grammar
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (249.49 KB, 12 trang )
<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1></div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>
<b>This week’s topic…phrases!</b>
•Prepositional phrases
•Verbal phrases
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>
<b>What is a phrase?</b>
<b>A phrase is a group of related </b>
<b>words that lacks either a </b>
<b>subject or a predicate or both.</b>
•amazing triumphs of technology (lacks a predicate)
•can be found (lacks a subject)
•in ancient civilizations (lacks a subject and predicate)
Amazing triumphs of technology can be found in
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>
<b>Prepositional phrases</b>
•Consist of a preposition and an object
•Function as adjectives or adverbs
•Used to show relationship
•Can be added or deleted without affecting the
meaning or structure of the sentence
Life on a raft was an opportunity for adventure.
adj. adj.
Huck Finn rode the raft down the river by choice.
adv. adv.
With his companion, Jim, Huck met many types of people.
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>
<b>Verbals</b>
<b>A verbal is a word that is derived from a verb, has the power of a</b>
<b>verb, but acts as another part of speech. Like a verb, a verbal may </b>
<b>take an object, a modifier (adj/adv), and sometimes a subject; </b>
<b>however, unlike a verb, a verbal functions as a noun, an adjective,</b>
<b>or an adverb. Also, a verbal cannot serve as a verb.</b>
Three types of verbals:
•Gerund
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=6>
<b>Gerunds</b>
<b>A gerund is a verbal that ends in </b>
<i><b>ing</b></i>
<b> and </b>
<b>is used as a noun.</b>
Examples:
<b>Getting up</b> each morning is the first challenge. (subject)
I start <b>moving</b> around seven o’clock. (direct object)
I work at <b>jump-starting</b> my weary system. (object of prep)
Like Woody Allen once said, “Eighty percent of life is
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=7>
<b>Infinitives</b>
An infinitive is a verb form that is usually introduced
by the word
<i><b>to</b></i>
.
An infinitive may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
.Examples:
<b>To succeed</b> is not easy. (noun subject)
Students are wise <b>to work</b> hard. (adverb)
The quiet environment of the library encourages
the desire <b>to study</b>. (adjective)
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>
<b>Participles</b>
<b>A participle is a verbal ending in </b>
<i><b>ing</b></i>
<b> or </b>
<i><b>ed</b></i>
<b>.</b>
<b>A participle functions as an adjective.</b>
Examples:
The students <b>listening</b> to this lecture are definitely <b>interested</b>.
The prospects of <b>aced</b> tests and <b>improved</b> assignments must be
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>
<b>Don’t let your participles dangle!</b>
<b>A dangling participle (or modifier) does </b>
<b>not sensibly modify anything in its </b>
<b>sentence.</b>
<b>Examples:</b>
<b>Incorrect:</b>
Walking down the crowded street, the traffic light turned red.
<b>Correct:</b>
Walking down the crowded street, I noticed the traffic light turning red.
<b>Incorrect:</b>
Although intact, graffiti covered every inch of the walls and windows.
<b>Correct:</b>
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>
<b>Absolute phrases</b>
•
<b><sub>Consist of a noun or pronoun and a participle, plus any </sub></b>
<b>modifiers.</b>
•
<b><sub>Unlike a participial phrase, an absolute phrase always </sub></b>
<b>contains a noun that serves as a subject.</b>
<b>Examples:</b>
Absolute phrase:
Their own place established
Their own place established, many ethnic groups
are making way for new arrivals.
Participial phrase:
Learning English, many immigrants discover American culture.
Participial phrase
Absolute phrase:
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(11)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=11>
<b>Appositive phrases</b>
•
<b><sub>An appositive is usually a noun that renames another </sub></b>
<b>noun; it also adds new information about the noun </b>
<b>it follows.</b>
•
<b><sub>An appositive phrase also includes modifiers.</sub></b>
•
<b>Appositives and appositive phrases sometimes begin with</b>
<i><b>that is, such as, for example</b></i>
<b>, or </b>
<i><b>in other words</b></i>
<b>.</b>
<b>Examples:</b>
Ms. McBride, <b>my English teacher</b>, is a bibliophile.
appositive phrase
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(12)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=12>
Enough about phrases!
HOMEWORK:
You guessed it…
Use each vocabulary word from List 6 in a sentence:
4 absolute phrases
4 appositive phrases
4 gerunds
</div>
<!--links-->
