi6u nhirng rui ro vd gia tdng co hQi thinh c6ng cta

',\ nuor.
ngne

-

Nghi0n cuu ch6 bi6n thirc 6n c6ng nghiQp cho c6c d6i tuqng nu6i ph6 bi6n vn d6i
tuqng nu6i m6i. Tim ki6m ngu6n protein thay th6 cho bQt cit vd, su dpng m6t cSch
hi6u qud cho c5:c loai thric [n dd c6.

-

Nghi6n cuu sAn ,u6t con gi6ng nhAn tao oba chc dOi tuqng nu6i dd dugc lga chgn.

-

Nghi6n cuu xiy drmg c6ng trinh nu6i b6n thim canh hodc th0m canh thich hqp, hiru
hi6u trong vi6c ki6m so6t bQnh dfch vd ctrAt tnai; qui trinh nu6i v6i ndng su6t cao.

-

Nghi6n cuu vd tri6n khai c6c chucrng trinh thd con gi6ng vdo tu nhiOn nhim phgc
hdi vd b6 sung ngudn loi (ddc"bi6t v6i c6c dOi tuqng md ngh6 nu6i dua vdo vi6c thu
gom con gi6ng hodc c6c c6 th6 b6 me tt tg nhiOn).

Xny dpgcirchQ th6ng qudn l.V ch6t lucrng, dich b6nh cria d6i tugng nu6i, d[c biet le
ngu6n c6 th€ b6 m9 vd con gi0ng.

Xuc ti6n c6c nghien cuu co bdn nhim phuc vu cdng t5c di truy6n chon gi6ng vd
trii5n khai c5c chucrng trinh di truyAn chon gi6ng.

Theo dinh hucrng ph6t tri6n cua BO Thtry s6n, t6ng diQn tich nu6i tr6ng thiry sin
d6n ndm 2010 cira ViQt Nam ld,l,l-1,25 tri0u ha, v6i sdn lugng
1,1-1,3 triQu t6n v6i
trgng t6m tAp trung vdo c6c d6i tuqng nudi c6 gi6 tri kinh tC cao nhu gi6p xhc, c6 bi6n
phpc vr; xu6t khAu. Ngodi mQt phAn diQn tich mdt nu6c nQi dia (nu6c nget), diQn tich
.).
lcrn cua ving tri6u (chi€m 39oh tdng diQn tich c6 th0 nu6i tr6ng thtry sin) vd khoing 300

tt

-

4}}.nghin

mat nu6c quanh c6c d6o cho. thAy tiAm n[ng ph6t tri6n ngh6 nu6i gi6p
xirc rilt l6n. DC c6 d4t duoc muc ti6u ph6t tri6n ndy, chc vdn dO vira nOu tr0n phii dugc
xem x6t, cAn nhic k!. Trong d6, c6ng t6c Qui hoach vd dinh hucmg ph6t tri6n chi6n lugc
cho timg virng phAi
$

t9


T6m v6 - Thenus orientalis

T6m cirng nu6c nggt - Cheraxsp. (H.T0ng st)

Cua khdng 16 - Paralithodes camtschaticus

Au trlrng Phyllosoma c&a t6m v5

T6m m0 nid6 - Scyllarides squammosus

Ghe - Porlunus pelagicus (H.Tirng st)

T6m nu6c nggt - Red claw, Porcambarrus clarkii

T6m v5 gidng sAn xuat nhdn tgo

Hinh !.2: MQt sd loiri girip xdc ld ddi tuqng nu6i mdi
20


Chuong

II:
KY THUAT'NUO| TOM HE

phAn

r: cAc DAc DIEM sINH Hec cHU vnu cuA

r0u nn

r. niNn rrrAr, pHAN LoAr vn pnAN rO
1.

Hp ttr6ng phfln lo4i vir cic d6i tuqng nu6i chinh

Theo th6ng k0 cira FAO, tr6n th6 gioi c6 hq*g 343 lodi t6m c6c lo4i c6 grA fi
kinh t6, trong d6 c6 110 loii thuQc h9 t6m he. VA hQ th6ng phfin lo4i, t6m he thuQc
nganh ch0n khop - Arthropoda,l@ gi6p xhc - Crustacea, bQ muoi chfrn - Decapoda,
b0 phU boi lQi - Natantia, h9 t6m he - Penaeidae. Hq tdm he c6 tat ce 4 gi6ng:
Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis vd Metapenaeopsis. Sii luqng loii cria hai
gi6ng Penaeus vd Metapenaeus ld 2i vit 23. Gi6ng Penaeus du-o. c chia ra lirn 6 gi6ng

bao g6m; Penaeus (Penaeus), Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus), Penaeus (Litopenaeus),
Penaeus (Meliceratus), Penaeoo (Marsupenaeus) vQ Penaeus (Farfintepenaeus). Gdn
d1y, trong phin lo4i t6m he c6 xu huong t6ch c6c gr6ng php thuQc gi6ng Penaeus thanh
c6c gi6ng chinh; tuy nhi0n c6ch ph0n lo4i niy \h6rg nlran duqc sU ung.h0 ctia gioi khoa
hgc. NhiAu nhi nghi0n criu vi xu6t ban trOn th6 gioi vAn sir dgng h0 th6ng phin lo4i cfl.
HiQn tai xu hudng str dpng gi6ng phg ngiy cang tlng trong cic b6o c6o, c6c t4p chi
khoa hgc. Mac dn vfy, viQc srl dgng t€n gi6ng ho{c t6n gi6ng php cho c6c loii t6m he
thuQc Penaeus dAu duqc ch6p nh{n. Trong pham vi gi6o trinh ndy, chring t6i v6n st
dpng tOn gi6ng Penaeus. Tuy'nhien, AC tien"cfro viec thim kh6o, ten gi6ng p-nU r5o duq.
tflp hqp vd trich din d bing II. t.
ph1r,

Bdng

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.

II.I:

Chc loiri t6m he dii tluqc nghiGn crfru nudi thinh thgc
ilidu kiQn nhin t4o (Bray vi Lawrence,1992)

Penaeus aztecus lves
Penaeus brasiliensisLatreille,l8lT
Penaeus califtrniensis Holmes
Penaeus canaliculatus (Oliver, I 8 I I )
Peni,aeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)
(P. orientalis Kishinouye/
Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad
Penaeus esculentus (Haswell)
Penqeus indicus Milne Edward, 1837

6.
7.
8.
9. Penaeus japonicus Bate,

1888

10. Penaeus kerathurus (Forskal, 1775>

ll.

Penaeus

latisulcatus

l

12. Penaeus marginatus Randall
13. Penaeus merguiensis de Man, 1888
74. Penaeus moiodon Fabricius, I 798
15. Penaeus notialis Perez Farfant e, 1967
16. Penaeus paulensis Perez Farfante, 1967

vi

sinh siln trong

Northem brown shrimp
Fadantepenaeus aztecus
Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis
Farfantepenaeus californiensis Brown shrirnp

Melicertus

canaliculatus
chinensis

Stripped shrirnp

Fenneropenaeus

chinese/Fleshvprawn

duorarum
PenaeuS eSculentUS
Fenneropenaeus indicus
Marsupenaeus japonicus
Melicertus kerathurus
Melicertus latisulcatus
; .:'

Pinkshrirnp

Farfontepenaeus

Brown tiger shrirnp
Indian white prawn
Kuruma shrirnp
Caramote prawn
Blue leg king
/Westem king prawn*

Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Bananaprawn
Ciant tiger/Black tiger prawn
Penaeus monodon
southem pink shrimp '
Farfantepenadils notiatis
Farfantepenaeus

paulensis

stgl"ulLnkjhfrne

2t


Redtail prawn

17. Penaeus penicillatus

plebejus
schmitti Burkenroad, 1936
Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844
Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, I 767)
Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson, 1 874
Penaeus vannamei Boone, 193 I

18. Penaeus
19. Penaeus

20.
21.
22.

23.

(*)

Theo v!

Eastem king prawnr

Southern white shrirnp

Litopenaeus schmitti
Penaeus semisulcatus
Litopenaeus setiferus
Lito p enaeus s ty liro s tri s
Litopenaeus vannamei

Green/Grooved

ti ger

shriip

Northem white shrirnp
Blue shrimp
Pacific white/ Whitelegs
pmwn

tri cua Uc

Trong s6 50 loii thuQc hai gi6ng Penaeus vd Metapenaeus c6 khoang 20 loii
dugc coi le d6i tugng nu6i phtr hgp do chring thich nghi dugc vcri di0u kiQn nu6i nh6t va
c6 t6c dI c6 23loii dI dugc nghiOn cr?u nu6i thanh thpc vi sinh san trong cti6u kien nhtn tao
(B6ng II.1).

Hi€n nay c6 8 loii t6m he dang du-o. c nu6i ph6 bi6n tr€n thiS gicri, trong d6 t6m sri
(P. monodoz), t6m he Trung Qu6c (P. chinensis) vi t6m he chAn trAng (P. vannamei) lir
3 i16i tuqng nu6i chinh, c6 sin luqng cao (Bang II.2). Ngoni ra, cdn c6 mQt sii loai khec
cfing dugc nu6i & chiu A nhu P. penicillatus (t6m du6i d6), P. latisulcatus (t6m nilon),
P. semisulcalils (t6m rin1, M. monocerag M. brevicornis vit& chiu M! nhu P. setiferus,
P. schmitti, P. occidentalis, P. californie.nsis, P. aztecus vd P. duorarum.
Bdng

II.2: Chc A6i trEong nuOi chri y6u tr6n th6 gir6,i (Theo Bailey-Brock,

Loii

STT

1

Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798

t6ng sin
luqng t6m
nu6i th6 eiOi
%o

Indonesia, An EQ, Th6i Lan,
ViQt Nam, Philippines, Ddi
Loan, Trung Qu6c, Bangladesh,
Panama, Columbia, Honduras,
Ecuador

28

Trung Qui5c,

l0

Ecuador, Mexico, Panama,

sf

Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)

nrnirc nudi nhi6u

33

Giant tiger prawn / Black tiger prawn
TOm

Cic

1992)

Hin

Qu5c

holc (P. orientalis)
T6m nuong
Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931
TOm he ch6n tring

(90% sin luqmg Columbia, Honduras

cta chiu M!)
Penaeus merguiensis de Man, 1888
TOm th6, t6m bac
Penaeus indicus Milne Edward, 1837

6

Indonesia, Th6i Lan, Trung
Qu6c, Philippines, ViQt Nam
An EQ, Indonesia, ViQt Nam

I

Panama, Columbia, Honduras,

8

T6m th6 An D0
6.

Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson, I 874

7

Penaeus

Blue shrimp

japonicus Bate, I 888
TOm Nhflt, t6m vln
Metapenaeus ensis (de Haan, 1844)
TOm

22

<16t,

t6m

rio

c6

<1
2

Ecuador
NhAt Ban, Uc

Trung Qui5c, ViQt Nam,
Philippines. Eii Loan


2. D{c tti6m hinh thii
a) Ciiu tqo co thi
Ccv

thd t6m chia li.rrrr 2 ph6n: dAu nggc (Cephalothorax)
phil phu, Uuo E6*i

vi

phAn bung (Abdomen).

pfran dAu ngsc c6 14 doi

(i) I d6i mlt tep c6 cu6ng mit,
(ii) 2 d6i r0u: Anten I (A,) vi Anten 2 (N)..

A1 ngiin,.d6t mQt lcm

vi

c6 h6c milt, c6
hai nhanh ngen. A.2 c6 nh6nh ngodi bi6n thanh vAy r6u (Antennal scale), nhanh
trong k6o ddi. Hai d6i rdu niy dam nhan chirc ndng L*niu gi6c vn gifi thAng bAng.

(iii)3 d6i him: d6i him lon, d6i hem nh6 1 vi t16i him nh6 2.
(iv)3 tlQng boi lQi cria t6m.
(v) 5 tl6i chin bo hay chin nggc (pereiopods ho{c walking legs), girip cho t6m bd
tr6n mflt il6y. Nhi0u loii ba d4ng kim Ae Uat vi giir m6i; hai d6i 4, 5 kh6ng c6 c6u t4o d4ng kim.
O t6m cai, gita g6c chAn ngpc 4 vi 5 c6 thelycum (co quan sinh dgc ngoii, nnhQn vi git trii tinh tt con dlrc chuy6n sang).

Hinh II.1: Hinh d4ng ngoii cfia t6m he (Theo Bailey-Brock,

J,992)

Phdn dAu ngpc dugc b6o vQ bcri gi6p tIAu nggc
(carapace). Tr6n gi6p dAu nggc c6 nhiAu gai, gd, s6ng, rlnh.
Dny ln nhirng dac tti6m lim c6n cf dO phdn loai gi6ng, loei
t6m he. Phia tru6c vo gi6p dAu ngpc li chiry dAu (rostrum),
vff khi tg vQ cira t6m. Chriy dAu nhgn hinh mfii ki6m, c6 gai
trOn chiry, gai du6i chuy. Hinh d4ng chiry, sO luqng gai trOn
vi dudi cria chty ld nhirng C6ng thric gai chtry (CR) tluo. c trinh biy nhu sau:
(a)b-c

CR:-tTrong d6: a: s5 gai tr6n chriy nim tr0n phAn gi6p itAu n&uc;
b, c: s6 gai tr6n chtry;
d: s6 gai duoi chiry.

,gg
Ilinh II.2: Hinh

d4ng rflu

I

(Theo Trdn Minh Anh, 1989)

Trong hg t6m he, chi c6 circ loai thuQc grdng Penaeus c6 gai ducri chriy (Bang II.3).
23

Bdng II.3: Hinh d4ng

vi

c6ng thrfrc gai chfry cria mQt s5 a6i tuqng nu6i

Hinh d4ng chfry

TOn khoa hgc

Penaeus monodon

Cdng thtfrc gai
ch
(3)6-8

g6c chriy kh6ng cao, chiry hoi cong xu
l/3 chiry cong l6n

3

Penaeus

g6c chtry nh6 cao nhmrg khdng thanh hinh
tam gi6c

Penneus indicus

Metapenaeus ensis

(3)8-e
4-5
(3)7-e
2-5
(2)8-e
0

Phdn bpng (abdomen) c6 7 d6L Nam ddt dAu m5i d6t mang mQt d6i ch0n boi hay
con ggi ld chffn bgng (pleopods hay swimming legs). M6i ch0n bpng c6 mQt d6t chung
b6n trong, d6t ngoii chia ldm hai nhanh: nhanh trong vi nhAnh ngoii. OOt bgng tht 7
bi6n thanh telson hqp voi t16i chfrn du6i phin nh6nh tao thanh tlu6i, girip cho t6m
chuy6n dQng lOn xuOng vd bring nhny. O t6m dgc,2 nhanh.hong cta d6i chin bpng 1
bi6n thanh petasma vi 2 nhanh trong ctra tt6i chdn bUng 2 Ui+5n ttranfr d6i phq b0 tlUc, ld
c6c bQ phf,n sinh dgc dyc b6n ngoii.

b)

Mdu siic

Miu sic co th6 li mQt trong nhihrg dac tti6m A6 nnan bi6t hoflc phdn biQt c6c lod{
kh6c nhau. T6m sri P. monodon miu xanh th6m, c6 khoang tr6"g 0 t46n, khoang vang d
chAn nggc (pereiopod), ng6n ch6n c6 miu d6 h6ng ho{c da cam. T6m r5n (P. semisulcatus)
.A
.i
I
r r
c6 mdu s6c gdn gi6ng t6m sri nhmgxanh nh4t hon, c5c khoang tf"g it 16 hon. T6m th6 (P.
merguiensis) miu. trdng trong, hoi hdng, kh6p co th6 phtr c6c ch6m nh6 miu xanh, d6, ntu,
mep
|. chAn miu hdng nh4t ho{c vang. Tdm the An EO (P. indicus) c6 miu kem di6m c6c

chdm nho k*rdp thdn, mep chfur mdu do rO hon P. merguiensis. Hai loai P. merguimsis vd
P. indicus i.it gi5ng nhau, d{c biQt tong grai tloqn hflu 6u trtrng vi 6u niOn, tuy nhiOn ni5u
quan s6t ky
c6 thO phan biQt dugc. Do sg gr6ng nhau niy nOn chring du-o. c x6p chung
"5"
vdo mQt nh6m ggi ld nh6m merguiensis-indicus ho{c nh6m Penaeus me.rguiensis. Tuong
t.o, hui loii Metapenaeus ensis vit M. monoceros cflng c6 hinh thai r6t gi6ng nhau vi dugc
x6p chung vio nh6m Metapenaeus ensis.

c)

Ctic chi fiAu

ih

fiAn thdn t6m
+

I

Hinh II.3: Cic chiiju dii tlo tr6n thfln tdm(Theo Trdn Minh Anh, 1989)
(1) Chiiu ddi chuy diiu RL (rostrum length): Khodng cdch t* mili chuy cho ddn mep sau h6c mdt
(2) Chiiu ddi gidp ddu ng;c CL (carapace length): Khodng cdch tit mdp sau hiic miit cftn mdp
sau vd gJdp ddu nglrc 0 mfi fung
Q) ChiAu ddi thdn Ls hoQc BL (body length): Khodng cdch tir mdp sau hiic mdt diin cuiit klson
khi thdn t6m niim tr€n iludng thdng
G) Chi1u ddi todn thdn L hodc TL (total tength): Khodng cdch t* miii chuy diin cu6t tulson khi
thdn tdm niim tr€n I iluong thdng

24

3. Phin bii

. C?" loii thuQc gi6ng Penaeus phan bO tg nhiOn O virqg nhiet ddi vi cQn nhiet doi
khip th6 gi6i, tir 40 vi d0 Bac d6n 40 vi d0 Nam. Trong 8 d6i tuqng nu6i chinh c6 2loiri
ld: P. vannamei vit P. stylirostns phin UO O UO DOng ThAi Binh Ducrng. S6u loii cdn l4i,
bao gdm P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. chinensis, P. merguiensis, P. indicus vd M. ensis
phln b6 vtng An DQ Ducmg - T0y Thei Binh Duong (Bang II.a).
Bdng IL4: Phin b6 cria 8

toii t6m kinh t6 chri y6u
(Holthuis 1980, trich theo Bailey-Brock, 1992)

Loii

MOi trudng siing

Virng phffn bii

siu: 90-180m
Bi6n

P.

chinensis

-An DQ Ducrng vd TAy Th6i Binh Ducrng: Trung
Qu6c, H6ng K6ng, Hdn Qu6c

DQ

P.

japonicus

-An D0 Duong vd Tdy Th6i Binh Duong: Tir HOng
Hii, E6ng vd D6ng Nam ch6u Phi d6n Hdn Qu0c,
Nhat Ban. Phia Nam di5n Indonesia, Bic vd D6ng
Bic Uc, phia D6ng tliin Fr1i.
-Can Oay du nh4p vdo DOng Dia Trung Hii qua k6nh
tldo Suez d6n Nam Th6 NhiKV
An D0 Duong vd T6y Th6i Binh Duong: Ddng vd
Ddng Nam chiu Phi d6n Trung Qu5c,Indonesia,
New-Guinea, Bdc vi E6ng BIc Uc

-DQ sdu: 0-90 m

P. indicus

-D6y: c6t birn
-Bi6n

DQ sdu: 2-90

m

D6y: birn
.r
-.I hleu

nlen: uua song

Tru6ns thdnh: BiiSn
P. merguiensis An D0 Duong vd TAy Th6i Binh Duong: Tir vinh Ba DQ

siu:

10-45 m

Tu (Persian) dtin Th6i Lan, Hiing Kdng, Philippines, D6y:birn
Indonesia, New-Guinea, New-Caledonea, Tdy, Bdc Ctra s6ng vd bir5n
vi
P. monodon

D6ns Uc

An DQ Duong vd TAy Th6i Binh Duong: Tfr D6ng
vd D6ng Nam Phi chdu vd Pakistan cl6n Nh|t Bin.
Phia Nam d6n Indonesia vd Bic Australia

DQ sdu:

0-162m

D6y: birn vd c6t

.t
-.I nleu nren: uua song

Tru&ns thdnh: Bi&r

P. stylirostris

P.

vannamei

M. ensis

Bo D6ng Th6i Binh Duong: Tir Nam Mexico d6n

DQ sAu:0-27 m

Peru

D5y: bin s6t hay birn c6t
Tru6ng thdnh: Bii5n
-..r.
I hleu nlen: uua song

D6ng Th6i Binh Duong: Tir Bfc Mexico cl6n Peru

DQ s6u:

An D0 Duong vd Tdy Th6i Binh Duong: Sri Lanka,
Malaysia tl6n DOng Nam Trung Qu6c, Nhat Ben.
Phia Nam d6n Indonesia, New-Guine, TAy, Bic vd
D6ns Uc

0-72m

D6y: bin
Tru6ng thdnh: Bii5n
-.,4
I hleu nlen: uua song
DQ sAu:18-64 m
D6y: birn
Bi6n vd ctia s6ng

25