Lecture 2
The Market Forces of
Supply and Demand
MICROECONOMICS


Overview
Market and Competition
 Demand
 Supply
 Equilibrium
 Price and Resource Allocation



Market Forces - Supply & Demand
 Supply and Demand are the two words that

economists use most often.
 Supply and Demand are the forces that
make market economies work!
 Modern microeconomics is about supply,
demand, and market equilibrium.


Markets and Competition
 Market
 A group

of buyers and sellers of a particular
good or service



Can be highly organized
 E.g.: agricultural commodities



Can be less organized
 E.g.: ice cream

Buyers determine demand...
 Sellers determine supply...


Market: any institution, mechanism, or
arrangement which facilitates exchange.
4


Market Structures
Perfectly Competitive:

Homogeneous Products
 Buyers and Sellers are Price Takers
Monopoly:




One Seller, controls price


Oligopoly:


Few Sellers, not aggressive competition

Monopolistic Competition:
 Many Sellers, differentiated products
Monopsony:


Only one buyer.


Quick Quiz!
What is a market?
Identify two characteristics of

a perfectly competitive
market.
Identify examples of noncompetitive markets.


Overview
 Market

and Competition
 Demand
 Supply
 Equilibrium

 Price and Resource Allocation


Demand
 Quantity demanded:
 Amount

of a good
 Buyers are willing and able to purchase
 Law of demand
 Other things equal
 When the price of the good rises, quantity
demanded of a good falls

8


Demand
Relationship between Price of a good (P) and
Quantity demanded (QD) can be shown:
 Demand schedule - a table:
 a table that shows the quantity demanded at
each price
 Demand curve - a graph:
 illustrates how the quantity demanded of the
good changes as its price varies.
 slopes downward.
 Demand function:
 QD= f (P)
9



Figure 1
Catherine’s demand schedule and demand
Price of
curve
Ice-Cream
Cones
$3.00
Price of
Ice-cream cone

Quantity of
Cones demanded

$0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00

12 cones
10
8
6
4
2
0


1. A decrease
in price . . .

2.50
2.00

2. . . . increases quantity
of cones demanded.

1.50
1.00

Demand curve

0.50
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

10


Demand
 Individual demand:
 Demand

of one individual
 Market demand

 Sum of all individual demands for a good or
service
 Market demand curve
 Sum - individual demand curves horizontally
 Total quantity demanded of a good varies
As the price of the good varies
 All other factors that affect how much consumers
want to buy are hold constant


11


Figure 2
Market demand as the sum of individual
demands
(demand
Price ofschedule)
ice-cream cone Catherine
Nicholas
Market
$0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00

12

10
8
6
4
2
0

+

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

=

19
16
13
10
7
4
1

The quantity demanded in a market is the sum of the quantities demanded by all the
buyers at each price. Thus, the market demand curve is found by adding horizontally
the individual demand curves. At a price of $2.00, Catherine demands 4 ice-cream

cones, and Nicholas demands 3 ice-cream cones. The quantity demanded in the
market at this price is 7 cones.
12


Figure 2
Market demand as the sum of individual
Catherine’s
Nicholas’s
Market
demands
+
=
demand
demand
demand
Price of
Ice
Cream
Cones
$3.00

DCatherine

Price of
Ice
Cream
Cones
$3.00


Price of
Ice
Cream
Cones
$3.00

DNicholas

2.50

2.50

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.00

1.00

1.00


0.50

0.50

0.50

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones

2.50

0

DMarket

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

13


Demand

 Shifts in demand
 Increase

in demand

Any change that increases the quantity
demanded at every price
 Demand curve shifts right


 Decrease

in demand

Any change that decreases the quantity
demanded at every price
 Demand curve shifts left


14


3

Shifts in the demand curve
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cones

Increase in

Demand

Decrease in
Demand

Demand
curve, D3
0

Demand
curve, D1

Demand
curve, D2

Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

Any change that raises the quantity that buyers wish to purchase at any given
price shifts the demand curve to the right. Any change that lowers the quantity that
buyers wish to purchase at any given price shifts the demand curve to the left.
15


Demand
 Variables that can shift the demand curve
 Income
 Prices

of related goods


 Tastes
 Expectations
 Number

of buyers

16


Demand
 Income
 Normal

good: other things constant, an
increase in income makes increase in
demand
Necessary goods
 Luxury goods


 Inferior

good: Other things constant, an
increase in income makes decrease in
demand

17


Demand

 Prices of related goods
 Substitutes

- two goods

An increase in the price of one
 Leads to an increase in the
demand for the other


 Complements

– two goods

An increase in the price of one
 Leads to a decrease in the
demand for the other


18


Demand
 Tastes
 Change

in tastes – changes the demand
 Expectations - about the future (income,
prices)
 Affect current demand

 Number of buyers – increase
 Market demand - increases

19


Determinants of Demand
 What factors

determine how much
ice cream you will
buy?
 What factors
determine how much
you will really
purchase?


Quick Quiz!
 List the determinants of the

demand for pizza.
 Give an example of a demand
schedule for pizza.
 Give an example of something
that would shift the demand curve.


Overview
 Market


and Competition
 Demand
 Supply
 Equilibrium
 Price and Resource Allocation


Supply
 Quantity supplied
 Amount

of a good
 Sellers are willing and able to sell
 Law of supply
 Other things equal
 When the price of the good rises


Quantity supplied of a good rises

23


Supply
Relationship between: P and QS can be shown
as:
 Supply schedule - a table: shows the quantity
supplied at each price
 Supply curve - a graph: illustrates how the quantity

supplied of the good changes as its price varies.
 slopes upward.
 Supply function: QS = g (P)

24


Figure 5
Ben’s supply schedule and supply curve

Price of
Ice-cream cone

Quantity of
Cones supplied

$0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00

0 cones
0
1
2
3
4

5

Price of
Ice-Cream
Cones
$3.00
2.50

Supply curve
1. An increase
in price . . .

2.00
1.50
1.00

2. . . . increases quantity
of cones supplied.

0.50
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

25