PGS.TS. BÙI THỊ LỆ THỦY

PGS.TS. BÙI THỊ LỆ THỦY

PGS.TS. BÙI THỊ LỆ THỦY

GIÁO TRÌNH

GIÁO TRÌNH
GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH TRONG KỸ THUẬT HÓA HỌC

TRONG KỸ THUẬT HÓA HỌC

ISBN: 978-604-76-1983-2

32

Giá: 50.000 đ

TRONG KỸ THUẬT HÓA HỌC


PGS.TS. BÙI THỊ LỆ THỦY

GIÁO TRÌNH

TIẾNG ANH
TRONG KỸ THUẬT HĨA HỌC

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN GIAO THÔNG VẬN TẢI
HÀ NỘI - 2019

CONTENTS
LỜI NÓI ĐẦU ................................................................................................................ 1
PART 1 THE BASIC UNITS......................................................................................... 6
I.1 TYPICAL UNITS............................................................................................. 7
UNIT 1 SOME CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY ........................................................ 7
UNIT 2 HYDROCARBONS ................................................................................... 10
UNIT 3 CHEMICAL KINETIC AND CATALYSIS.............................................. 14
UNIT 4 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY .................................................................. 16
UNIT 5 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS ........................................................ 19
UNIT 6 EMULSIONS ............................................................................................. 23
UNIT 7 PLASTICS IN THE CHEMICAL AGE..................................................... 27
UNIT 8 ENZYMES ................................................................................................. 31
I.2 ADDITIONAL UNITS .................................................................................. 34
UNIT 9 PROPERTIES OF GELS............................................................................ 34
UNIT 10 SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS.
EMULTION POLYMERIZATION......................................................................... 37
UNIT 11 THE NATURE OF RUBBER - LIKE ELASTICITY ............................. 39
UNIT 12 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS. THERMOSETTING AND
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL ........................................................................... 42
UNIT 13 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS ...................................................... 45
UNIT 14 ABS PLASTIC ......................................................................................... 49
UNIT 15 HAFNIUM ................................................................................................ 52
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 56
PART 2 THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNITS ................................................. 57
UNIT 16 TYPES OF REACTORS .......................................................................... 58
UNIT 17 HEAT TRANSFER AND ITS APPLICATIONS .................................... 62
UNIT 18 EXTRACTION WITH SOLVENTS ........................................................ 67

UNIT 19 INTRODUCTION TO DISTILLATION AND ATMOSPHERIC
DISTILATION ......................................................................................................... 72
UNIT 20 VACUUM DISTILLATION .................................................................... 77
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UNIT 21 STEAM DISTILLATION ......................................................................... 81
UNIT 22 CRYSTALLIZATION .............................................................................. 86
UNIT 23 ADSORPTION .......................................................................................... 90
UNIT 24 EVAPORATION....................................................................................... 93
UNIT 25 CHROMATOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 97
UNIT 26 LIQUIS-SOLID CHROMATOGHRAPHY ........................................... 100
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 104
PART 3 THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND REFINERY UNITS ............ 105
III.1 TYPICAL UNITS ....................................................................................... 106
UNIT 27 ON OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ............................................................ 106
UNIT 28 COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM ...................................................... 108
UNIT 29 BASIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM AND
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ................................................................................... 112
UNIT 30 BASIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM AND
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (CONTINUED) ........................................................ 117
UNIT 31 DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM ...................................................... 121
UNIT 32 THERMAL PROCESSES IN REFINERY ............................................. 126
THERMAL CRACKING ....................................................................................... 126
UNIT 33 CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN REFINERY ......................................... 131
III.2 ADDITIONAL UNITS ............................................................................... 136
UNIT 34 CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PETROLEUM ..................................... 136
UNIT 35 CATALYTIC REFORMING OF PETROLEUM................................... 142
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 147
PART 4 ACADEMIC WRITING ............................................................................... 148

UNIT 36 INTRODUCTION TO ACADEMIC WRITING .................................... 149
UNIT 37 TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC WRITING .................... 153
UNIT 38 HOW TO WRITE A SUCCESSFUL...................................................... 157
SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT ................................................................................ 157
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 161

4


LỜI NĨI ĐẦU

Giáo trình này được biên soạn cho những sinh viên năm cuối của ngành Kỹ thuật Hoá
học. Giáo trình nhằm bổ sung cho sinh viên các từ vựng, tổ hợp từ, thuật ngữ, cấu trúc ngữ
pháp hay gặp trong những tài liệu khoa học kỹ thuật, giúp sinh viên làm quen với việc dịch
Anh-Việt và ngược lại, viết một văn bản khoa học bằng tiếng Anh.
Nội dung của giáo trình gồm 4 phần. Các bài học trong các phần được biên soạn tăng
dần theo mức độ chuyên sâu trong lĩnh vực hoá học.
Trong phần một tác giả chọn các bài khoá liên quan đến những kiến thức cơ bản của
Hoá học, những chuyên đề cơ bản của Hoá học. Mỗi bài khoá đều sắp xếp theo trật tự logic từ
bài đọc hiểu, các bài tập để sinh viên ôn luyện, từ đó giúp sinh viên làm quen với những từ, tổ
hợp từ và tập trung vào kỹ năng đọc hiểu, dịch từ tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt và ngược lại.
Phần hai gồm những bài khoá liên quan đến lĩnh vực Kỹ thuật Hố học như lị phản
ứng, những kỹ thuật tách chất phổ biến và thông dụng nhất. Cấu trúc bài khoá ở phần này
cũng tương tự như ở phần một. Các bài tập đi kèm làm cho bài khoá thêm sinh động và đưa
vào những cấu trúc ngữ pháp hay gặp trong khoa học.
Phần ba là những bài khoá tập trung vào lĩnh vực Hoá dầu. Nội dung mỗi bài đều gắn
với chuyên môn sâu của sinh viên. Sau mỗi bài đều có bài tập để sinh viên rèn luyện khả năng
đọc, dịch và viết tiếng Anh.
Trong phần cuối cùng tác giả biên soạn ba bài cơ bản về kỹ thuật viết một văn bản
khoa học trong lĩnh vực Kỹ thuật Hoá học, giúp sinh viên nắm được những bước cơ bản và

sườn của một bản thảo bài báo khoa học.
Tác giả xin trân trọng cảm ơn các đồng nghiệp đã đóng góp ý kiến để hồn thành cuốn
sách này. Xin chân thành cảm ơn sự quan tâm của độc giả và mong nhận được những ý kiến
góp của các độc giả và các bạn đồng nghiệp để cuốn sách ngày một hoàn thiện hơn.

Tác giả

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PART 1 THE BASIC UNITS

6


I.1 TYPICAL UNITS
UNIT 1 SOME CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Structure of Atoms. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, a chemical element is
material composed of only one type of atom. Atoms are very small particles that cannot be
separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.
All atoms are constructed from the three particles: the electron, proton, and neutron.
Both neutrons and protons occupy the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom. The
electrons orbit around the nucleus. Each atom contains equal number of electrons and protons,
therefore, atoms are neutral. An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another
element by its number of protons. The number of proton in the atomic nucleus is called the
atomic number Z of an element. For instance, carbon atoms contain six protons and six
electrons; therefore, the atomic number of carbon is 6. The total mass of an atom is almost
entirely by the number of protons and neutrons because the mass of electrons is so much
smaller.
The atoms of almost element have the same proton number but different neutron

number; therefore they have different mass number. These atoms are called isotopes. For
example, helium exists as helium-3 or He-3 (its nucleus contains 2 protons but only 1
neutron) or as helium-4 or He-4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons). These two examples are
called isotopes of helium.
The elements are arranged in the periodic table, the invention of which is generally
attributed to the 19th century Russian chemist Dimini Mendeleev. In the standard periodic
table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom). A new row (period) is started when a new electron shell has its first
electron. Elements containing the same number of electron layers are arranged in the same
period while elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the
same columns.
Molecules, substances, and chemical compounds. Molecules are composed of the
atoms of one or more elements. Nitrogen exists as nitrogen molecules in atmosphere, each
molecule contains two nitrogen atoms. Its symbolic representation is N2. Water molecule
contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Compounds are composed of the atoms of
one or more elements. N2 is an elementary substance and water is a compound but both of
them are called substances.
Exercises
1.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Concept, structure, atom, atomic, theory, element, material, compose, substance,
particle, combination, constitute, matter, electron, proton, neutron, neutral, nucleus, orbit,
distinguish, atomic number, mass number, helium, arrange, periodic table, attribute, electron
shell, subshell, molecule, substance, elementary substance, compound.
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1.2 Answer the following questions
1. What is an element?
2. What is an atom?
3. How many kinds of particles are there in every atom? What are they?

4. What is the atomic number of an element?
5. How can we determine the mass of an atom?
6. What is a molecule?
7. Please distinguish an elementary substance and a compound.
1.3 Translate into Vietnamese paying attention to the words in bold type
1. The name ABS, based on the first letters of each of the monomeric components has been
adopted for this family.
2. By introducing acrylonitrile monomer into a similar system, a significant improvement in
all these properties is obtained, as well as outstanding toughness and resistance.
3. Various combinations of properties are possible, thus making these polymers most
attractive for a larger number of current and newly developed applications.
4. ABS plastics are extremely useful and versatile, since ease of processing and forming
allows them to be used for a great number of applications.
5. The strength of a fabricated item produced from ABS plastic is dependent on a number of
variables.
1.4 Translate into English
1. Nguyên tử là phần tử nhỏ nhất của vật chất có thể tồn tại độc lập.
2. Nguyên tử được cấu tạo từ proton, electron và nơtron. Electron tích điện âm, ptoton tích
điện dương cịn nơtron khơng mang điện.
3. Trong một nguyên tử, số proton bằng với số electron nên ngun tử ln trung hịa về điện.
4. Vì khối lượng của eletron rất nhỏ so với khối lượng của nơtron và proton nên khối lượng
nguyên tử được tính xấp xỉ là tổng khối lượng của proton và nơtron.
5. Phân tử chứa các nguyên tử của một hoặc nhiều nguyên tố.
6. Các hợp chất bao gồm các nguyên tử của hai hay nhiều nguyên tố.
7. Các hạt proton và neutron nằm ở trung tâm và tạo ra hạt nhân còn các electron chuyển động
xung quanh hạt nhân tạo ra các lớp electron.
8. Đồng vị là các nguyên tử của cùng nguyên tố có số nơtron khác nhau.
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9. Các nguyên tố trong cùng một chu kỳ có cùng số lớp electron
10. Các nguyên tố trong cùng một nhóm có cùng số electron ở lớp ngồi cùng, do đó, chúng
có tính chất tương tự nhau.
11. Các ngun tố hóa học được sắp xếp vào bảng hệ thơng tuần hồn dựa vào cấu hình
electron của chúng.
1.5 Write a short summary of the text

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UNIT 2 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
1. Paraffin hydrocarbons (alkanes)
Their general formula is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Each next
hydrocarbon can be obtained from the previous one by substituting a methyl group CH3 for
the extreme hydrogen atom in the chain:
CH4

C2H6

C3H8

methane

ethane

propane

C4H10
butane


The paraffin hydrocarbons are the most stable of the lot because all valence bonds are
fully satisfied as indicated by the single linkage. Most reactions involve the replacement of
hydrogen atoms with other atoms, the carbon linkage remains stable.
Under common conditions, the hydrocarbons from CH4 to C4H10 are gaseous, those
from C5H12 to C15H32 are liquids (they enter the composition of gasoline, kerosene, and
diesel- fuel fractions), and those from C16H34 are solid (paraffins).
Beginning from the fourth term in the series (butane C4H10), hydrocarbons may exist
in two or more forms differing in the structure. For instance, butane may exist in two forms:
n-butane and isobutane. Compounds which have the same chemical formula but different
molecular structure are called isomers.
The number of isomers increases for each next hydrocarbon in the series.
Hydrocarbons of the formula C13H28 may have 802 isomers, those of the formula C14H30,
1858, and so on. Thus, the composition of petroleum is quite complicated. Isomers possess
different physical and chemical properties. For instance, heptane of normal structure (nC7H16) has an octane number of zero, whereas isooctane (iso- C8H18) has an octane number of
100.
2. Naphthenic Hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes)
Their general formula is CnH2n. They were discovered by V.V. Markovnikov, a
prominent Russian chemist, when studying petroleum of Caucasian deposits.
In their chemical properties; naphthenic hydrocarbons are similar to paraffins, but
differ from the latter in having a cyclic structure.
Cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives are especially important for the quality of
petroleum and petroleum products.
3. Benzene Hydrocarbons (Arenes)
Arenes of the benzene series have the general formula CnH2n-6. The cyclic structure of
arenes differs from that of naphthenes by the presence of double bonds on the aromatic ring.
If one or more atoms of hydrogen in the ring are replaced by a methyl (-CH3) or an ethyl (C2H5) group, other arenes (toluene, xylenes and ethylbezene) are formed. Arenes are valuable
raw materials for chemical technology and the manufacture of antiknock gasoline.
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4. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Olefins)
Hydrocarbons of the ethylene series have the general formula is CnH2n, are
characterized by a double bond in the molecule (ethylene C2H4, propylene C3H6, butylenes
C4H8, amylenes C5H10, etc.) and may be of either normal or isomeric structure.
They are not present in crude petroleum, but constitute an appreciable part of the
products obtained in thermal and some catalytic processes of petroleum processing. These
hydrocarbons have high reactivity and are used for the manufacture of some important
products, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene and propylene oxides and their
derivatives.
Along with olefins, some less saturated hydrocarbons, with two double bonds in the
structure, such as diolefins, can form in petroleum processing. These are extremely unstable
and for that reason should not be present in final petroleum products. Some of them
(butadiene C4H6 and isoprene C5H8) are obtained intentionally from petroleum and used for
the manufacture of synthetic rubber and like products.

Exercises
2.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Paraffin, general formula, substitute, methane, ethane, propane, butane, stable, satisfy,
linkage, single, double, triple, bond, gasoline, kerosene, gaseous, fuel, petroleum, diesel,
fraction, solid, isomer, isomeric, heptane, isooctane, naphthene, naphthenic, cycloalkane,
prominent, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, derivatives, arene, benzene, aromatic, toluene, xylene,
ethylbenzene, antiknock, unsaturated, ethylene, acetylene, amylene, butylene, constitute,
appreciable, petroleum processing, polyethylene, polypropylene, propylene oxides, diolefin,
unstable, butadiene, synthesis, synthesize, synthetic, rubber.
2.2 Answer the following questions
1. What kinds of substances are hydrocarbons?
2. What is the general formula of alkanes?
3. What are isomers?
4. What can you say about the properties of isomers?

5. Which compounds are called cyclic compounds?
6. What are benzene hydrocarbons or arene?
7. What are the uses of benzene and benzene hydrocarbons?
8. What are properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons?
9. What are the uses of unsaturated hydrocarbon?

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2.3 Fill the following schemes with suitable expressions
Funnel, filter paper, mixture, residue, glass rod, filtrate, beaker, and stand.

8
8

Figure 1. Laboratory setup for filtration experiment

2.4 State the purpose of the system and describe its operation

Figure 2. Laboratory setup for vacuum filtration experiment

Moisten the filter paper with the solvent used in the crystallization process and apply
suction before the filtration is started. The suspension of crystals is then poured onto the filter
in such a way that a layer of uniform thickness is collected. If crystals adhere to the walls of
the flask in which crystallization was carried out, they may be washed out with some of the
filtrate.
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2.5 Fill the following schemes with suitable expressions

Support stands, water in, water out, pot, thermometer, rubber tubing, adapter, receiver,
thermometer adapter, condenser, clamp, boiling chips, distilling head, support ring, electric
flask heater.

Figure 3. Laboratory setup for simple distillation experiment

2.6 Translate into English
1. Hydrocacbon là các hợp chất chỉ chứa cacbon và hydro.
2. Trong dầu mỏ chỉ chứa các hydrocacbon paraffin, naphten và aromatic vì chúng bền. Các
hydrocacbon khơng no chỉ tạo ra trong q trình chế biến dầu mỏ.
3. Các hydrocacbon khơng no có hoạt tính vì chúng có các liên kết bội khơng bền.
4. Các paraffin và naphten có hoạt tính hoá học thấp do phân tử của chúng chỉ chứa các liên
kết đơn (bão hoà).
2.7 Write a short summary of the text

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UNIT 3 CHEMICAL KINETIC AND CATALYSIS

Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is an important part of
chemistry. Chemical kinetics study of how experimental conditions can influence the speed
and yield of a chemical reaction. Investigation of chemical kinetics can give us the
information about the reaction's mechanism as well as the mathematical models that can
describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
There are many factors that determine the rate of a reaction. Temperature is an
important factor which affects the reaction. Almost the reactions need energy by raising the
temperature. The higher temperature the higher the atoms, molecules, and ions move which
leads to the frequency of collision increases. High frequency of collision helps the particle to
overcome the activation barrier. High concentration of the reactants also increases the rate of

a reaction. If the reactant molecules are closed the collisions become more frequent which
makes the reaction more likely happens.
In addition, the rate depends also upon physical form of reactant, the intimacy of their
mixture, the pressure and solvents, the special physical circumstances such as irradiation with
visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, neutrons, and the presence of other substances which
affect the reaction but are not changed by it (catalysts).
A catalyst can accelerate a chemical reaction because it let the reaction takes place by
an alternative pathway with lower activation energy barrier. Catalyst reacts to form a
temporary intermediate which then regenerates the original catalyst in a cyclic process. In the
presence of a catalyst, less free energy is required to reach the transition state, but the total
free energy from reactants to products does not change. Many kinds of catalysts are used up
to now such as acid, base, transition metal, complex, enzyme… Depend on the state of the
catalytic reaction system catalysts may be classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
The molecules of a homogeneous catalyst are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or
liquid) as the reactant molecules. The molecules of a heterogeneous catalyst are not in the
same phase as the reactants, which are typically gases or liquids that are adsorbed onto the
surface of the solid catalyst. Enzymes and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third
category.
The detailed mechanism of catalysis is complex. Kinetically, catalytic reactions are
typical chemical reactions; i.e. the reaction rate depends on the frequency of contact of the
reactants in the rate-determining step. Usually, the catalyst participates in this slowest step,
and rates are limited by amount of catalyst and its "activity".
Rate equation for a chemical reaction is an equation that shows the relationship
between reaction rates and the concentrations or pressures of the reactants and constant
parameters. Depending on the rate equation we can distinguish the zero order, first order,
second order reactions and so on.

14



Exercises
3.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Chemical kinetic, kinetic, kinetically, catalysis, catalyst, catalytic, mechanism,
mathematical model, factor, frequency, collision, activation, reactant, intimacy, circumstance,
irradiation, visible, light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, accelerate, alternative, pathway, regenerate,
cyclic process, free energy, transition metal, homogeneous, heterogeneous, adsorb, rate
determining step, rate equation, zero order.
3.2 Answer the following questions
1. What is catalysis?
2. What is a catalyst?
3. Compare the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts!
4. Which kinds of catalysts are there?
5. What is the role of a catalyst?
6. What are the inhibitors and poisons of a reaction?
7. What is the rate-determining step?
8. Do catalysts change during the reaction?
3.3 Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
1. Lewis found water and air to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to the formation
of nitric acid.
2. Metastable or unstable compounds can be treated by the methods of thermodynamics,
provided that they have a lifetime sufficiently long for thermodynamic measurements to be
made.
3. Scientists consider adsorption from solutions to be physical or chemical.
4. It is noteworthy that in the case of phosphate buffers, the increase of pH is accompanied
by a drop of interface tension between the two phases.
3.4 Translate into English
1. Chất xúc tác là chất làm tăng tốc độ phản ứng nhưng bản thân nó khơng bị biến đổi sau
phản ứng.
2. Vai trò của chất xúc tác là làm giảm năng lượng hoạt hóa của phản ứng.
3. Ở cùng điều kiện nhiệt độ và nồng độ chất phản ứng, khi năng lượng hoạt hóa của phản

ứng giảm đi thì tốc độ phản ứng tăng lên.
4. Chất xúc tác thường tham gia vào giai đoạn quyết định tốc độ phản ứng hay là giai đoạn
chậm chất của phản ứng.
3.5 Write a short summary of the text
15


UNIT 4 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

One should keep in mind that industrial analysis is not necessarily a routine, boring
occupation. It can be frustrating at times but it can also be fascinating, instructive, humorous,
and even exciting. It is usually pleasant if one dedicates himself to learning about what goes
on in chemical systems. The key for enjoying analytical work lies in knowing that the results
will be useful and important.
Problem - solving in analytical chemistry
An analytical chemist should know enough about existing methodologies to choose
the best one for application to a given sample, perhaps modifying it if necessary to fit the
particular situation, and that there is also an analytical science which seeks the improvement
of analytical methodologies with regard to scientific problems. Nowadays, with more and
more instrumental methods in vogue, the analysts and determinators are coming closer
together.
To be a good chemist one must first be a good analytical chemist. We can teach
instrumental analysis in industry, but we should not teach basic chemistry.
Mercury? Questions and answers
Some of you may be interested in the question of mercury and its determination in the
environment. This is a fascinating question with many aspects. It illustrates again the
importance of analytical chemists looking at the whole picture.
Swedish scientists had developed a gas chromatographic method for the determination
of alkyl and aryl mercuric compounds extracted from fish with benzene and dilute
hydrochloric acid. They were interested in those compounds because of their use as

slimicides, but it turned out that regardless of what compound was used, the mercury found in
fish was present as a monomethylmercuric ion.
A number of questions about the behavior of mercury remain to be answered. Several
theories have been proposed as to how mercury might have gone from inorganic form in
water or bottom sediment, into a methylated form of a fish. One theory assumes anaerobic
conversion in the mud to volatile dimethyl mercury which enters fish via the gills. Another
assumes aerobic conversion to monomethyl mercury by bacteria, with subsequent transfer up
to the food chain. Still another assumes that a fish itself can methylate mercury taken in either
through the gills as elemental vapor, or via the stomach as inorganic ions, or in an adsorbed
state in silt particles. Before all these questions can be answered, we need to develop highly
sensitive methods for each individual form of mercury. At present the most sensitive methods
can go down only to about 0.05-ppm inorganic mercury in water.
At the conference on environmental mercury contamination in 1970 in Ann Arbor,
Michigan, USA a number of sources from which mercury may enter the environment were
mentioned. Among them were the burning of fossil fuels, use of mercurial compounds for
fungicides in agricultural seed treatments, use of elemental mercury in the electrical industry
for manufacture of batteries and mercury vapour lamps, use of mercuric catalysts, and the
16


disposal of domestic sewage sludges. It will be up to analytical chemists to evaluate all of the
sources and to provide the data on which proper action can be based. This will be true not
only for mercury, but also for all environmental contaminants.
It is interesting that both Finish and Swedish chemists have found fairly high content
in fish from certain lakes in northern parts of their countries, remote from any known source
of pollution.
Another interesting fact is that mercury will be found in the hair of a person who has
been exposed to it. The average person has about one or two ppm in his hair or even more.
Having analyzed sections of the hair of a long- haired person and having known its
growth rate, one can approximate the time and intensity of exposure. Most of these analyses

have been done by neutron activation, which is advantageous because very small samples can
be employed. However, hair can be analyzed by the atomic absorbance method following the
digestion procedure used for fish analysis. A 100-mg sample is sufficient for hair in the range
of 1 to 10 ppm.
Exercises
4.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Analysis, analytical, routine, occupation, frustrating, fascinating, instructive,
humourous, pleasant, dedicate, methodology, modify, particular, vogue, determination,
determinator, instrument, instrumental, mercury, mecuric, environment, fascinating, aspect,
illustrate, chromatographic, dilute, alkyl, aryl, extract, benzene, slimicide, regard, regardless,
monomethylmercuric, sediment, methylate, anaerobic, mud, aerobic, gill, assume, inorganic,
organic, volatile, dimethyl mercury, subsequent, transfer, chain, stomach, sensitive, silt,
individual, contaminate, contamination, contaminant, mention, fossil fuel, fungicide,
agriculture, agricultural, battery, disposal, domestic, sewage, sludge, evaluate, source, remote,
pollution, approximate, expose, exposure, intensity, absorbance, digestion, sufficient.
4.2 Answer the following questions
1. What is the key for enjoying analytical work?
2. How is industrial analysis?
3. What should an analytical chemist know?
4. Which compounds of mercury are present in fish?
5. How has mercury transferred from inorganic form to methylated form?
4.3 Translate into Vietnamese paying attention to the finite and non- finite forms of the
verb
1. Having developed a gas chromatographic method for the determination of alkyl and aryl
compounds the Swedish scientists got interested in those compounds.
2. Swedish scientists developed a gas chromatographic method for the determination of
alkyl and aryl mercuric compounds extracted from fish.
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3. The chemists extracted fairly high mercury contents from fish.
4. The scientists found high mercury contents in fish from certain lakes, remote from any
known source of pollution.
5. Mercury found in fish was present as a monomethylmercuric ion.
4.4 Translate into Vietnamese paying attention to the pronoun “one”
1. One should keep in mind that industrial analysis is not necessarily a boring occupation.
2. It is pleasant if one dedicates himself to learning about what goes on in chemical systems.
3. An analytical chemist should know enough about existing methodologies to choose the best
one for application.
4. To be a good chemist one must be first of all a good analytical chemist.
4.5 Translate into Vietnamese paying attention to the Model Verbs + Perfect infinitive
1. It was realized that drying may have caused some denaturation, but whatever the change it
should not have affected the amino acid composition of the proteins.
2. It goes without saying that any of the acid derivatives (amide, ester, etc.) might have been
prepared either from benzoyl chloride or benzoic anhydride instead of from benzoic acid.
3. The mercaptans obtained could have been oxidized in alkaline solutions to disulfides.
4. Zincate solutions could have been prepared by dissolving ZnO in aqueous KOH.
4.6 Read the following model of a summary
The article “The pains and pleasures of industrial analytical chemistry” discusses what
an analytical chemist should know about existing methodologies and presents a gas
chromatographic method for determination of alkyl and aryl mercuric compounds extracted
from fish with benzene and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The paper provides examples of fairly high mercury content in fish from certain lakes
of Sweden and Finland, which are remote from any known source of pollution and of finding
mercury in the hair of a person exposed to it.
The article illustrates and describes the importance of an analytical chemist who
should use the best methodology to a given sample modifying it to fit the particular situation.

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UNIT 5 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

The science of thermodynamics concerns the chemical and physical processes, which
involve the interconversion of various forms of energy, and it is not confined to the relation
between heat and mechanical energy. It is developed mathematically on the basis of a number
of postulates, which have been supported by experiments.
Although its application to chemical processes quite general, thermodynamics is not at
all concerned with either the rate of a process or the mechanism of it. Thermodynamics is
based on two fundamental laws, called the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The two
laws of thermodynamics constitute one of the most powerful tools of physical chemistry.
Of fundamental importance to thermodynamics is the concept of equilibrium state.
Thermodynamic equilibrium in the true sense refers to a condition in which the properties of a
system are absolutely unchanging with time so that, if the system is disturbed slightly in some
way, it will return to essentially the same condition after the disturbing force is removed. This
latter criterion may differentiate between a true state of equilibrium and a metastable one. If a
metastable equilibrium is disturbed, as, for example, by introduction of a catalyst or by local
heating, it may spontaneously undergo a drastic change to some new state.
Consider a container filled with chlorine gas. Provided that the container is sealed and
thermally insulated from its surroundings a state of true thermodynamic equilibrium will be
established in which the temperature and pressure are uniform. If we disturb the system by
shining a light on it, some of the chlorine molecules will absorb radiation and dissociate into
atoms. When we turn off the light, the chlorine atoms recombine and the system, except for
the addition of a small amount of energy from the light beam, returns to its original condition.
By way of contrast, a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is metastable. Although
chlorine and hydrogen react with one another at room temperature, the rate is so slow as to be
virtually undetectable. Hence the system seems to behave in just the same way as the pure
chlorine system, in which uniform temperature and pressure are established. However, if we
direct a beam of light through this mixture, it explodes, forming hydrogen chloride and
evolving a large amount of heat. After being disturbed in this way, the system can not revert

spontaneously to its original condition. In fact, the change, which does occur (the explosion),
is a state of true thermodynamic equilibrium.
Although thermodynamics cannot deal with the rate at which reactions occur, it does
establish the direction in which reaction can proceed. Metastable or unstable compounds can
be treated by the methods of thermodynamics, provided that they have a lifetime sufficiently
long for thermodynamic measurements to be made. This requirement may vary, depending on
the type of experiment, from a minute fraction of a second to hours, or even days. In this
regard, one can make the distinction between substances, which exits by virtue of its
thermodynamic stability, or by reason only of its slow rate of reaction or decomposition.
There is a wide range in degree of inertness of unstable system. Diamond, on the one
hand, is inert to the extent that there is no observable conversion (under ordinary conditions)
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to the stable state of graphite. At the other extreme are such unstable substances as a
supercooled liquid, or a sensitive explosive. In either of these cases, only a slight perturbation
is necessary to change these systems drastically. Lewis and Ranall in their classic treatment of
thermodynamic found that water and air, although inert, are thermodynamically unstable with
respect to the formation of nitric acid.
Those substances, which are quite inert chemically, can generally be treated by the
methods of thermodynamics.
As an example, both NO and NO2 are unstable with respect to decomposition into
their elements, yet we can not only consider the reaction:
2NO2 → 2NO + O2
but also study the equilibrium by a direct experiment.
Exercises
5.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Thermodynamics, concerns, involve, interconversion, confine, mechanical,
mathematical, postulate, application, general, fundamental, constitute, equilibrium, absolute,
unchanging, distribute, essential, disturb, metastable, disturb, criterion, differentiate,

spontaneously, drastic, provided that, thermally, insulated, disturb, shine, absorb, radiation,
dissociate, chlorine, recombine, beam, original, constract, virtually, detect, undetectable,
establish, explode, explosion, explosive, evolve, heat, revert, deal with, lifetime,
measurement, vary, minute, distinction, decomposition, inert, inertness, degree, diamond,
observable, graphite, extreme, supercool, sensitive, perturbation, treat.
5.2 Answer the following questions
1. What does the science of thermodynamics deal with?
2. What are the main laws of thermodynamics?
3. What is meant under thermodynamic equilibrium?
4. Thermodynamics establishes the direction, in which a reaction proceeds, doesn't it?
5. What mixtures are considered to be metastable?
6. What conclusions did Lewis and Ranall draw?
5.3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type
1. Water and air are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the formation of nitric acid.
2. The preparation of smokes has already been referred to in the scientific journal.
3. The inert dust presumably takes up in virtue of its heat capacity, which would otherwise be
available for raising more coal dust to its ignition point.

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4. The amino acids are amphoteric, i.e., can act either as acids by virtue of the carboxyl, or as
bases by virtue of the amino group.
5. With respect to catalytic activity, metals considerably exceed other catalysts for many
reactions.
6. Oxide catalysts have provided interesting systems for the study of electronic factors in
catalysis.
7. Provided the oxidation directly after chlorination is carried out at sufficiently high pH,
little damage is done to the cellulose.
8. Synthetic rubbers possess a marked advantage over natural ones by reason of the diversity

of properties they affect.
5.4 Translate the following derivatives into Vietnamese
1. Catalysant, catalysate, catalysis, catalyst, catalytic, catalytical, catalysator, catalyzed,
catalyzer.
2. Stability, stabilization, stabilizator, stabilize, stabilizer, stabilizing, stable.
5.5 Form nouns from the following verb
establish

behave

explode

combine

fill

convert

occur

differentiate

perturb

dissociate

provide

distinguish


require

disturb

surround

direct
equilibrate

5.6 Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese paying attention to conditional
sentences
1. If a molecule with a lone pair of electrons is adsorbed on a transition metal, it will donate
a pair of electrons.
2. A stable of thermodynamic equilibrium will be established, provided that the container is
sealed.
3. A mixture would explode if one directed a beam of light through it.
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4. Were gypsum heated to a much higher temperature than 120oC, it would lose all its water
of crystallization.
5. Had we disturbed a system by shining a light on it, some of the chlorine molecules would
have absorbed radiation and dissociated into atoms.
6. If the fatty acid does not react chemically with the surface, it is relatively ineffective as a
lubricant.
7. It would be expected that the heat of adsorption would decrease with an increase of
temperature if the thermodynamic state of the surface and adsorbed species remained the
same.
5.7 Translate into English
1. Định luật thứ nhất của nhiệt động học được xem là định luật bảo tồn năng lượng.

2. Cân bằng nhiệt động có nghĩa là trạng thái mà ở đó tính chất của hệ không bị thay đổi
theo thời gian.
3. Như đã biết nội năng của một chất phụ thuộc vào trạng thái của nó nghĩa là phụ thuộc vào
nhiệt độ, áp suất, dạng tinh thể.
4. Theo định luật thứ hai của nhiệt động học thì cân bằng khơng phụ thuộc vào cách thức mà
nó đạt tới.
5.8 Write a short summary of the text

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UNIT 6 EMULSIONS

An emulsion represents a disperse system in which the phases are immiscible or partly
immiscible liquids.
In nearly all emulsions, one of the phases is aqueous and the other is oil. If the oil is
disperse phase, the emulsion is termed an oil in water (o/w) one. If the aqueous medium is
the disperse phase, the emulsion is termed a water in oil (w/o) one.
If one shakes vigorously a vessel containing two immiscible liquids, both liquids are
broken up into the droplets whose size depends upon the viscosity of the liquid, surface,
interfacial tensions and the vigor of the shaking. As soon as the mechanical dispersive action
ceases, the droplets begin to coalesce in order that the total surface free energy may be
reduced. Most often, particularly in the case of two pure liquids, the coalescence process is
rapid, and within a very few minutes the system consists only of two liquid layers. In the
presence of the small amounts of additional components, termed emulsifiers, the rate of
coalescence of the droplets may be greatly reduced. Emulsions are intrinsically unstable, thus
resembling lyophobic colloids. Three distinct kinds of instability are found to exist; each may
be of great importance in industrial products.
Emulsions may “cream”, i. e. separate into layers of aqueous phase with a
concentrated layer of oil droplets floating on the top, the rate depending primarily on the

viscosity of the aqueous phase, the size of the droplets, and the density difference between the
aqueous phase and the droplets. They may also flocculate as do other lyophobic colloids. The
flocs, being larger than individual drops, have a higher creaming rate.
Finally, the drops may coalesce giving a separated bulk layer of the once emulsified
liquid, in which case re-emulsification can be affected only by drastic mechanical action.
No satisfactory quantitative theory of the emulsion stability has yet been developed. It
is nevertheless becoming apparent in the case of coalescence that it is the structure of the
interfacial film, which is controlling the behaviour of the system. For flocculated o/w
emulsions the rate of coalescence is linearly dependent on the concentration of the adsorbed
emulsifier in the interfacial film, and appears to extrapolate to zero at complete coverage of
the surface of droplets.
It might be thought that dilute emulsions would be ideal system on which to test
theories of the flocculation of lyophobic colloids. Many industrially important emulsions are
“stabilized” (given long life) by the use of solids as emulsifiers.
Exercises
6.1 Read and translate into Vietnamese
Emulsion, represent, disperse, phase, immiscible, aqueous, term, shake, vigorously,
droplet, viscosity, surface, interfacial, tension, vigor, mechanical, dispersive cease, coalesce,
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coalescence, additional, component, emulsify, emulsifier, intrinsical, lyophobic, colloid,
distinct, instability, cream, floating, floc, bulk, emulsify, re-emulsification, satisfactory,
nevertheless, apparent, interfacial film, interfacial, extrapolate, coverage.
6.2 Answer the following questions
1. What is an emulsion?
2. What emulsions are widely known?
3. What emulsions phases do you know?
4. What happens if one shakes vigorously a vessel containing two immiscible liquids?
5. When is the coalescence process rapid?

6. In what way can industrially important emulsions be “stabilized”
6.3 Translate the following derivatives
1. disperse, dispersed, disperser, dispersing, dispersion, dispersity, dispersive.
2. emulsification, emulsifier, emulsify, emulsifying, emulsion.
3. miscibility, miscible, mix, mixer, mixed, mixing, mixture.
4. Polymer, polymeric, polymerize polymerization, polymerize, polymerized, polymerizing.
6.4 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type
1. Water dispersible dye is a good example of an emulsion in which the pigment helps to
control the emulsion stability.
2. Polyformaldehyde is used for the manufacture of many consumer goods.
3. Latex foam from Government Rubber Styrene (GRS) of the proper type is good in colour,
pore structure, and ageing but rather lacking in strength.
4. Even with a high alkali reserve, the storage life of neoprene latex is not as good as many
other latices.
5. Neoprene is very desirable for dipped goods where special service conditions are required.
6. Gum Arabic is a fairly goods dispersing agent and has one desirable feature - good
ultraviolet resistance.
7. The extensive data obtained in emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate are in good
agreement with the assumption that the rate of reaction at high conversion is governed only
by the diffusion rate of the monomer and the radical end of the polymeric chains.
6.5 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the negative pronoun "no”
1. No satisfactory quantitative theory of emulsion stability has yet been developed.
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