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<b>V i MOT CACH XAC OjNH NGHIA TLf VlfNG </b>

<b>COA G I 6 | TLf KHONG GIAN VA TLf CHI HadNG </b>

<b>KHONG GIAN OLfNG SAU DONG TLf VAN</b>

<b> 0 6 N G </b>

<b>TRONG TIENG VIET </b>

<i>Dinh Thanh Hue - Phqm Tudn Kho§ </i>
<i>Khoa Tieng Viet va Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi </i>

<i>Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd /VA </i>

Trong bit cur ngdn ngu' nao cung cd nhdm gidi tir bilu dat khii
<i>niam v6 khdng gian (gidi tir khdng gian). Do la cac gidi tir: 'Trin, </i>
<i>dudi, trong, ngoai, trudc, sau, cgnh, giila, chung quanh, d (taif. </i>
Oiling mang tinh ph6 cap.

Tuy phd cap, nhimg gidi tir khdng gian trong cac ngdn ngiicu th<
lai cd dac dia'm riang nhim phan anh each tu duy, tam If, van hod cut
<i>dan tdc san sinh ra ngdn ngir iy. Chang han, ciing phan anh quan hi </i>
<i>dinh vi giiia cac ddi tupng khach quan nhung ngudi Viat cd th^ bidu </i>
dat bang hai each ddi lap nhau trong ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh.

Thfdu: *
<i>1. - Quin ao cua chau d ngodi tii. </i>

<i>- Quin ao cua chau d trong iix. </i>
<i>2. - Be choi dudi nha. </i>

<i>- Be choi tren nha. </i>

Dieu nay chi cd the giai thich dupe khdng chi bing vao mdi quan

be logic giira cac su vat dupe dinh vi trong khdng gian ma con dua vao
<i>'"diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi quan sat va trong ""diem nhin" do, him </i>
chiia mdt "khdng gian nhan thuc" (Perceptual space) ciia ngudi n6i.
Ndi each khac, mdi dan tdc cd each Ui nhan khdng gian khac nhau. Vi

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th^. each diing mdt gidi ti3r khdng gian d^ bilu dat quan ha giiia cac ddi
<i>tupng cd ihi cd nhihig net tuong ddng hoac khac biet. So sanh: </i>

<b>In the garden (tia^ng Anh) = trong vudn (ti^ng Viet) </b>
<b>In the box (ti^ng Anh) = trong hdp (tieng Viet) </b>

Nhung, trong cau sau day thi khdng phai hi ti^ng Anh dung gidi

<i>a in thi ti^ng Viat nhit thift phai dung gidi tir trong: </i>

<i>She lives in Ha Noi. -^ Cd iy sd'ng ngodi Ha Ndi. </i>
<i>- • Cd iy sd'ng dudi Ha Ndi. </i>

<i>-^CoSiy sd'ng d Ha Ndi. </i>

<i>-> C^ iy sdng tren Ha Ndi. </i>

Qua do thiy rd vi tri hian dang tdn tai ciia ngudi miau ta la ngudi
Viat cd tic ddng quya^t dinh da'n vice diing cac gidi tir khac nhau trong
nhihig cau cd ciing mdt ndi dung phan anh. Dieu do cd nghla each tri
nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet khdng hoan toan gidng each tri nhan
khdng gian ciia ngudi Anh trong trudng hop nay.

Dudi gdc dd thuin tuy ngdn ngii, gidi tir khdng gian trong tieng
<i>Viat cd mdt sd dac diim sau day: </i>

1. Gidi tir khdng gian la nhiing tir xac lap quan ha giOa ddi tupng
mi no lian he vdi ddi tupng khac, hoac vdi hien tupng, canh hudng
ngoai ddi tupng ma nd lian he. Ngay ca trong trudng hpp ma cau tnic
cu phap be n6i khdng hian hihi "ddi tupng" thi mdi quan he do gidi tif
dam nhiem vin dupe hinh thanh, chang han ten gpi cua mot truyen
ngin, mdt hdi kf, v.v... Vf du:

<i>- Dudi mat trdi (Truyen ngin trong *Truyen ngdn tri\ NXB Van </i>
hoc. 1994)

<i>- Tren tiu tap ket (Hoi kf trong ''Nude vi biin cd". Ha Ndi, 1973) </i>
<i>- Trong nha cd chang thieu uy (Truyen ngin trong ''Ngay hdm </i>
?wa", Ha Ndi, 1999) v.v...

<i>Na'u cho ring mdt tan gpi ''Dudi mat trdP\ trong dd gidi tir dudi </i>
khdng thue hian chiic nang quan he giiia cac ddi tupng ma nd lian he

<i>(mat trdi) vdi dd'i tupng khac (khdng hian diaii trong ciu tnic cii phap) </i>

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<i>cdn cd cac ddi tupng khac nhu thanh phd, ddi Sam v.v... (Xem: "OMK </i>
<i>mat trdi", trong "Truyen ngin U-e" trang 120-121). </i>

<i>Gidi tir lien he chat che vdi "ddi tupng" ma nd chi phdl, di sau ni </i>
<i>Ndi dung cua ddi tupng nay chinh la sd hiiu cua tir ngii, do k€t du cf </i>
<i>phap dam nhiem, ki^u nhu: Chfn ngpn nen dan deu tren mat link cik </i>
<i>vang son mdi mua ve trUdc liic cu cd'ldm chung. (Nguyin CdngHotm), </i>
Ndi dung cua ket ciu cii phap dutig sau gidi tir khdng gian duoc
hia'u nhu mot "ddi tupng" cd lian he chat vdi gidi tir. Neu trim tui^ng
<i>boa mdi lien he cua gidi tir vdi cac ddi tupng bing md hinh k^t c^u di </i>

phap hinh thiic thi se cd: AxB; trong dd A va B la hai ddi tupng dupe
<i>gidi tir x tao ra quan he va xB la su bia'u thi cua mdi lien he hiiu co </i>
giiia gidi tir x vdi ddi tupng B. Chfnh mdi lian he gin bd giiia x va Bli
<i>mot tieu chi hien thuc da khu biet ranh gidi giiia gidi tvc va tit cU </i>
<i>hudng cua ddng tir trong cac ka't ciu cu phap ddng dang. </i>

2. Gidi tir khdng gian khdng chi ka't hpp dupe vdi ddng tir mi c5o
<i>ket hpp dupe vdi danh tir d^ chi ra quan ha giiia ddi tupng ma no litn </i>
ha. Vidu:

<i>- Trong (danh ti() tren xa dinh li mat chiu nhihig ddn phu phing. </i>
<i>(Ngd Tat Td). </i>

<i>- Chim dau (ddng tir) tren ngpn cay. </i>

Ngoai ra, vdi chuc nang thiet lap quan ha giiia cac ddi tupng, gidi
tir khdng gian cdn xac lap mdi quan he ngii nghla vdi tir chi hudng.
Vi du:

- An Duong Vuong sai dat Giang Su- len tren chiec mam ving vi
<i>khieng vao trong cung (Truyen cotich). </i>

<i>- Cau Dich cung dm nang lim, nha con ciing rat, khdng dim </i>
xin phep cd giao cho nghi da xudng dudi nha thuong tham ba con.
<i>(Nam Cao). </i>

<i>- Thu ven dupe may ddng, chi vdi va chay vao trong phii. kaa </i>
<i>oan. (Nguyen Cong Hoan) </i>

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<i>J Mdi lian ha ngii nghla ciia cac tir trong ket hpp: ''ra - ngodi, vao </i>

<i>- trongTf Hn - tren va xudng - dudi", cd tb^ giai thich tren co sd nhan </i>
^ thiic v^ khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet. Vin d^ nay se dupe dat ra khi tim
<i>hi^u quan ha ciia tvt chi hudng va gidi tit trong ket ciu AxB, (A la ddng </i>
^ tilr, B la danh tir va x la tir chi hudng hoac gidi tir).

<i>Nhu da bi^t. trong tia'ng Viat cd mdt nhdm tit chi hudng cua van </i>
ddng trong khdng gian. Tir trudc den nay, nhi^u tie gia trong va ngoai
; nude da quan tam ngbian curu vin de nay, dac biet NguySn Lai vdi

<i>cdng trinh ''Nhdm tvr chi hudng van ddng trong tieng Vief (NXB </i>
DH& THC3^. Hi Ndi 1990), da dua ra ba tiau chf sau day d^ lua chpn
tir chi hudng ciia van ddng: "Nbtbig ddng tir thude nhdm nay phai
<i>dupe diing ddc lap nhu nhihig ddng tir khac; phai dupe diing trong </i>

<i>phgm vi hudng khdng gian va trong viae xac dinh hudng khdng gian, </i>

<i>nhihig ddng tir niy phai dupe dung trong phgm vi co gidi hgn ". 6ng </i>
cung da dua ra danh muc gdm 11 ddng tir van ddng cd hudng trong
<i>tia'ng Viat: di, len, xudng, ra, vao, den, tdi, sang, qua, ve, Igi. [4:10]. </i>
<i>Nghla vi hudng trong khdng gian d cac ddng tir van ddng nay, dac biet </i>

<i>b cac ddng tir ra, vao, len, xudng khdng chi hinh thanh iix nghla tir </i>

vung ciia cbiing ma cdn hinh thanh tir nghla theo nhan thiJe khdng gian
cua ngudi Viat.

<i>Nghla gdc ciia ddng tir "len, xudng" dupe hinh thanh theo hudng </i>

<i>thang diing', theo dd cd nghla caolthdp. Theo each tri nhan khdng gian </i>

ciia ngudi Viat, "nghla mdi" (nghla phai sinh) ciia chung gin vdi dia
hinh Viat Nam theo hudng: tir phia Ddng (dia hinh ciia mien bi^n)
sang phfa Tay (dia hinh mi^n nui) thi cd hudng LEN; ngupc lai, cd
<i>hudng XUONG {len Tay Bic. xudng Hai Phdng). Cd the hinh dung </i>
<i>hudng len/xudng theo nghla phai sinh nhu sau: </i>

LEN XUONG

<b>tt ii </b>

<i>(Tir dd thdp lan dd cao) (Tir dd cao xudng dp thdp) </i>

<i>Nghia gdc: </i>
<i>Nghla phai </i>
<i>sinh: </i>

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<i>(ngodi) den khdng gian hep (trong). Nghla phai sinh ciia chung lin </i>
phfa Bic vao phfa Nam va ngupc lai theo phin bd cac vung dia Uir
nhian cua Viat Nam ma trong dd cdn cd ca diu i n hinh thanh lanhthi
ciia dan tdc. Mian lanh thd phfa Bic dupe hinh thanh vdi nghla kh6ng
<i>gian rdng, tuong umg vdi khai niem "ngodf. Miin lanh tbd thudc i( </i>
<i>phfa Nam dupe tri nhan la khdng gian hep, tuong umg vdi khai ni6i </i>
<i>"trong". Do dd cd each ndi: Vao Nam ra Bic. Phu thudc vao h u ^ </i>
<i>Bic (ngodi ^ra). Nam (trong ^vdo), su van ddng dupe quy chiau theo </i>
tuong quan giiia cac viing tren lanh thd Viet Nam. Chang ban, su v|n
<i>ddng xay ra d mian Trung (theo dia hinh Viet Nam) cd th^ hudng vio </i>
<i>hoac ra. Vi du: Ra Ha Ndi, vao thanh phd H6 Chf Minh. </i>

<i>Cd tha hinh dung hudng ra/vdo theo nghla gdc va nghla phai sinh </i>
nhu sau:

<i>NghTa gdc: </i>

RA
(khdng gian rdng)

- VAO

<i>•^ (khdng gian hepj </i>

<i>NghTa phai sinh: </i> _Bic Nam

<i>Su ddi lap dd rdnglhep trong khdng gian tuong umg vdi hudng </i>
<i>van ddng ralvdo ddi khi khdng phai la sir tuong umg mdt ddi mOt </i>
Chang ban, theo phan viing dja If - hanh chinh thi tinh Thanh Hoa c6
dien tich (turc dd rdng trong khdng gian) Ion hon nhi^u so vdi dian tich
cua tinh Ninh Binh (viing khdng gian hep) nhung lai ndi l i "Ngiy mai,
<i>tdi ra tham ba con ngodi Phat Diem". Trong trudng hpp nay, hudng ra </i>
<i>da ung vdi tinh bieu tupng "Nam -> (ra) Bic". </i>

<i>Khi chuy^n loai thanh ti( chi hudng, cac ddng tir chi hudng ra, </i>
<i>vao, len, xudng, sang, qua, ve, lai,... khdng cdn kha nang van dung </i>
<i>ddc lap. Cd nghla, cbiing khdng cdn cd chuc nang ciia mdt ddng tif </i>
thuc thu ma chung chi la nhimg tir chi ra hudng cQa boat ddng hoJc
<i>hudng phat tridn ciia trang thai, dac trung nao dd: (Thay vao nha; bao </i>
<i>manh len\ v.v... dc tir chi hudng trong tieng Viat deu sinh ra tir ddng </i>
<i>tir cd hudng. Vi the, giiia chung cd mdi lien be ngii nghla gin bd. TU </i>
<i>chi hudng ludn dung sau ddng tir hoac tfnh tir trong thanh phin vj ngii </i>
cua cau tao cau. Gidi lir khdng gian thi lai sinh ra tir danh tir. Mdi Wn
he ngu nghla cua nd ludn gin vdi danh tir sinh ra nd va nd ludn diing

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uudc danh tir. Ndi each khac, tir nhOng mdi lian he ngfi nghla khac
nhau dd, c^ th^ hinh dung kSt ciu Ax la k^t ciu dupe tao thanh tir

<b>ddng tilr + til chi hudmg. K€ft ciu xB la k^t ciu dupe tao thanh tir gidi </b>

<b>tor + danh tir. Thfi" nhung trong thuc tian boat ddng ngdn ngii, khdng </b>
<i>hiftn nhiing trudng hpp ti)t chi hudng cd chiic nang nhu gidi tit, tir chi </i>
hudng kft hpp vdi gidi tir song hanh trong ciing mdt ka't ciu cu phap.
TWdu:

<i>1. Chay vdo trong nhi. </i>
<i>2. Chay len tren gac 5. </i>
v.v...

Lf giai nhiing trudng hcrp din ra, Nguyin Lai cho ring "Phai dua
uan binh dian ngii nghla kfi^t hpp vdi binh dian ngii phap, cu phap dupe
tilfn hanh ddng thdi va song song vdi qua trinh iy la qua trinh khao sat
<i>su chuy^n boa tir loai trong dieu kien cd thi cd." Ong dua ra ba vf du: </i>

1. Tdi nhin ve tbinh phd (VI)
<i>2. Tdi chay ve thanh phd (V2) </i>
<i>3. Tdi ndi ve thanh phd (V3) </i>

d^ khao sat miic dd hu hoa ciia tir "ve". Va di den ket luan:

" 0 VI, y nghla tir vung phat huy cao dp; y nghla cu phap chua
phit huy; V2 - y nghla tir vung va y nghla cu phap song song phat huy
va V3 - y nghla ngii phap, cu phap phat huy cao dp."

<i>Tit dd suy ra trudng hpp VI cd the lupc bd x vi y nghla ngii phap </i>

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<i>Theo each luan giai nay, "vao" trong thf du (1) dupe hi^u li </i>
<i><b>"trang - gidP'. Ndi la "trgng tif' bdi vi nd chi ra each thiic (hudng) coi </b></i>
<i>boat ddng va ndi la "gidi ti/' bdi nd xac lap mdi quan ba giiia dS </i>
tupng vdi ddi tupng (chii tha' hanh ddng va thanh phd').

<i><b>Cac trudng hpp "/^n + tren, xudng + dudi, ra + ngodi va v ^ ^ </b></i>
<i><b>trong" It dupe de cap den trong ngbian curu ngii phap tieng Viat, ngofi </b></i>
<i><b>trir Nguyan Lan coi dd la "gidi tii ghep"[2:\%]. Nhung, neu qua thuc </b></i>
<i><b>dd la "gidi tii gliep" thi khdng tha' xen mdt tir nao vao ciu tao 6n dinh </b></i>
<i>ciia nd. Tha' ma, giOa "len tren" cung nhu cac trudng hpp tuong tu (ra </i>
<i><b>+ ngodi, vdo + trong, xudng + dudi) cd th^ xen mdt tir khic, ching </b></i>
<i><b>ban: Chay len tan tren gac 5. Do dd, phai thira nhan "len" la mdt tit </b></i>
<i><b>"trin" la mdt tir. Cd nghla, day la kia'u "ket cdu hai gidi ri^' - Cu thi </b></i>
hon: tir chi hudng mang dac trung ciia gidi tir khdng gian.

<i>So sanh "ket cdu hai gidi tit" trong tieng Viat vdi ka't ciu gidi </i>
<i>tit-hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude, V.M Xonxev nhin xet "Nhihig k^t ctu </i>
<i>hai gidi tir cua tieng Viet hoan toan tuong dng vdi nhihig ket cdu gidi </i>
<i>tir - hgu tri tit tieng Trung Qude. Gidi tit sinh ra tir ddng tir va hgu tri tit </i>
sinh ra tir danh tir. Su phan bd vi tri giiia chiing trong ka't ciu li 6n
djnh: d vi tri thu nhit la gidi tir sinh ra tir ddng tir; d vi tri thii hai - hiu
tri tir sinh ra tir danh tir, gidng nhu vi tri 6n dinh cua hai gidi tir trong
ket ciu cua tieng Viet." [1:179]

Tuy ciing dam nhiam chuc nang ciia gidi tir nhung quan ha ngii
<i>nghla ciia gidi tir trong "ket cdu hai gidi tif" cd nhiing dac di^m riang </i>
biat khac nhau.

<i>Dac dia'm chung cua "ket ciu hai gidi tir" la xdc lap hudng ci^ng </i>
<i>chieu ciia hogt ddng tie'p can den vi tri cung chieu ciia ddi tugng. VI </i>
<i>the, hudng vdo/ra dupe quy chieu theo chieu nam ngang (chin trdi) thi </i>
<i>vi tri cua ddi tupng cung phai ciing chi^u trong/ ngodi; hudng </i>
<i>len/xudng dupe quy chieu theo chieu thang diing thi vi tri tuong umg li </i>
<i>tren/dudi. Chinh quan he khdng gian ciing chieu nay la co sd lian k6 </i>
chiing thanh mdt chinh th^ cii phap, trong dd tir chi hudng giii vai tr6
<i><b>chii dao. Do dd, cac "ket cdu hai gidi ti^' la nhihig keft ciu 6n dinh: </b></i>

<b>len + tren, xudng + dudi, ra + ngoai, vao + trong. </b>

Ngoai chuc nang tao ra mdi lian ha giiia ddi tupng vdi ddi tupng
<b>hoac ddi tupng vdi canh hudng nhu mpi gidi tir khac, gidi tir kh6ng </b>

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<i>' gian trong-tiShg Viat cdn cd mdt dac di^m nghla dung rit quan trpng: </i>

<i>• dinh vi "sU vat" tSn tai trong khdng gian. Cach dinh vi nay mdt mat </i>
<i>dupe xic lap theo nguyan If "Con ngudi Id trung tam" </i>
<i>i (Anthropocentrism) mat khac, theo "diem nhin" (views) ciia ngudi </i>

quan sat. Bit cii gidi tir khdng gian nao trong bit cii ngdn ngii khac
nhau nao cung d^u phan anh each tri nhin khdng gian theo nguyan If

<i>''Con ngudi la trung tdm". Nguyan If "con ngudi Id trung tam " trong </i>

<i>viae tri nhan khdng gian dupe hiiu: Ddng diing thing cua con ngudi </i>
Uiing vdi luc but ciia trai dit tir tran xudng dudi. Theo dd, con ngudi
<i>nhan thiic ra chi6u "tren/dudi". Dang diing thing ciing vdi mat dit </i>
(nim ngang) tao thanh ha toa dd trong khdng gian, trong dd mat dit la
<i>mat phing gdc, cd dinh; dang diing thing ciia con ngudi la diim xuit </i>

phit cua ha toa dd dd. Khi giao tia'p thi con ngudi ddi dien vdi nhau,
<i>cdn Ichi vin ddng thi con ngudi di chuydn theo hudng nhin ciia mit vi </i>
<i>phfa trudc. Hudng nhin cua mit quy chieu su vit dgdn hoac dxa; theo </i>
<i>dd cd chi^u "trudc/sau". Phia trudc/phia sau theo ciu tao co the ciia </i>
<i>con ngudi la lung/nguc; theo mat nhin thi vat tdn tai d phia lung la "vat </i>
<i>bi che khuit", cdn vit tdn tai d phia nguc la "vat hien rd", khdng bi </i>
che khuit. Mdt chi6u khac lian quan den ciu tao ciia co tha' con ngudi
<i>li ben phai - ben trdi. Nhu viy, tir ciu tao co ihi cua minh ciing vdi </i>
m6i trudng tu nhian cd dinh (mat dit), con ngudi xac lap he toa dp
<i>trong khdng gian di dinh vi, dinh hudng cho su vat ton tai quanh minh </i>
<i>theo ba chi^u: Tren - dudi, trudc - sau va phdi - trdi. </i>

<i>Nhung "diim nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat diing de' dinh vi su vat </i>
<i>trong khdng gian thi khdng gidng nhau. Bdi vi, "diem nhin" lian quan </i>
<i>d^n each tri nhan khdng gian ciia mdi ddn tdc, gdn bo vdi mdi trudng, </i>

<i>dieu kien sinh hogt, yeu td tam li, cdch tu duy cua ddn tdc. Chfnh vi </i>

Ih^, cd su khac biet qua Idn khi dung gidi tir khdng gian eiia tieng Viet
vdi gidi tir khdng gian trong cac ngdn ngii khac va day cung la mot
trong nhihig dia'm quan trpng ma ngii phap thuc hanh tieng Viet khdng

<i>(hi khdng di cap d^n trong each giai thfch nghla tir vung ciia mdi gidi </i>

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<i>1. ... listlessli dangling his feet in the water. -> thin thd tha chin </i>
<i>dudi nude. </i>

2. ... Joe's flight had saved him the surrifying of testifying
in court.

<i>-> Chuyen bay ciia Joe da tranh cho nd khdi bi ndi kh6 jrfiai lim </i>
<i>chiing trudc toa. </i>

<i>3. ... So they drew a ring in the sand. -> Chung ben ve mdt v6ng </i>
<i>trong tren cat khd, </i>

<i>4. ... She looked over Hay, which half lost in trees. -> C6iy </i>
<i>nhin xudng xdm Hay lip Id sau vdm ciy. </i>

5. A light in the Church-jard just over his grave. -> Mdt diim
<i>sang ngoai nghla dia, diing ngay tren md dng ta. (Ngii liau tia'ng Anh </i>
<i>va dich ra tieng Viat din theo Le Van Thanh. T/c Ngdn ngii va ddi </i>
sd'ng, sd 6-2002, trang 28).

Nhu vay, each dinh vi su vat trong khdng gian theo nguyan If,
<i>"con ngudi la trung tam " la each dinh vi mang tfnh ph6 cap, phii hop </i>
vdi tu duy nhan loai, hpp thiic vdi Idgfc ph6 niam cua mpi dan tdc.
<i>Tam gpi dd la cdch dinh vi khdch quan. Ngupc lai, cich dinh vi thdng </i>
<i>qua "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat, phan anh nhiing dac net trong tir </i>
duy ciia timg dan tdc ve vi tri tdn tai cua su vat trong khdng gian, tam
<i>gpi la cdch dinh vi chd quan. Dudi day, qua cac thi du, se lam r5 m6 </i>
thiic cua 2 each dinh vi da de cap den thdng qua nghla dung cua gidi tir
khdng gian trong tieng Viet.

<i>Thi du 1: a. Con meo nim dudi gim ban. </i>
<i>b. Tdi lam vice d Ha Ndi. </i>
<i>c. Lp hoa dat tren ban. </i>
<i>d. Tien d trong vi. </i>

<i>d. Huan chuong deo trudc ngirc. </i>

<i>e. Ba Id khoac sau lung. </i>

<i>g. Vd cay bpc ngodi than cay. </i>
<i>Thi du 2: a. Me dang d dudi ba'p. </i>

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<i>c. Chi iy hian nay dang cdng tac ngodi Ha Ndi. </i>
<i>d. Bat huong thd cung \6 tian dat tren bat huong thd </i>

chame.

<i>d. Mat trdi nhd lan trudc hiin. </i>
<i>e. Bdng nd mit hut sau bui cay. </i>

<i>Trong thi du 1, thudc tfnh (hinh Xhi, kfch c5, tu tha',...) ciia vat </i>
<i>dupe dinh vi (gpi tit: VDV): con meo, tdi, Ig hoa, tien, hudn chucmg, </i>

<i>ba Id, vd cdy - dupe thudc tfnh cua vat chuin quy cbia'u (gpi tit: VQC): </i>
<i>gdm ban, Hd Ndi, bdn, vi, nguc, lung, than cdy. Va, theo dd, tao ra </i>

<i>quan ha Idgfc ciia su vat thdng qua gidi tir - khdng gian hiin thi (kf </i>
hiau: R). Ta cd md hinh khai quit ciia co che dinh vi su vat trong
khdng gian nhu sau: VDV ... R ... VQC. Co che nay thfch ling vdi

<i>Idgic pho niem ciia nhan loai, khiic xa vao ngdn ngii. Quan ha R dupe </i>
<i>hxin dat bing gidi tuf khdng gian. (Tach dinh vi nay gpi la dinh vi khdch </i>
<i>quan bdi cac tham td ciu thanh nd d^u mang tfnh Idgic pho niem, deu </i>

<i>sinh ra tir quan he logic tat yeu ciia cac thudc tfnh su vat. </i>

<i>Trong cdch dinh vi chii quan, "diem nhin" ciia ngudi quan sat giii </i>

<i>vai trd chu dao trong dinh vi su vit. "Diem nhin" phan anh nhiing dac </i>
<i>diim tam If, van boa xa bdi vi tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet. </i>
Chang ban:

<i>Trong each dinh vi su vat (me) din ra tai (2.a), quan he giiia </i>
VDV va VQC khdng xac lap tran co sd Idgfc ciia su vat ma xac lap
<i>theo nhan thiic ve vai trd ciia "nhd bep" trong tuong quan vdi vai trd </i>
<i>ciia "nhd chinh" (nhd tren) theo quan niem cua ngudi Viet. Quan he </i>
<b>khdng gian giiia hai su vat do gidi tir khdng gian dudi dam nhiem </b>
<i>trong trudng hpp nay, khdng phan anh chieu cao/thdp nhu kia'u quan </i>
<i>ha "Con meo nim dudi gim ban" ma phan anh quan niem truyen </i>
<i>thdng vi vai trd, cbiic nang khac nhau ciia su vat. </i>

<b>(Dung nhu tha', each dinh vi su vat tai (2.d), gidi tir tren khdng </b>
phan anh quan he VDV (bat huong thd cung t6 tien) dat d tran VQC
<i>(bat huong thd cha me) nhu kia'u quan he trong "Lp hoa dat tren ban" </i>
<i>ma d day, gidi tir tren bam chi vi tri tach biet cua bat huong to tian dat </i>

<i>b vi tri "cao hem" so vdi ciia bat huong thd cha me. Cach dinh vi nay </i>

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cdn the hien cai dao If tdn thd coi ngudn theo truyen thdng van hoi
dan toe.

<i>(Zach dinh vi su vat tai (2.b) va (2.e) lian quan den "diem nhin*, </i>
nhan thiic cua ngudi Viet ve hudng vung dia If. Trong lich sir md maif
bd coi va lich sir hinh thanh dan tdc, thuc t^ dia hinh Viat Nam cho
<i>thiy. dia hinh "ddng ngodP' rdng hon dja hinh "ddng trong". Dd r6og </i>
nim va phfa Bic, dp hep nim ve phfa Nam. Dieu kian dia binh d6di
hinh thanh trong nhin thiic cua ngudi Viet ve hudng dinh vi su vit
trong tuong quan giira cac viing thudc cac mi^n Bic, Trung, Nam.

<i>Cach ndi "Gia dinh bac An sdng trong thanh phd HCM." cung nhr </i>
<i>each ndi "Chi iy hien dang cdng tac ngodi Ha Ndi." ham in thdng tin </i>
<i>v^ noi chdn md ngUdi ndi dang ton tgi. Dxiu dd cd nghla: Tham ttf </i>
<i>""diem nhin" trong hai trudng hpp din ra la tham td ham in trong vi<c </i>
djnh vj su vat. Chfnh day la dac dla'm riang cua each diing gidi tit
khdng gian tieng Viat ma ngudi nude ngoai khd tiep thu. Hai cau tr6n
dich sang tieng Anh chi cd tha dimg mot gidi tir in ma thdi. Cach diing
<i>gidi tir in trong tieng Anh da lam mit di mdt thdng tin rit thu vi oib </i>
trong nghla cua gidi tir khdng gian tieng Viet,

Quan he khdng gian giiia VDV va VQC trong each djnh vi suvit
<i>trong cau (2.d) va (2.e) ciing xuit phat tir "diem nhin" cua ngudi n6i. </i>
<i>Quan he khdng gian trudc/sau cua su vat dupe xac djnh theo hudng </i>
<i>ciia gdc nhin (phia trudc hoac phia sau) va khoang each xa/gdn tir vit </i>
da'n vj tri cua ngudi ndi. Su vat choan mdt khdng gian trudc mat vid
trong tim nhin cua ngudi ndi la su vat Id ro thudc tinh cua nd. Phin
khong gian dd dupe ngudi Viet tri nhan la trudc. Ngupc lai, phin
khdng gian cua vat d xa tim nhin, khdng Id rd thudc tfnh (hinh dang,
kfch thudc, tu the,...), tim nhin cua ngudi ndi bj che khuit thi dupe tri
nhan la sau.

<i>Tom lai, each djnh vj su vat thong qua "diem nhin" cua nguM </i>
<i>ndi la cdch dinh vi chii quan. Trong each djnh vj nay, "diem nhin'^ </i>
mot tham td ham an mang dac dia'm tam If, van boa, xa bdi cua ngui*
Viet trong each tri nhan khdng gian.

Ka't ciu dinh vj chu quan khac vdi ka't ciu djnh vj khach quan&
chd: Ket cau dinh vi chu quan bi^u dat hai thdng tin: Mdt thdng tin
hian ngdn, trong dd VDV dupe quy chi^u theo vat chuin va thdng tin

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khac - thdng tin ham ngdn - trong dd, VDV dupe quy chie'u theo diem
nhin cua ngudi ndi, vi tri tdn tai ciia ngudi ndi. Chfnh thdng tin ham
ngdn phan anh dac diim tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet nay gay
khd khan Idn cho viae cbuyin dich k^t ciu dinh vi chu quan ciia tia'ng
Viat sang bit cii mdt ngdn ngii nao khac, vi tran be mat ciu true cua
ciu khdng phan anh dupe dac diim tri nhan khdng gian theo each dinh
vi chii quan ciia ngudi Viat.

Thift tudng viae day tieng Viat thuc hanh giao tia'p cho ngudi
<i>nude ngoai cin dac biat quan tam da'n vice khu biat ranh gidi giiia gidi </i>

<i>ta khdng gian vd tH chi hudng diing sau ddng tH van ddng trong nhiing </i>

ciu true cu phap ddng dang va each xac dinh nghla dung ciia cac gidi
tir khdng gian theo each tri nhan khdng gian ciia ngudi Viet.

TAI LifiU THAM K H A O

<i>V.M.Xonxev (1963), So sdnh gidi tic tieng Viet vdi gidi tit vd hgu </i>

<i>tri ta trong tieng Trung Qude, In trong "Tieng Trung Qude va </i>

ngdn ngii cac nude Ddng Nam A", Matxccfva (ban tieng Nga).
<i>Phan Khdi (1955), Viet ngUnghien cOu, Ha Ndi. </i>

<i>Nguyan Lai (1997), Mot vdi ddc diem cua nhdm ta chi hudng </i>

<i>dugc dang d dgng ddng ta trong tieng Viet hien dgi, T/c Ngdn </i>

ngiisd3.

<i>Nguyan Lan (1956), NgUphdp Viet Nam, Idp 7, Ha Ndi. </i>

<i>V.C. Panfilov (1996), Modificarteur vd nhiing gidi ta - ddng ta </i>

<i>trong tieng Viet, In trong "Nhiing vin de ngO van cac nude A </i>

-Phi", Matxeova.

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